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    Lecture8 PDF

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    Ankan Gayen
    [SUMMARY Y] 1) The document discusses finding the vector and scalar potentials by taking the curl of both sides of Maxwell's equations. This leads to inhomogeneous Helmholtz wave equations for the vector and scalar potentials. 2) Choosing the Lorentz gauge condition reduces these wave equations further. 3) The solutions to the wave equations are integrals defining the vector and scalar potentials as functions of the source and field points. In the far field, these integrals can be approximated to simplify determining the far fields from the potentials.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture8 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ankan Gayen
    29 views5 pages
    [SUMMARY Y] 1) The document discusses finding the vector and scalar potentials by taking the curl of both sides of Maxwell's equations. This leads to inhomogeneous Helmholtz wave equations for the vector and scalar potentials. 2) Choosing the Lorentz gauge condition reduces these wave equations further. 3) The solutions to the wave equations are integrals defining the vector and scalar potentials as functions of the source and field points. In the far field, these integrals can be approximated to simplify determining the far fields from the potentials.

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    [SUMMARY Y] 1) The document discusses finding the vector and scalar potentials by taking the curl of both sides of Maxwell's equations. This leads to inhomogeneous Helmholtz wave equations for the vector and scalar potentials. 2) Choosing the Lorentz gauge condition reduces these wave equations further. 3) The solutions to the wave equations are integrals defining the vector and scalar potentials as functions of the source and field points. In the far field, these integrals can be approximated to simplify determining the far fields from the potentials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views5 pages

    Lecture8 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ankan Gayen
    [SUMMARY Y] 1) The document discusses finding the vector and scalar potentials by taking the curl of both sides of Maxwell's equations. This leads to inhomogeneous Helmholtz wave equations for the vector and scalar potentials. 2) Choosing the Lorentz gauge condition reduces these wave equations further. 3) The solutions to the wave equations are integrals defining the vector and scalar potentials as functions of the source and field points. In the far field, these integrals can be approximated to simplify determining the far fields from the potentials.

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    Leccture--8

    t
    is to find
    d the integralss that define the
    t vector andd scalar potenntials. In ordeer find the sam
    me, let
    The next task
    us take the curl of both
    h sides of equaations (4a) an
    nd (4b).

    According
    g to the vecto
    or identity

    and using equations (1b


    b) and (2a), we
    w have:

    Using equ
    uations (7a) an
    nd (7b) in (10
    0a) and (10b), respectivelyy, we have

    where k2 = 2. In orrder to fully characterize a vector, it ccurl as well as divergence has to be deefined.
    We have defined the rotational
    r
    (cu
    url) propertiess of the magnnetic and elecctric vector ppotentials, butt have
    not yet deefined the irro
    otational (diveergence) prop
    perties.
    If we choo
    ose

    Lorentzgauge

    then, equaations (11a) and


    a (11b) redu
    uce to

    The relatiionship chosen for the vector and scalar potentiaals defined inn equations ((12a) and (122b) is
    defined ass the Lorentz gauge.
    Equationss (13a) and (1
    13b) are defin
    ned as inhom
    mogeneous Heelmholtz vecttor wave equuations whichh have
    solutions of the form

    where r locates the fieeld point (wh


    here the field is measured)) and r locattes the source point (where the
    current is located) [see Fig. 33].

    Fig. 33: Locations


    L
    of th
    he source point and field point
    p
    Similar in
    nhomogeneou
    us Helmholtzz scalar wavee equations ccan be foundd for the elecctric and maggnetic
    scalar pottentials as giv
    ven in equation
    ns (15a) and (15b).

    The solutiions to the scaalar potential equations aree

    In order to avoid com


    mplex differeentiation, onee may determ
    mine EA andd HF directlyy from Maxw
    wells
    equations once EF an
    nd HA have been determ
    mined using ppotentials (eqquations (4a)) and (4b)). From
    or electric currrents and maagnetic currennts, we have
    Maxwells equations fo

    na problems, the regions where we want to determ


    mine the radiiated fields aare away from
    m the
    In antenn
    sources. Thus,
    T
    we may
    y set J = 0, M = 0 in the above equationss to solve for EA and HF. T
    This yields:

    As stated earlier, the to


    otal fields by superposition
    n are:

    that gives:

    d in determiniing the antenn


    na far fields, then, first, w
    we must determ
    mine the poteentials
    So, if we are interested
    he integrals defining
    d
    the ppotentials [eqnns. (14a), (144b)] simplify in the
    in the far field. We wiill find that th
    far field.

    P
    at th
    he far-field.
    Fig. 34: Potentials

    n
    paralleel. Therefore, we can have
    In the far field, the vecctors r and (r-r) becomes nearly

    propriate term
    ms of the potenntial integralss [eqn. (14a) aand (14b)] yieelds:
    Using thiss approximatiion in the app

    It can furtther be simpliified as:

    Note: Thee r term in th


    he numerator complex exp
    pontial term ccant be negleected since it represents a phase
    shift term
    m that may still be significan
    nt even in thee far field.
    Bringing the r-dependent terms outtside the integral, since thhe potential inntegrals are iintegrated over the
    source (prrimed) coordiinates, the farr field integralls defining thhe potentials bbecome:

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