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    Lecture20 PDF

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    Ankan Gayen
    This document discusses broadband antennas and frequency-independent antennas. It defines broadband antennas as those whose impedance and pattern do not change significantly over about an octave bandwidth or more. Frequency-independent antennas have an even wider bandwidth of about 10:1 or greater. The key characteristic of frequency-independent antennas is their self-scaling behavior, where the active radiation region scales with frequency to maintain a half-wavelength width. For an antenna to be truly frequency-independent, its surface must be described by the equation r = eaφ f(θ), where a is a constant rate of expansion and f(θ) is an arbitrary function. This ensures the antenna structure remains congruent under frequency scaling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture20 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ankan Gayen
    99 views4 pages
    This document discusses broadband antennas and frequency-independent antennas. It defines broadband antennas as those whose impedance and pattern do not change significantly over about an octave bandwidth or more. Frequency-independent antennas have an even wider bandwidth of about 10:1 or greater. The key characteristic of frequency-independent antennas is their self-scaling behavior, where the active radiation region scales with frequency to maintain a half-wavelength width. For an antenna to be truly frequency-independent, its surface must be described by the equation r = eaφ f(θ), where a is a constant rate of expansion and f(θ) is an arbitrary function. This ensures the antenna structure remains congruent under frequency scaling.

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    This document discusses broadband antennas and frequency-independent antennas. It defines broadband antennas as those whose impedance and pattern do not change significantly over about an octave bandwidth or more. Frequency-independent antennas have an even wider bandwidth of about 10:1 or greater. The key characteristic of frequency-independent antennas is their self-scaling behavior, where the active radiation region scales with frequency to maintain a half-wavelength width. For an antenna to be truly frequency-independent, its surface must be described by the equation r = eaφ f(θ), where a is a constant rate of expansion and f(θ) is an arbitrary function. This ensures the antenna structure remains congruent under frequency scaling.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    99 views4 pages

    Lecture20 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ankan Gayen
    This document discusses broadband antennas and frequency-independent antennas. It defines broadband antennas as those whose impedance and pattern do not change significantly over about an octave bandwidth or more. Frequency-independent antennas have an even wider bandwidth of about 10:1 or greater. The key characteristic of frequency-independent antennas is their self-scaling behavior, where the active radiation region scales with frequency to maintain a half-wavelength width. For an antenna to be truly frequency-independent, its surface must be described by the equation r = eaφ f(θ), where a is a constant rate of expansion and f(θ) is an arbitrary function. This ensures the antenna structure remains congruent under frequency scaling.

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    Lecture-1

    4. Broadband Antennas
    4.1 Introduction
    The advent of broadband system in wireless communication area has demanded the
    design of antennas that must operate effectively over a wide range of frequencies. An antenna
    with wide bandwidth is referred to as a broadband antenna. But the question is, wide bandwidth
    mean how much bandwidth? The term "broadband" is a relative measure of bandwidth and
    varies with the circumstances.
    Bandwidth is computed in two ways:
    (1)

    fu fl
    100 %
    fc

    (4.1)

    where f u and f u are the upper and lower frequencies of operation for which satisfactory
    performance is obtained.

    fc is the center frequency.


    (2)

    fu
    fl

    (4.2)

    Note:

    The bandwidth of narrow band antenna is usually expressed as a percentage using equation (4.1),
    whereas wideband antenna are quoted as a ratio using equation (4.2).

    fu and fl are determined by the VSWR = 2 points.

    The definition of a broadband antenna is somewhat arbitrary and depends on the


    particular antenna. "If the impendence and pattern of an antenna do not change significantly over
    about an octave ( f u / fl =2) or more, it will classified as a broadband antenna". Broadband
    antennas usually require structures that do not change abruptly in its physical dimensions, but
    instead utilize materials with smooth boundaries. Smooth physical structures tend to produce
    patterns and input impedance that also change smoothly with frequency. This simple concept is
    very important in broadband antennas.
    Various categories of antennas come under the preview of broadband antenna viz.,
    travelling wave antenna, helical antennas, biconical antenna, frequency-independent antenna,

    log-perio
    odic antennas etc. In thiss chapter, wee will focus on two majoor varieties oof antennas, such
    as, (i) frequency-in
    fr
    dependent antennas
    a
    an
    nd (ii) log-pperiodic anttennas withh a minimum
    m of
    analyticaal formulatio
    ons.

    4.2 Frequency-In
    ndependen
    nt Antenna
    as
    An
    A antenna with a ban
    ndwidth of about 10:1 or more iis referred to a frequeencyindepend
    dent antennaa. The purestt form of a frequency
    f
    inndependent aantenna has constant paattern,
    impedancce, polarizattion, and phaase center wiith frequencyy.
    A distinguish
    hing feature of
    o frequency
    y-independennt antennas is their self--scaling behaavior.
    Most rad
    diation takess place from
    m that portio
    on of the frrequency-inddependent antenna wherre its
    width is a half-wavelength or the circumfereence is one w
    wavelength.. This regioon is called aas the
    active reegion. Radiattion is maxiimum perpendicular to tthe plane off the structuure. As frequuency
    decreasess, the active region mov
    ves to a larger portion oof the antennna, where thee width is a halfwaveleng
    gth.
    Scaling charaacteristics of antenna [V
    V.H. Rumseey, 1957] m
    model measuurements inddicate
    that if thee shape of th
    he antenna were
    w complettely specifieed by angles, its perform
    mance wouldd have
    to be independent of frequency.
    It was sh
    howed by Ru
    umsey that this
    t requirem
    ment would bbe fulfilled bby antenna w
    whose equatiion in
    sphericall co-ordinatees is of the fo
    orm:

    r ea ( 0 ) f ( )

    (4.3)

    This equ
    uation of an
    n equiangullar or logarrithmic spiraal where a: rate of exxpansion annd 0 :
    orientatio
    on.

    (aa) Co-ordinaate system fo


    or antenna based
    b
    on equuiangular spiral.

    (b) Two symmetrical arms of flat spiral antenna.


    (c) Two asymmetrical arms with a . A biconical antenna is obtained if rotated
    about the common axis.
    Fig. 4.1: Equiangular spiral antenna
    Frequency-independent antennas can be divided into two types: spiral antennas and log-periodic
    antennas.

    4.2.1. Analysis of frequency-independent antennas:


    Let the surface of an edge on its surface is described by a curve:
    r F ( , )

    r: distance along the surface or edge


    [Assume that the antenna has both terminals close to the origin an each is symmetrically
    disposed along the 0 , - axis]
    If the antenna is to be scaled to a frequency that is K times lower than the original frequency, the
    antenna's physical surface must be made K times greater to maintain the same electrical
    dimensions.
    The new surface is described by:

    r / KF ( , )
    The new and old surface is identical; that is, not only are they similar but they are also congruent
    (if both surfaces are infinite).
    Congruence can be established only by rotation in .
    For the second structure to achieve congruence with the first, it must be rotated by angle C, so
    that
    KF ( , ) F ( , C )

    Note: C depends on K but neither depends on or .


    Physical congruence (coinciding exactly when superimposed) implies that the origin antenna
    electrically would behave the same at both frequencies.

    Note: However the radiation pattern will be rotated azimuthally an angle C.


    To obtain the functional representation of F ( , )
    d
    dK

    [ KF ( , )]
    F ( , )
    [ F ( , C )]
    dC
    dC
    C

    [ F ( , C )]
    ( C )

    (4.4)

    d
    F ( , )
    [ KF ( , )] K

    [ F ( , C )]
    d

    [ F ( , C )]
    ( C )

    (4.5)

    Equating(4.4) and (4.5)

    or

    dK
    F ( , )
    F ( , ) K
    dC

    (4.6)

    1 dK 1 r

    [using r F ( , ) ]
    K dC r

    (4.7)

    Since the left side equation (4.7) is independent of and , a general solution for the surface
    r F ( , ) of the antenna is

    r F ( , ) ea f ( )
    where

    1 dK
    K dC

    f ( ) : arbitrary function.

    Thus for any antenna to have frequency independent characteristics, its surface must be
    described by the above equation. For this specification of f ( ) / derivative of f ( ) is required.

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