Western European History Research Papers

В статье дан перевод и комментарий к средневековому латинскому exemplum'у о святом псе Гинфорте. Сам текст написан в XIII в. Стефоном Бурбоном - католическим монахом-инквизитором. В источнике можно почерпнуть характерные для... more

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- by Jose Manuel Cerda
- •
- 5
  Middle Ages, Edad Media, Western European History, Western Culture

Tables des Actes des Journées Internationales d'Histoire de l'Abbaye de Flaran, n° 1 à 37 (1979-2015) avec Index des noms d'auteurs

With regard to the percentage of Jewish victims and survivors during the Shoah, France and the Netherlands are each other’s counterpart: 25 per cent of the about 320,000 Jews in France did not survive the persecutions, whereas 75 per cent... more

With regard to the percentage of Jewish victims and survivors during the Shoah, France and the Netherlands are each other’s counterpart: 25 per cent of the about 320,000 Jews in France did not survive the persecutions, whereas 75 per cent of the 140,000 Jews in the Netherlands did not survive. Belgium is in between: of the about 66,000 Jews some 40 per cent did not survive. The question raised by this observation is: what were the main causes of the striking differences in Jewish victimization in these three West-European countries?

This article, 82 pages + 2 pages Index, co-authored with Dr. RON ZELLER, begins with a brief overview of historiography on this question. This is followed by an outline of the comparability of the three West European countries. After this the main aspects of the comparative method, upon which the research results of this article (and of our book published by Koninklijke Boom Uitgevers in Dutch in 2011) are based, are presented, especially the regulating principles that underlie this research. After this, a paragraph is devoted to a discussion of sources: the various archival repositories and archival collections, which are relevant for every researcher of the persecution of the Jews in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The main body of the text then focuses on a comparison of three stages: the beginning of the German occupation in the summer of 1940, the Anti-Jewish policies in each of the three countries from the summer of 1940 to the summer of 1942, including the responses these policies generated in society, and the stage of systematic deportations, hiding and escape from the summer of 1942 until the end of the occupation. References are made to archival key-documents (for direct access to the original archival documents, and the English translations of these documents, see EHRI weblink: : https://training.ehri-project.eu/general-introduction-part-ii-persecution-and-deportation-jews-france-belgium-and-netherlands ). The comparative conclusion includes an evaluation of the share of the indigenous, regular police in the three countries in carrying out the arrests of Jews for deportation by the German occupiers.

This is an augmented and annotated version, with comparative figures, February 2015, based on the version originally presented by the authors as guest lecturers during the EHRI Summer School for Ph.D. candidates, organized by and held at the Mémorial de la Shoah, Paris, July 15–August 2, 2013 (EHRI = European Holocaust Research Infrastructure, funded by the European Union); updated version 2019; 82 p. (Please note that parts of this paper were not edited by a native speaker.)

A slightly abridged version of this text (in which the introductory paragraphs on historiography, methodology and sources have been omitted), which also includes the comparative outlines and updated annotation, was published in Polish translation as ‘Prześladowania Żydów w Holandii, Francji i Belgii, 1940–1945 w ujęciu porównawczym: podobieństwa, różnice, przyczyny’, in:
Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały pismo Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów (Holocaust. Studies and Materials, published by the Polish Center for Holocaust Research), number 11, Editors: Barbara Engelking, Jan Grabowski, Jacek Leociak, Dariusz Libionka, Jakub Petelewicz, Alina Skibińska. Warszawa, December 2015, pp. 90–130 (Polish translation by Jerzy Giebułtowski).

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- by Pim Griffioen
- •
- 20
  History, Comparative History, Transnational History, Holocaust Studies

The French Resistance to German occupation during World War Two lacks a comprehensive study that evaluates how effective it was. This paper evaluates the military effectiveness of the French Resistance as a guerrilla movement, tracing... more

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- by Matthew McDole
- •
- 31
  History, European History, Western Europe, French History

L’Europa sembra in crisi ma non ogni crisi è anche un declino inevitabile. Al fine di comprendere se il genio europeo od occidentale abbia un futuro è necessario descrivere la genesi e lo sviluppo storici di questo improprio “continente... more

Banners, Flags, Pennants and Standards Focus: Early to late Medieval European period EARLY TO LATE MEDIEVAL WESTERN EUROPEAN STANDARDS: A broad overview of the use of banners, flags, pennants and other standards of the western European... more

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- by Haley Boehme
- •
- 4
  Painting, Banners, Western European History, Mideval Studies

In 1920, Russian Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Trubetskoi wrote Europe and Mankind, a pamphlet that challenged the notion of European cultural superiority. His militant ideas against Eurocentrism would go on to influence the creation of... more

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- by Will Furtado
- •
- 20
  Postcolonial Studies, Nationalism, Eurasia, Subaltern Studies

The purpose of this work is twofold, to assess the extent of Norse Irish mixing in Dublin and in turn to examine the extent that the Norse (and this mixing) contributed to Irish economic success.

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- by Denis Ryabtsun
- •
- 11
  European History, Genetics, Irish Studies, Medieval History

Böröcz József könyve az európai integráció történetének mintegy előzményeként a nyugat-európai államiság több évszázados globális történetét is áttekinti, s ebben a keretben értelmezi az EU létrejöttét és formálódását. A könyv, amely bő... more

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- by József Böröcz
- •
- 60
  History, European History, Sociology, Political Sociology

Este libro presenta los resultados alcanzados por el Proyecto de Investigación IdaVe sobre el paisaje, el urbanismo y la arquitectura de Idanha-a-Velha en épocas romana, Antigüedad tardía y medieval-islámica a partir de los estudios... more

This undergraduate research paper analyzes the evidence and possibilities behind the hypothesis that Spanish explorers and conquistadors ‘discovered’ the Hawaiian archipelago approximately 250 years before British Captain James Cook made... more

This undergraduate research paper analyzes the evidence and possibilities behind the hypothesis that Spanish explorers and conquistadors ‘discovered’ the Hawaiian archipelago approximately 250 years before British Captain James Cook made first Western contact with the indigenous Hawaiians. This paper focuses heavily on both Western (European) and indigenous Hawaiian historical sources. For Western sources, hand-drawn maps, journal entries, diary descriptions, and stone carvings are utilized as evidence for this paper. In terms of Native Hawaiian sources, this essay touches heavily on the usage of Hawaiian oral history such as ‘oli (chants) and mo‘olelo (stories) concerning great ali‘i (chiefs) from the islands of Hawai‘i, Maui, O‘ahu, and Kaua‘i.
Throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire routinely sailed galleons from the Americas to Asia and back again. The most famous sea route for Spain was from western Mexico to Manilla, Philippines. During this time period, Spain ruled the seas, and the Pacific Ocean was widely under the domain of the Spanish Crown. Consequently, Hawai‘i is directly in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Spanish maps from the 16th century show an archipelago of islands referred to as Islas de Mesa (Table Islands), with updated maps in the 17th century referring to these islands as Los Monges. Interestingly enough, the islands on these Spanish maps look extremely similar to the eight primary Hawaiian islands, with two islands on the map looking exactly like Maui and Hawai‘i Island (the ‘Big Island’). In even more tantalizing evidence, these Spanish-drawn islands are only a few degrees away from Hawaii’s geographical coordinates, an impressive feat for the technology available during the 1500s.
` Besides hand-drawn maps, a possible carved stone figure of a Spanish conquistador — along with metal tools — are used as evidence for this short research paper. For indigenous Hawaiian sources, the ‘oli and mo‘olelo spoken of in this paper all describe, in similar detail across multiple Hawaiian islands, “pale people who arrived here across the sea from Kahiki. They do not speak our language in Kahiki,” along with describing “pale men with shiny knives.” Is it merely a coincidence that multiple Hawaiian chants and stories from the same era, across multiple islands, all describe nearly the same exact scenario?
Lastly, the best piece of evidence for this hypothesis regarding Spanish explorers ‘discovering’ the Hawaiian archipelago before James Cook, is the journal entries of Juan Gaetano. His personal writings describe an island in the middle Pacific that is so tall, clouds cover half of the mountain. With his description of the mountain and the rest of the island, it is very possible that Gaetano was the first haole (foreigner) to catch sight of either Hawai‘i Island’s Mauna Kea and/or Mauna Loa, or Maui’s Haleakalā. The Spaniards may have ‘found’ the Hawaiian isles two-and-a-half centuries before the English arrived at the remote islands!

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- by Samuel C Ehrhart
- •
- 20
  History, European History, Pacific Island Studies, Maritime History

Este libro reúne las investigaciones sobre la explotación tartésica del estaño realizadas en San Cristóbal de Logrosán (Cáceres, España) por Craig Merideth entre 1992 y 2002 y las coordinadas por el G.I. PRETAGU de la Universidad de... more

Este libro reúne las investigaciones sobre la explotación tartésica del estaño realizadas en San Cristóbal de Logrosán (Cáceres, España) por Craig Merideth entre 1992 y 2002 y las coordinadas por el G.I. PRETAGU de la Universidad de Extremadura entre 2013 y 2017. En síntesis, se trata de un estudio interdisciplinar sobre este poblado minero-metalúrgico y de la comunidad que lo habitó, incluida una propuesta de la ‘cadena operativa’ del beneficio de la casiterita durante el Bronce Final-Hierro I. El relevante papel jugado por este estratégico recurso parece justificar la presencia en esta region interior del suroeste ibérico de elementos de prestigio y estatus social como los del Tesoro de Berzocana y la estela de guerrero de Solana de Cabañas. A mayor escala, los estudios arqueológicos y analíticos permiten integrar San Cristóbal en la ‘red regional’ de contactos e intercambios atlántico-mediterráneos confluyentes en Huelva, foco emergente de Tartessos.

This book brings together the archaeological research carried out by Craig Merideth between 1992 and 2002 on the Tartessian exploitation of tin in Cerro de San Cristóbal de Logrosán (Cáceres, Spain) and the work done later, in the period 2013-2017, coordinated by the G.I. PRETAGU of the University of Extremadura. It is an interdisciplinary study of this metallurgical-mining site and the community that settled there, including a proposal of the ‘operational chain’ of the treatment and use of the cassiterite during the Late Bronze-Iron I phase. The relevant role played by this strategic mineral resource seems to justify the presence of elements of prestige and social status such as the Berzocana Treasure and the warrior’s stela of Solana de Cabañas in the south-central west of the Iberian Peninsular. On a larger scale, archaeological and analytical studies allow the integration of San Cristóbal into the ‘regional network’ of Atlantic-Mediterranean contacts and exchanges converging in Huelva, an emerging settlement of Tartessos.

A 56-page SENIOR THESIS PAPER which analyzes drug usage - namely Pervitin - by Nazi Germany. Special detail focuses on the "Wehrmacht" (military) and fascist dictator Adolf Hitler.

REVIEWS: 1. "Recently, two Dutch historians finished a comparative analysis of the Holocaust in the Netherlands, Belgium and France, for the first time integrating the Jews as full protagonists in an explanatory model of the enormous... more

REVIEWS:

1. "Recently, two Dutch historians finished a comparative analysis of the Holocaust in the Netherlands, Belgium and France, for the first time integrating the Jews as full protagonists in an explanatory model of the enormous differences in the death toll of those countries. Their results are much more convincing than any preceding study."
Prof. Dan Michman, in: THE HOLOCAUST. VOICES OF SCHOLARS (editor: J. Ambrosewicz-Jacobs). Cracow, 2009, p. 120.

2. "The lower percentage of French victims has been caused mainly by the attitude of the French government. In the first years of the war the Vichy regime issued all sorts of antisemitic measures and it supported deportation actions by the occupier. But from October 1942 onwards the support was withdrawn. Without this help the German occupier could do less than it wanted to. Not only because of a lack of its own manpower, but also because the German government did not want to rebuff the Vichy government. In Belgium and the Netherlands the Germans had much more power and a larger freedom of action, as a consequence of which the persecution of the Jews proceeded more effectively there. The big difference in victimization rate between Belgium and the Netherlands had mainly to do with the methods implemented by the occupier. In Belgium the occupiers acted more violently and big roundups were carried out earlier than in the Netherlands. Because of this, Jews in Belgium sooner took to flight. The Belgian resistance also sooner arose. In the Netherlands the occupier operated more cunningly. Here false hopes of deferment and exemption from deportation were held out to the Jews."
Nadine Böke, 'Minder geweld, meer slachtoffers. Waarom driekwart van de Nederlandse Joden omkwam' (Less violence, more victims. Why three-quarters of the Dutch Jews perished), in: FOLIA (University of Amsterdam Weekly), Vol. 62, No. 13 (November 28, 2008), p. 15.

3. "A very detailed and systematic analysis of dozens of striking similarities and differences in successive stages of the persecution of the Jews. Altogether, that has yielded quite a lot. From the research by Griffioen and Zeller becomes clear that the decisive factor was the unanimity on the part of the German administration. Whereas in Belgium and France the persecution policy was frustrated by internal competency disputes, in the Netherlands - from February 1942 onwards - orders from Eichmann's department IV B 4 at the Reich Security Head Office in Berlin were directly forwarded, over the head of Seyss-Inquart, via the Judenreferat (anti-Jewish section) in The Hague to the Amsterdam Zentralstelle ('Central Office for Jewish Emigration') and from there to the Jewish Council."
Prof. Ido de Haan in: NRC HANDELSBLAD and nrc.next, May 5, 2011.

4. "A thoroughly documented and profound comparison between the Netherlands, Belgium and France."
Ad van Liempt, in: DE OORLOG (Amsterdam, 2009), p. 261.

5. "The SS, which had a much stronger position in the occupation regime in the Netherlands than in Belgium, wanted to prevent unrest as much as possible here, especially after the February Strike of 1941, the only protest strike against the persecution of the Jews during the war. After the strike the SS seized and deported the Jews as inconspicuously as possible."
HET PAROOL, November 22, 2008, p. PS 5.

6. "From the transnational comparison by Griffioen and Zeller emerges that the difference between the Netherlands and France has to be explained for a major part by the attitude of the French Vichy government. In the Netherlands the Germans had more freedom of action.
After the proclamation of the general compulsory labor draft of the Belgian population in October 1942, organized resistance and hiding got under way. In the Netherlands this happened only in May 1943."
HISTORISCH NIEUWSBLAD, Vol. 18, No. 2 (March 2009), p. 12.

7. "Anyone who henceforth wants to make pronouncements in scholarship on the causes of the high number of victims brought about by the occupier in the Netherlands, will have to take into account their arguments. The book has all the qualities to raise the discussion on the striking sequence of the persecution in the Netherlands to a higher level."
From Dr. Guus Meershoek's address, delivered at the NIOD, Amsterdam, October 25, 2011.

8. "In the Netherlands the SS, especially the Security Police, controlled the whole process, in the other two countries there were various parties."
Arthur Graaff, in: HP/DE TIJD, October 22, 2011.

9. "The importance of this book lies particularly in the comparative, methodical approach. By doing so, it has appeared possible to 'weigh' the various factors."
Rob Hartmans, in: HISTORISCH NIEUWSBLAD, Vol. 20, No. 10 (December 2011), p. 23.

10. "Inspired by Chris Lorenz' comparative causal mode of explanation (Chris Lorenz, The Construction of the Past) these two historians describe the major similarities and differences between France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The result is a balanced account of historical actors who were, individually and collectively, confronted with circumstances, events and choices. (...) The book is easy to absorb with conveniently arranged schemata and lucid summaries."
Hester Borms, in: GALAPAS, Vol. 32, No. 3 (December 2011), p. 43.

11. "It is unquestionably the merit of Griffioen and Zeller that they convincingly show the decisive causes of the exceptionally high number and percentage of Jewish victims in the Netherlands."
Robin te Slaa, in: *****DE VOLKSKRANT, January 14, 2012, Books supplement, p. 6.

12. "Griffioen and Zeller show that the process of exclusion and deportation was comparable, but that the administrative structures of German and indigenous agencies differed strongly and consequently also the freedom of action of the national-socialist tracing apparatus, which was much larger in the Netherlands. The surplus value lies in the scientific foundation and the bringing together and weighing of all these variables."
Enno van der Eerden, in: CONTACTBLAD '40-'45 (Stichting 1940-1945), Winter 2011–2012, p. 23.

13. "German police in Amsterdam gained almost unlimited control over the organization and implementation of the deportations. These proceeded largely non-violently and behind the scenes, through administration, intimidation and deception, preventing unrest and economic damage."
ONS AMSTERDAM, Vol. 63, No. 1 (January 2012), p. 36.

14. "A very thorough study which answers the ever-recurring delicate question: why was it that in the Netherlands, in comparison with other countries, such an excessively high percentage of Jews was murdered during the war? Griffioen and Zeller have succeeded in a sober and matter-of-fact analysis of all factors that played a role in answering this question. Clever work!"
Dr. Bart Wallet, in: NIEUWSBRIEF 'CRESCAS', Joods Educatief Centrum (Newsletter 'Crescas', Jewish Educational Center, Amsterdam), Vol. 8, No. 2 (Friday, January 20, 2012).

15. "Griffioen and Zeller have undeniably written a solid standard work. The book contains a true goldmine of facts between which many plausible relations are placed. Their study is nothing less than a land-mark in the running debate and everyone who wants to add something to that, does well in first consulting their book."
Dr. Ton Zwaan, in: GESCHIEDENIS MAGAZINE, Vol. 47, No. 1 (January–February 2012), pp. 8–13.

16. "This erudite work offers fundamental background information on the Holocaust in our country in comparison with the Netherlands and France."
Historia@pelckmans, No. 37 (March 2012), p. 10.

17. "Through the richness of explanatory factors the authors make particularly clear that historical events can by no means be explained simply and uniformly. (...) Congratulations to the authors with their lucid structure and the polished linguistic usage."
Dr. Veerle Vanden Daelen, in: Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis (TSEG, Journal of Social and Economic History), Vol. 9 (2012), No. 2, pp. 124–125.

18. "So far, there was no comprehensive, comparative international historical study on the persecution of the Jews in Western Europe. The historians Pim Griffioen and Ron Zeller are the first who, with their book on this subject, have provided an important contribution in the clarification of this question. Central in their study is the explanation of the differences in outcome for each country. (...) This book belongs, without more ado, to the most important books that have appeared on this subject in the last 20 years."
Victor Brilleman, in: MISJPOGE. Quarterly published by the Netherlands Society for Jewish Genealogy (NKvJG), Vol. 25 (2012), No. 3, pp. 100–101.

19. "Griffioen and Zeller have written an impressive and convincing study, that offers a good insight in what caused the enormous difference in absolute number and percentage of murdered Jews in France, Belgium and the Netherlands."
Dr. Martijn Lak, in: TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GESCHIEDENIS (TvG, Journal of History), Vol. 126 (2013), No. 1, pp. 139–141.

20. "Excellent". Johannes Swaen, www.blikopdewereld.nl, 2012.

21. "The authors deserve congratulations on producing such a comprehensive comparative analysis (...). Their more stringent methodology and use of statistical material unavailable or disregarded by earlier commentators has achieved a more refined rendering of previously accepted interpretations. (...) this study will undoubtedly stand as an essential text for all those wishing to take the debate forward in the future."
Prof. Bob Moore, in: YAD VASHEM STUDIES, Vol. 42-1 (2014), pp. 159–165.

22. "This study will undoubtedly belong to the most fundamental studies on the Shoah in general and on Western Europe in particular."
Prof. Dan Michman, in: BMGN - LOW COUNTRIES HISTORICAL REVIEW, Vol. 129-1 (2014), online review 8.

23. "Invaluable", Prof. F.W. Boterman, in: DUITSE DADERS (Amsterdam 2015), pp. 8-9.

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- by Pim Griffioen and +1
  Ron Zeller
- •
- 20
  European History, French History, Comparative History, Antisemitism (Prejudice)

3 essays regarding the history of the Iberian Empires (Spain and Portugal), which served as the final exam for HIST 448.

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- by Samuel C Ehrhart
- •
- 15
  History, European History, Historiography, Iberian Studies

In the 1980s and 1990s, political leaders in Western democracies used management and managerialism to initiate change. The result was privatization, deregulation, public cost-cutting programs and a greater influence of business leaders... more

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- by Ronald Kroeze and +1
  Sjoerd Keulen
- •
- 8
  Leadership, Contemporary History, Political History, Management History

Ces documents d'archives ont été retrouvés dans la mansarde de l'ancienne mairie d'Angerville l'Orcher, village cauchois du département de la Seine-Maritime. Parvenus sous la forme de 166 pièces classées dans le désordre et sans numéro... more

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- by Nicolas Preud'homme
- •
- 20
  French History, Peasant Studies, Rural History, French Revolution

Friedensproteste und Forderungen nach Frieden gab es während der 1970er und -80er Jahre sowohl in Westwie Osteuropa – freilich unter sehr unterschiedlichen Vorzeichen. Während die atomare Aufrüstung auf der einen Seite den Schwerpunkt... more

Кратка историја Француске представља део синтезе Кембричке серије кратких историја држава које су оставиле најзначајнији траг на старом континенту током протеклог миленијума: Велике Британије, Француске, Немачке и Италије. У приказу ћемо... more

An abridged version of this paper, co-authored with Dr. RON ZELLER, was presented as a lecture at the international workshop "Der Holocaust in Europa: Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede bei der Implementierung des Holocaust in West- und... more

BEGINNINGS OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY PARTNERSHIP: OUTBREAK OF THE COLD WAR AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE (1945–1949) Abstract The aim of this article was to show the origin of the transatlantic security partnership... more

BEGINNINGS OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY PARTNERSHIP: OUTBREAK OF THE COLD WAR AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE (1945–1949)

Abstract

The aim of this article was to show the origin of the transatlantic security partnership and the process that led to the creation of NATO in 1949. The article draws attention to the aggravation of East–West relations, which resulted in the outbreak of the Cold War and the transformation of the US policy after the Second World War. The worsening of the international situation also led to the initiation of Western European countries’ cooperation and integration in the area of security and defence. The outbreak of the Cold War was the result of a significant transformation of international relations consisting mainly in the emergence of two superpowers, i.e. the United States and the Soviet Union. Due to Moscow’s expansionist policy, after 1945 the United States abandoned its traditional isolationist policy in favour of active involvement in Europe’s problems. The initiatives adopted in 1947 following the new American approach, i.e. the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and
the containment doctrine are analysed. Western European countries’ actions in the field of security are also taken into account, because the commitment of the United States to defend Europe was dependent on the development of cooperation in this area by the Europeans themselves. This cooperation was reflected in the Treaty of Dunkirk signed by the United Kingdom and France in 1947 and in the Treaty of Brussels signed a year later by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, which led to the creation of the Western Union. The main problems that emerged during the North Atlantic Treaty negotiations and their resolution within the framework of the transatlantic bargain, which is the basis of NATO's functioning, are also analysed.

Key words: NATO, Cold War, Soviet expansionism, policy of containment,
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, security of Western Europe, Treaty of Dunkirk, Treaty of Brussels, North Atlantic Treaty

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- by Andrzej Podraza
- •
- 9
  International Security, NATO, Cold War, U.S. Foreign Policy

This paper examines the secondary English-language scholarship on Dutch artist Pieter Coecke van Aelst's frieze, The Customs and Fashions of the Turks. Through an examination of the scholarship on this woodcut series, this study points... more

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- by Samantha Goodrich
- •
- 10
  Art History, Western Europe, Ottoman History, Northern Europe

[Workshop, 25 November 2020]
Deadline: 18 September 2020

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- by Chara Kolokytha
- •
- 19
  Cultural History, Cultural Studies, European Studies, Western Europe

كيف تقودنا معرفة الغرب إلى التخلص من تبعتنا له؟

https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=14-5.pdf&site=412

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- by Christian Garland
- •
- 541
  Critical Theory, History, European History, Cultural History

Exam answers for part 1 and 2.

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- by Samuel C Ehrhart
- •
- 19
  History, European History, Aztecs, Spanish History

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- by Renata Nowaczewska
- •
- 7
  Eastern European Studies, Cold War, Democracy, US History

Filled with mismanaged anecdotal accounts, colloquial language and countless quotes taken from a variety of ethnographies of well-known anthropologists of European culture, Appetities and Identities reads more like a student travel guide... more

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- by J. P. Linstroth
- •
- 13
  European Studies, Anthropology, Social Anthropology, Western Europe

journal article published in Korean - 프랑스혁명과 1798년 국민개병제 법안 In pre-revolutionary Europe there was no mass conscription, widely regarded as an “instrument of tyranny.” However, as it became impossible to meet the military needs of France... more

Mainly concerning the action of "scouting" detachments or "praecursores". Mentions the Western campaign of 1241, and also the situation of Korea.

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- by Laurent Quisefit
- •
- 4
  Famine, Korea, Scouting, Western European History

簡単な議会制民主主義に関する所感です。

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- by shinya hada
- •
- 10
  Religion, History, Sociology of Religion, Japanese Studies

In de abdij van Saint-Amand-les-Eaux (Elno) vond benedictijn Jean Mabillon in 1672 een tekst met een lied uit 881. Hij stuurde de Straatsburgse historicus Johannes Schilter een kopie en het lied werd in 1696 uitgegeven. In 1837 vond... more

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- by Luc Vanbrabant
- •
- 5
  Vikings, Middeleeuwen, Western European History, Franconia (Franken)

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- by Mark Beumer
- •
- 43
  History, European History, European Studies, Constitutional Law

In the film, we present the phases of manufacturing the hoop of the Holy Crown of Hungary: https://www.academia.edu/video/kxJ0e1 1. In the first phase a ring is made that determines the size of the hoop. Regardless of the manufacturing... more

In the film, we present the phases of manufacturing the hoop of the Holy Crown of Hungary: https://www.academia.edu/video/kxJ0e1 1. In the first phase a ring is made that determines the size of the hoop. Regardless of the manufacturing process, a ring has no beginning or end. 2. In the second phase, the outer surface of the hoop is divided to suite the planned decorations, which are pearl rows and enamel/ stone fields. The position of the pearl rows is determined on the lower and upper edge of the hoop, while in the middle eight enamel frames define eight stone fields. Divisions of eight were typical of the Middle Ages. Two stone fields of the hoop, one in the front and one in the opposite back are wider than the others. This chosen division of the hoop was carried out independently of all other decorations with great geometrical accuracy. 3. In the third phase, the precise, symmetrical work followed up to this point is interrupted and an asymmetry is introduced intentionally. Keeping in mind that a ring is seamless, with no beginning or end, inspection of the hoop shows a soldering seam which is asymmetrical to the centreline of the rear stone field and is only point-soldered. There are two holes on the inside of the hoop, that could have been used to tighten the ends when soldering, which are covered by solder dots from the outside. This soldering seam points to the fact, that a few millimetres were cut out from the original hoop ring so that it could be assembled with something else. In the following, we will prove that the object that forced this cut was none other than the cross strap. Before the transition to the next work phase, the cross strap was measured to the hoop. Of course, this assumes that the cross strap as an individual part was already completed. From a technical point of view, it is known that an adjusted division on the hoop is much easier to perform than creating and adjusting the cross strap. This is because the cross strap consists of four flexible bands and a roof plate and needs to achieve an angular dimension between the curved bands which is only possible with deviations. This is the reason why the bands of the cross strap do not fall exactly to the transverse symmetry line of the hoop. There are four potential mounting points to assemble the cross strap to the hoop, keeping in mind that only two opposite bands can be adjusted; hereafter the position of the other two can no longer be influenced. The mounting option chosen was to anchor the cross strap to the two symmetrical side stone fields-this is proven by the fact that no deviation of the cross strap bands is noticeable on the sides, while deviations are noticeable in the front and the back. The greatest deviation occurred in the back. In order to better set up the band position in the back, the hoop circumference was shortened, and the ring was cut. Evidence for this is provided by the solder dots, that are exactly in line with the centreline of the rear cross strap band. 4. In the next phase, the back Doukas image frame and the circle for the posterior pendant were soldered on to the hoop. Although the goldsmith could have mounted the socket and the circle in symmetry to the hoop's axis he didn't! Instead, it was mounted to suite the centreline of the rear cross strap band, in asymmetry to the hoop's axis. This is conclusive evidence that the decorations on the hoop are intentionally mounted asymmetrically, to suit the centreline of the cross strap bands. 5. Of course, everything that applies to the rear Doukas image must also apply to the front Christ image. And indeed, the image of Christ stands adjusted to the centreline of the front cross strap band, with the circles that hold the rows of pearls also turned to the side. Accordingly, the whole cross strap diadem is asymmetrical to the hoop axis. 6. Soldering the stone frames to the hoop was of course only possible after the cut hoop had been re-soldered. The soldering of the stone frames went quite badly, and the attempt to mask the asymmetry caused by the connection can be seen. 7. In the last phase of the crown manufacture, the cross straps were riveted to the hoop. This step could only have been performed by "cold" riveting, as the decorations on cross straps and hoop had already been placed before the assembly, and they would have been damaged by heat during a possible soldering. However, riveting was just as common as soldering in the Middle Ages. 8. Conclusion: The hoop was made to suit the Western European cross straps, so the manufacture driving part of the crown is the Latin origin cross strap diadem.

Das Seminar führt in die Sozial-und Geistesgeschichte im West-und Osteuropa der Nachkriegszeit ein. Insbesondere behandelt es die Konsequenzen des Zweiten Weltkriegs: zum einen die gesellschaftlichen Umbrüche, die der Krieg nach sich zog,... more

NATO and Eurocommunism. The Fear of a Weakening of the Southern Flank from the mid-1970s to mid-1980s, in: Journal of European Integration History, 20. Jahrgang, Nr. 2/2014, S. 245–258.

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- by Nikolas Dörr
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- 19
  European History, Military History, NATO, Cold War

The 1960s were a decade of political experiments and social change in Western Europe. Against this background, the essay aims at suggesting common ground for comparison among three experiences of government, namely the first center-left... more

Midterm exam short essays.

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- by Samuel C Ehrhart
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- 19
  History, European History, Western Europe, Spanish History

Nikolas Dörr, Eurokommunismus als Teil der historischen Kommunismusforschung, Version: 1.0, in: Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte, 06.01.2014, http://docupedia.de/zg/doerr_eurokommunismus_v1_de_2014
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14765/zzf.dok.2.235.v1

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- by Nikolas Dörr
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- 20
  European History, Intellectual History, Contemporary History, Cold War

The article contemplates the possibility of a structured sociolinguistic comparison between various language based regionalist movements in Europe. An integrated terminological model for the categorization of various configurations of... more

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- by Hans-Ingo Radatz
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- 9
  Catalan Language, Welsh, Galician language, Regional Languages

Ce livre raconte la vie de six princesses, filles de rois : une princesse bourguignonne, deux anglaises, une française et deux espagnoles. Il s'agit d'une tentative de recréer le point de vue de ces six princesses face à leur destin. Cela... more

Western European History

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