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    Experiment No. 5 Antenna Resonance, VSWR & Impedance: Objective

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    George
    This document describes an experiment to measure the resonant frequency, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and impedance of a dipole antenna. It involves using a directional coupler connected to a transmitter, receiver, and dipole antenna. The VSWR and return loss are measured at different frequencies. There will be a minimum in VSWR and maximum return loss at the antenna's resonant frequency, where the impedance is purely resistive. Additional measurements using a resistor in parallel allow determining the antenna's actual resistance value. The expected result is that a half-wave dipole antenna will resonate at around 600 MHz, with a VSWR of 1.43 and return loss of 15 dB at that frequency.

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    Experiment No. 5 Antenna Resonance, VSWR & Impedance: Objective

    Uploaded by

    George
    28 views3 pages
    This document describes an experiment to measure the resonant frequency, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and impedance of a dipole antenna. It involves using a directional coupler connected to a transmitter, receiver, and dipole antenna. The VSWR and return loss are measured at different frequencies. There will be a minimum in VSWR and maximum return loss at the antenna's resonant frequency, where the impedance is purely resistive. Additional measurements using a resistor in parallel allow determining the antenna's actual resistance value. The expected result is that a half-wave dipole antenna will resonate at around 600 MHz, with a VSWR of 1.43 and return loss of 15 dB at that frequency.

    Original Description:

    Antenna and Wave Propagation Lab

    Original Title

    Experiment No 5

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    This document describes an experiment to measure the resonant frequency, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and impedance of a dipole antenna. It involves using a directional coupler connected to a transmitter, receiver, and dipole antenna. The VSWR and return loss are measured at different frequencies. There will be a minimum in VSWR and maximum return loss at the antenna's resonant frequency, where the impedance is purely resistive. Additional measurements using a resistor in parallel allow determining the antenna's actual resistance value. The expected result is that a half-wave dipole antenna will resonate at around 600 MHz, with a VSWR of 1.43 and return loss of 15 dB at that frequency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views3 pages

    Experiment No. 5 Antenna Resonance, VSWR & Impedance: Objective

    Uploaded by

    George
    This document describes an experiment to measure the resonant frequency, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and impedance of a dipole antenna. It involves using a directional coupler connected to a transmitter, receiver, and dipole antenna. The VSWR and return loss are measured at different frequencies. There will be a minimum in VSWR and maximum return loss at the antenna's resonant frequency, where the impedance is purely resistive. Additional measurements using a resistor in parallel allow determining the antenna's actual resistance value. The expected result is that a half-wave dipole antenna will resonate at around 600 MHz, with a VSWR of 1.43 and return loss of 15 dB at that frequency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    EEB 861 - ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION Dr.

    Satyanand Singh

    EXPERIMENT No. 5
    ANTENNA RESONANCE, VSWR & IMPEDANCE

    OBJECTIVE:
    To study the difference between a resonant and non-resonant antenna and hence calculate the
    resonant frequency and measure the VSWR & impedance of resonant antenna.

    REQUIRED:

     Pair of Dipole antennas


     Antenna Tripod and with connecting cables, BNC- RF cable
     Return Loss Bridge (Directional Coupler)

    PROCEDURE:

    1. Bring both the transmitter and receiver to 600 MHz and take the reading in receiver.
    2. Set up the Directional coupler for Forward power measurement as in Fig above.
    3. Connect the transmitter (Tx) at input port (port 1) of Directional Coupler (RF IN).
    4. Connect the receiver (Rx) at coupled port (port 3) of Directional Coupler (SAMPLE).
    5. Connect the Antenna at output port (port 2) of Directional coupler (RF OUT). Say for
    example, Forward Power is 55 dBuV.
    6. Now, reverse the direction of Directional coupler and set up the Directional coupler for
    Reverse power measurement as in Fig above.
    7. Connect the transmitter (Tx) at output port (port 2) of Directional Coupler(RF OUT).
    8. Connect the receiver (Rx) at coupled port (port 3) of Directional Coupler (SAMPLE).
    9. Connect the Antenna at input port (port 1) of Directional coupler (RF IN).
    10. Say for example, reverse Power is 40 dBuV.
    11. The difference between forward and reverse Power in dB is return loss of antenna. Here it
    is 55-40 = 15 dB. Hence, VSWR is 1.43
    12. If return loss is more VSWR is less, and better is the antenna.
    13. The Directional Coupler is matched to 50 Ohms input impedance of receiver and 50
    Ohms output impedance of transmitter. It compares the antenna impedance to its internal
    reference impedance of 50 Ohms (which is port 4 ).
    14. Keep your hands away from the antenna while taking measurements.
    15. The DIRECTIONAL COUPLER is matched to 50 ohms input impedance of receiver and
    50 ohms output impedance of transmitter. It compares the antenna impedance to its
    internal reference impedance of 50 ohms. If the antenna is 50 ohms then bridge is
    balanced and there is no output at receiver end. The more antenna impedance differs from
    50 ohms the more will be the output at the receiver. Maximum receiver output will be at
    Antenna impedance shorted or open circuited. Even on a best match to 50 ohms the lead
    reactance and coupler directivity shall limit the null to 15 dB especially in UHF region.
    At VHF the null could be as sharp as 35 dB.
    16. Take readings at 10 MHz intervals.
    17. There will be a distinct dip in level due to bridge null where antenna resonates.

    1
    EEB 861 - ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION Dr. Satyanand Singh

    18. Take more readings at 1MHz interval near the null for a clearer picture. A narrow band
    antenna can be further resolved with 100 KHz steps.
    19. Change the antenna dimensions and observe that the null has shifted in frequency.
    20. Find the relation between resonant frequency and dipole antenna dimensions.
    21. 15dB of return loss corresponds to a VSWR of 1.43. See chart at back of manual.
    22. VSWR and impedance are related as

    Return Loss = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (|Γ|)

    1 + |Γ|
    𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
    1 − |Γ|

    Where |Γ| stands for reflection coefficient.


    𝑍𝑖
    𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
    𝑍𝑜
    23. Hence VSWR of 1.43 means an impedance of either 71.5 or 35 Ohms.
    24. Note that receiver will show the same readings when the antenna is 35 Ohms or 71.5
    Ohms since both have same ratio to 50 ohms.
    25. Plotting the VSWR/Return Loss against frequency results in a null at the resonant
    frequency. At resonance the inductive and capacitive components of antenna impedance
    cancel each other and are zero. At resonance antenna impedance is equal to antenna
    resistance.
    26. Now to find whether the antenna resistance was 71.5 or 35 Ohms; shunt the antenna with
    a pure resistance of 100 Ohms (take from your lab). For this, put a resistance across the
    driven element with minimum lead length of resistance.
    27. The resultant resistance will be 42.85 & 26 for 100 Ohms shunt
    28. If shunting with 100 ohms resulted in lowering of VSWR means the antenna resistance
    was 71.5 Ohms but if the VSWR increased then the antenna resistance was 35 Ohms.
    29. Hence the antenna resistance could be found out at antenna resonance.
    30. At frequencies away from antenna resonance; antenna impedance’s reactive components
    cannot be determined since both antenna resistance and reactance have changed.
    31. At frequencies lower than antenna resonance the impedance is largely capacitive but for
    frequencies greater than resonance the impedance is inductive.

    RESULT:
    Dipole antenna’s resonant frequency is a function of its length. A half wave dipole shall resonate
    when its length is equal to half the wavelength of its operating frequency. Hence a half wave
    dipole whose element length is 12cm shall resonate at around 600 MHz as can be inferred from
    the graph. At the resonant frequency the SWR is minimum for a resonant antenna. A non
    resonant antenna has a broad band frequency response and its SWR is almost constant over a
    range of frequencies. A log periodic, discone or a biconical antenna come under the category of
    non-resonant antenna. The following curves are simulations performed on software and match
    closely to practical results; as the antennas are designed from simulation. The computer is merely
    used for its better graphic results. As the real conditions vary widely these provide the best
    information.

    2
    EEB 861 - ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION Dr. Satyanand Singh

    Say the null is 15dB at the resonant frequency. This 15dB is the difference in receiver level
    reading with antenna connected to RLB and without antenna. Now 15dB of return loss
    corresponds to a VSWR of 1.43.VSWR and impedance are related as Return Loss =
    1+|Γ| 𝑍
    −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (|Γ|), 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 1−|Γ| Where |Γ| stands for reflection coefficient. 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 𝑍 𝑖
    𝑜
    Hence VSWR of 1.43 means an impedance of either 107.25 or 52.44 Ohms. Note that receiver
    will show the same readings when the antenna is 37.5 Ohms or 150 Ohms since both have same
    ratio to 75 Ohms. Plotting the VSWR/Return Loss against frequency results in a null at the
    resonant frequency. At resonance the inductive and capacitive components of antenna impedance
    cancel each other and are zero. At resonance antenna impedance is equal to antenna resistance.
    Now to find whether the antenna resistance is 107.25 or 52.44 Ohms; shunt the antenna with a
    pure resistance of 150 Ohms and 37.5 Ohms respectively.
    The resultant resistance will be 62.5 & 27.8 for 150 Ohms shunt and 38.8 & 22 Ohms
    respectively. If shunting with 150 ohms results in lowering of VSWR, it means the antenna
    resistance is 150 Ohms but if the VSWR increases then the antenna resistance is 52.44 Ohms.
    Hence the antenna resistance can be found out at antenna resonance. At frequencies away from
    antenna resonance; antenna impedance’s reactive components cannot be determined since both
    antenna resistance and reactance have changed. At frequencies lower than antenna resonance the
    impedance has large capacitive component but for frequencies greater than resonance the
    impedance has more inductive component.

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