Papers by Samuel C Ehrhart
GREAT BRITAIN’S VIEWS OF EXISTING CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAWS REGARDING WARFARE DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–48, 2024
During WWII, Great Britain and Nazi Germany fought against each other in a brutal war with massiv... more During WWII, Great Britain and Nazi Germany fought against each other in a brutal war with massive death tolls and atrocities affecting both sides. At the end of the war, high-ranking German leaders went on trial by the Allies for “war crimes” and “crimes against humanity,” with multiple leaders of the Third Reich being punished with prison or execution at the gallows. As a key member of the Allied nations, British wartime leaders faced no trials for any injustices that were committed against Nazi Germany and the fascist Kingdom of Italy. Britain, during WWII, allegedly committed atrocities against Nazi soldiers and German civilians, which would constitute war crimes under The Hague and Geneva Conventions. An investigation of these attacks shows that Great Britain largely acted through the concept of “reprisal,” or retaliation against Nazi Germany for previous attacks. While Great Britain had a right to go to war (jus ad bellum), Britain’s wartime policies did not follow proper, legal conduct (jus in bello) of armed warfare during WWII.
There have been a few scholarly works that look at Great Britain’s alleged war crimes against the Third Reich. This thesis will investigate how Great Britain interpreted existing international customary laws (CILs) to conduct the policies and actions of soldiers during WWII. While analyzing multiple alleged war crimes through international customary laws, I argue that the state of Great Britain did commit numerous war crimes against Nazi Germany during WWII and that Britain’s leaders avoided punishment because of being a victorious nation in the war. Furthermore, I will argue that Britain’s wartime leaders such as Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Air Marshal Arthur Harris, Deputy Air Marshal Robert Saundby, and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Scotland were liable to have been held accountable for their actions through war crimes trials, just like the leaders of Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich faced after WWII concluded.
Nazis and Drugs: A Dangerous Duo, 2021
A 56-page SENIOR THESIS PAPER which analyzes drug usage - namely Pervitin - by Nazi Germany. Spec... more A 56-page SENIOR THESIS PAPER which analyzes drug usage - namely Pervitin - by Nazi Germany. Special detail focuses on the "Wehrmacht" (military) and fascist dictator Adolf Hitler.
The London Cage: Justifiable Punishment for Nazis or British War Crimes?, 2023
The Black Death in Medieval Italy: Holy Punishment and Humanity’s Resolve to Live, 1346-53, 2023
A long graduate paper that analyzes the ideas that medieval Italians had regarding the origins of... more A long graduate paper that analyzes the ideas that medieval Italians had regarding the origins of the Black Death, along with strategies used to combat the plague.
Current Research on the Black Death's Origins in Medieval China, 2023
A graduate research paper that focuses on the possible origins of the Black Death during medieval... more A graduate research paper that focuses on the possible origins of the Black Death during medieval China's Jurchen-Jin dynasty, along with the historiography of the plague in China.
Translations and Parsing of Gentile da Foligno’s Medieval Latin Consilium to Modern English, 2023
A graduate student research paper on Gentile da Foligno's medieval Latin consilium on the Black D... more A graduate student research paper on Gentile da Foligno's medieval Latin consilium on the Black Death.
Spanish Seafarers in Ancient Hawai‘i: The Possible Forgotten History , 2020
This undergraduate research paper analyzes the evidence and possibilities behind the hypothesis t... more This undergraduate research paper analyzes the evidence and possibilities behind the hypothesis that Spanish explorers and conquistadors ‘discovered’ the Hawaiian archipelago approximately 250 years before British Captain James Cook made first Western contact with the indigenous Hawaiians. This paper focuses heavily on both Western (European) and indigenous Hawaiian historical sources. For Western sources, hand-drawn maps, journal entries, diary descriptions, and stone carvings are utilized as evidence for this paper. In terms of Native Hawaiian sources, this essay touches heavily on the usage of Hawaiian oral history such as ‘oli (chants) and mo‘olelo (stories) concerning great ali‘i (chiefs) from the islands of Hawai‘i, Maui, O‘ahu, and Kaua‘i.
Throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire routinely sailed galleons from the Americas to Asia and back again. The most famous sea route for Spain was from western Mexico to Manilla, Philippines. During this time period, Spain ruled the seas, and the Pacific Ocean was widely under the domain of the Spanish Crown. Consequently, Hawai‘i is directly in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Spanish maps from the 16th century show an archipelago of islands referred to as Islas de Mesa (Table Islands), with updated maps in the 17th century referring to these islands as Los Monges. Interestingly enough, the islands on these Spanish maps look extremely similar to the eight primary Hawaiian islands, with two islands on the map looking exactly like Maui and Hawai‘i Island (the ‘Big Island’). In even more tantalizing evidence, these Spanish-drawn islands are only a few degrees away from Hawaii’s geographical coordinates, an impressive feat for the technology available during the 1500s.
` Besides hand-drawn maps, a possible carved stone figure of a Spanish conquistador — along with metal tools — are used as evidence for this short research paper. For indigenous Hawaiian sources, the ‘oli and mo‘olelo spoken of in this paper all describe, in similar detail across multiple Hawaiian islands, “pale people who arrived here across the sea from Kahiki. They do not speak our language in Kahiki,” along with describing “pale men with shiny knives.” Is it merely a coincidence that multiple Hawaiian chants and stories from the same era, across multiple islands, all describe nearly the same exact scenario?
Lastly, the best piece of evidence for this hypothesis regarding Spanish explorers ‘discovering’ the Hawaiian archipelago before James Cook, is the journal entries of Juan Gaetano. His personal writings describe an island in the middle Pacific that is so tall, clouds cover half of the mountain. With his description of the mountain and the rest of the island, it is very possible that Gaetano was the first haole (foreigner) to catch sight of either Hawai‘i Island’s Mauna Kea and/or Mauna Loa, or Maui’s Haleakalā. The Spaniards may have ‘found’ the Hawaiian isles two-and-a-half centuries before the English arrived at the remote islands!
Kekuaokalani’s Rebellion: Kūkaʻilimoku’s Last Stand, 2019
An undergraduate research paper that looks over the significance of Kekuaokalani's Rebellion in 1... more An undergraduate research paper that looks over the significance of Kekuaokalani's Rebellion in 1819 and the effects it had on Hawaiian society afterwards.
Women in the American Civil War: A Vital Lifeline for the Union and Confederacy, 2021
A 17-page undergraduate paper which analyzes and examines the plethora of roles that women engage... more A 17-page undergraduate paper which analyzes and examines the plethora of roles that women engaged in during the U.S. Civil War for both the Union and Confederacy.
A Historiographical Overview of Helen Fry’s The London Cage, 2023
Europe in the Global Middle Ages and the Black Death: Offering New Ideas and Perspectives, 2022
A paper that tries to rewrite the negative notions of "medieval" Europe and focuses heavily on in... more A paper that tries to rewrite the negative notions of "medieval" Europe and focuses heavily on interconnectedness during the Black Death.
The Black Death: An Evolving Historiography with Interdisciplinary Fields of Discourse , 2022
A 22-page historiography paper of the Black Death, focusing on how historians have viewed the epi... more A 22-page historiography paper of the Black Death, focusing on how historians have viewed the epidemic since the 1980s.
The Roman Military and Emperor Augustus Caesar: A Strikingly Powerful Duo, 2021
A 12-page undergraduate research paper which analyzes the Roman Army during the reign of Emperor ... more A 12-page undergraduate research paper which analyzes the Roman Army during the reign of Emperor Augustus (Octavian) Caesar.
Tonga: A Tropical Paradise of Enthralling History, 2020
A 12 page paper which looks over the prehistory of Tonga through mythology, archaeology, oral sto... more A 12 page paper which looks over the prehistory of Tonga through mythology, archaeology, oral stories, amongst other sources. Work cited pages are included at the end.
North Korea: "Chuch’e" Ideology Above all Else!, 2020
A 12-page essay which looks at North Korea's official ideology, its communist influences, and the... more A 12-page essay which looks at North Korea's official ideology, its communist influences, and the "god-like" qualities circulating around the Kim family. A bibliography is included on pages 13 & 14.
Korea’s Koryŏ Dynasty and Medieval China: The Closest of Friends, 2020
An 8 page essay which looks over and analyses the close relationship that the Korean Koryŏ Dynast... more An 8 page essay which looks over and analyses the close relationship that the Korean Koryŏ Dynasty had with Medieval China, especially the Song Dynasty. Examples of war alliances, religions, artworks, politics, and education are analyzed to prove the thesis.
Quakers During the American Revolution: An Often Overlooked Call for Pacifism, 2021
A 10-page undergraduate research paper which analyzes the roles of the Quakers in the American R... more A 10-page undergraduate research paper which analyzes the roles of the Quakers in the American Revolution
The Indigenous Vodún Religion of Western Africa: A Major Source of Ethnic 'Black Pride', 2021
A short research paper that analyzes the indigenous African religion of Vodún and its impact on b... more A short research paper that analyzes the indigenous African religion of Vodún and its impact on black communities throughout the Americas.
The Battle of Kadesh: Egyptians and Hittites Duke it Out!, 2021
A short paper that analyzes the battle between Pharaoh Ramesses II of Egypt & Emperor Muwatalli I... more A short paper that analyzes the battle between Pharaoh Ramesses II of Egypt & Emperor Muwatalli II of the Hittites.
Rudyard Kipling and George Orwell: British Imperialists Under a Mask of Deceit, 2023
A short history paper that analyzes British imperialism in George Orwell's and Rudyard Kipling's ... more A short history paper that analyzes British imperialism in George Orwell's and Rudyard Kipling's short stories.
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Papers by Samuel C Ehrhart
There have been a few scholarly works that look at Great Britain’s alleged war crimes against the Third Reich. This thesis will investigate how Great Britain interpreted existing international customary laws (CILs) to conduct the policies and actions of soldiers during WWII. While analyzing multiple alleged war crimes through international customary laws, I argue that the state of Great Britain did commit numerous war crimes against Nazi Germany during WWII and that Britain’s leaders avoided punishment because of being a victorious nation in the war. Furthermore, I will argue that Britain’s wartime leaders such as Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Air Marshal Arthur Harris, Deputy Air Marshal Robert Saundby, and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Scotland were liable to have been held accountable for their actions through war crimes trials, just like the leaders of Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich faced after WWII concluded.
Throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire routinely sailed galleons from the Americas to Asia and back again. The most famous sea route for Spain was from western Mexico to Manilla, Philippines. During this time period, Spain ruled the seas, and the Pacific Ocean was widely under the domain of the Spanish Crown. Consequently, Hawai‘i is directly in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Spanish maps from the 16th century show an archipelago of islands referred to as Islas de Mesa (Table Islands), with updated maps in the 17th century referring to these islands as Los Monges. Interestingly enough, the islands on these Spanish maps look extremely similar to the eight primary Hawaiian islands, with two islands on the map looking exactly like Maui and Hawai‘i Island (the ‘Big Island’). In even more tantalizing evidence, these Spanish-drawn islands are only a few degrees away from Hawaii’s geographical coordinates, an impressive feat for the technology available during the 1500s.
` Besides hand-drawn maps, a possible carved stone figure of a Spanish conquistador — along with metal tools — are used as evidence for this short research paper. For indigenous Hawaiian sources, the ‘oli and mo‘olelo spoken of in this paper all describe, in similar detail across multiple Hawaiian islands, “pale people who arrived here across the sea from Kahiki. They do not speak our language in Kahiki,” along with describing “pale men with shiny knives.” Is it merely a coincidence that multiple Hawaiian chants and stories from the same era, across multiple islands, all describe nearly the same exact scenario?
Lastly, the best piece of evidence for this hypothesis regarding Spanish explorers ‘discovering’ the Hawaiian archipelago before James Cook, is the journal entries of Juan Gaetano. His personal writings describe an island in the middle Pacific that is so tall, clouds cover half of the mountain. With his description of the mountain and the rest of the island, it is very possible that Gaetano was the first haole (foreigner) to catch sight of either Hawai‘i Island’s Mauna Kea and/or Mauna Loa, or Maui’s Haleakalā. The Spaniards may have ‘found’ the Hawaiian isles two-and-a-half centuries before the English arrived at the remote islands!
There have been a few scholarly works that look at Great Britain’s alleged war crimes against the Third Reich. This thesis will investigate how Great Britain interpreted existing international customary laws (CILs) to conduct the policies and actions of soldiers during WWII. While analyzing multiple alleged war crimes through international customary laws, I argue that the state of Great Britain did commit numerous war crimes against Nazi Germany during WWII and that Britain’s leaders avoided punishment because of being a victorious nation in the war. Furthermore, I will argue that Britain’s wartime leaders such as Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Air Marshal Arthur Harris, Deputy Air Marshal Robert Saundby, and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Scotland were liable to have been held accountable for their actions through war crimes trials, just like the leaders of Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich faced after WWII concluded.
Throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire routinely sailed galleons from the Americas to Asia and back again. The most famous sea route for Spain was from western Mexico to Manilla, Philippines. During this time period, Spain ruled the seas, and the Pacific Ocean was widely under the domain of the Spanish Crown. Consequently, Hawai‘i is directly in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Spanish maps from the 16th century show an archipelago of islands referred to as Islas de Mesa (Table Islands), with updated maps in the 17th century referring to these islands as Los Monges. Interestingly enough, the islands on these Spanish maps look extremely similar to the eight primary Hawaiian islands, with two islands on the map looking exactly like Maui and Hawai‘i Island (the ‘Big Island’). In even more tantalizing evidence, these Spanish-drawn islands are only a few degrees away from Hawaii’s geographical coordinates, an impressive feat for the technology available during the 1500s.
` Besides hand-drawn maps, a possible carved stone figure of a Spanish conquistador — along with metal tools — are used as evidence for this short research paper. For indigenous Hawaiian sources, the ‘oli and mo‘olelo spoken of in this paper all describe, in similar detail across multiple Hawaiian islands, “pale people who arrived here across the sea from Kahiki. They do not speak our language in Kahiki,” along with describing “pale men with shiny knives.” Is it merely a coincidence that multiple Hawaiian chants and stories from the same era, across multiple islands, all describe nearly the same exact scenario?
Lastly, the best piece of evidence for this hypothesis regarding Spanish explorers ‘discovering’ the Hawaiian archipelago before James Cook, is the journal entries of Juan Gaetano. His personal writings describe an island in the middle Pacific that is so tall, clouds cover half of the mountain. With his description of the mountain and the rest of the island, it is very possible that Gaetano was the first haole (foreigner) to catch sight of either Hawai‘i Island’s Mauna Kea and/or Mauna Loa, or Maui’s Haleakalā. The Spaniards may have ‘found’ the Hawaiian isles two-and-a-half centuries before the English arrived at the remote islands!