Waves in Ecology

The Navier-Stokes differential equations describe the motion of fluids which are incompressible. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations misbehave very badly although they are relatively simple-looking. The solutions could wind up being extremely unstable even with nice, smooth, reasonably harmless initial conditions. A mathematical understanding of the outrageous behaviour of these equations would dramatically alter the
field of fluid mechanics. This paper describes why the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are not solvable, i.e., the equations cannot be used to model turbulence, which is
a three-dimensional phenomenon.

We try to study the general properties of the Van der Pol oscillator like the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and limit cycles. Thereafter we try to see the behavior of the oscillator near the limit cycle under periodic forcing and and then under Gaussian white noise.

The deltaic lobe of Indian Sundarbans (IS) is highly vulnerable to natural disasters like cyclones that primarily occur during premonsoon and monsoon seasons. These natural disasters take the lives of people and damage properties of the island dwellers. The mangroves act as a buffer against these vulnerabilities and play important role in the domain of disaster management. The SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) model is simulated based on the real time data of mangrove vegetation collected from the western and central IS having contrasting salinity pattern to study the wave attenuation characteristics. The percentage of wave attenuation is much higher in the hyposaline stations of western IS compared to the hypersaline central sector. The cumulative effect of vegetation and mud is established in this work on the wave attenuation potential and thereby prevent the island villages from natural disaster. Our Heritage Application of numerical modeling to evaluate the role of mangroves in wave attenuation: A first order analysis in the domain of disaster management

In this paper, we will study dynamics of an important physiological control system—human gait in disease and aging. The investigation of fluctuations overlying periodic motion in human walking may provide valuable information about neuromuscular system generating both normal and pathological walking patterns. Using nonlinear dynamics analysis, we analyzed walking gaits of the young, elderly and aged subjects with Parkinson’s disease. This inquiry demonstrates that nonlinear time-series analysis methods based on time-delay embedding may provide useful insight into the neuromuscular control of human locomotion.

In solar physics many questions remain unanswered, such as the solar coronal heating problem in the solar atmosphere or magnetic field generation in the solar interior. However, there is a growing consensus that many different physical phenomena will combine to give a solution to these problems.
From the solar coronal heating point of view, one possible phenomenon to study is resonant absorption, which allows the natural transfer of wave energy to and from the background plasma. If the plasma is dissipative this energy can be converted into heat. One of the stumbling blocks when studying resonant absorption is that linear theory can breakdown around the resonant point. This causes a dilemma: use linear theory as an approximation regardless to try and find sensible solutions or try and solve the difficult, but realistic, nonlinear equations.
The present thesis will investigate the nonlinearity associated with resonant absorption. There are two different resonances in solar plasmas, one is the Alfve ́n resonance and the other is the slow resonance. Previous studies, in nonlinear theory, have concentrated mainly on the slow resonances as they are more affected by nonlinearity. We will study both the Alfve ́n and the slow resonances. The present thesis will analytically investigate these resonances in anisotropic, dispersive and dissipative plasmas - typical conditions of the solar upper atmosphere.
The second manifestation of nonlinearity is the generation of a mean shear flow outside the layer enclosing the resonant surface. We will derive the governing equations for this gener- ated flow at the Alfve ́n resonance. These flows (like all flows) are completely determined by the boundary conditions and we produce an example flow.
The thesis culminates by studying coupled resonances; when the distance between an Alfve ́n and slow resonance is so small (in comparison to the incoming wave) they act as if they interact with an incoming wave simultaneously. We derive the governing equations for the absorption of fast magnetoacoustic waves at the coupled resonance, and then numerically analyse the coeffi- cient of wave energy absorption to compare with the results found for single resonances. We find that the absorption of fast magnetoacoustic waves is far more efficient under coronal conditions compared with chromospheric conditions despite an increase in absorption due to the coupled resonance.

In this work we outline the problem of the "fundational" relations between Physics and Biology by taking into consideration systemic approaches and classical and quantum models of emergence, as a guide we use the Principle of Indifference by Mario Ageno. We will see that the possibility to consider Biology as a "living phase Physics" remains an open question, on the other hand the problems of autonomy and organizational
dynamics in system/environment relations seem to find a promising set of tools in the framework of models of complexity theories.

The natural world demonstrates signs of spatialtemporal order, an order that appears to us through a series of recognizable, recurring and consecutive patterns, i.e. regularities in forms, functions, behaviors, events and processes. These patterns lend insight into the modes and tempos of evolution and thus into the units, levels, and mechanisms that underlie the evolutionary hierarchy. Contributors to this special issue analyze converging patterns in the biological and sociocultural realm across and beyond classic divisions between micro-and macro-evolution; horizontal/reticulate and vertical evolution; phylogeny, ontogeny and ecology; synchronic and diachronic sociocultural and linguistic research; and tree and network diagrams. Explanations are sought in complexity theory, major transitions of evolution, and process and mechanism approaches to change; and consequences for notions such as

Our work is part of the world-wide and ongoing efforts of GeoGebra and other technology communities to increase the pace of change in development of new tools to facilitate and faster the doing of mathematics, the teaching and learning of mathematics, and teacher education itself. Our paper is result of the research done with regard to the applications of mathematics in special directions such as: solving problems of physics, biology and astronomy by using technology as a bridge. With GeoGebra can be performed lot of simulations of physical phenomena from Mechanics discipline and solved computational problems. Our work is part of the passionate work of many GeoGebra users which will result with a very rich fund of GeoGebra virtual tools, of examples and experiences that will be world-widely available for many teachers and practitioners.

This article presents a summary of applications of chaos and fractals in robotics. Firstly, basic concepts of determin‐ istic chaos and fractals are discussed. Then, fundamental tools of chaos theory used for identifying and quantifying chaotic dynamics will be shared. Principal applications of chaos and fractal structures in robotics research, such as chaotic mobile robots, chaotic behaviour exhibited by mobile robots interacting with the environment, chaotic optimization algorithms, chaotic dynamics in bipedal locomotion and fractal mechanisms in modular robots will be presented. A brief survey is reported and an analysis of the reviewed publications is also presented.

Methods from nonlinear dynamics (NLD) have shown new insights into heart rate (HR) variability changes under various physiological and pathological conditions, providing additional prognostic information and complementing traditional time-and frequencydomain analyses. In this review, some of the most prominent indices of nonlinear and fractal dynamics are summarized and their algorithmic implementations and applications in clinical trials are discussed. Several of those indices have been proven to be of diagnostic relevance or have contributed to risk stratification. In particular, techniques based on mono-and multifractal analyses and symbolic dynamics have been successfully applied to clinical studies. Further advances in HR variability analysis are expected through multidimensional and multivariate assessments. Today, the question is no longer about whether or not methods from NLD should be applied; however, it is relevant to ask which of the methods should be selected and under which basic and standardized conditions should they be applied.

We use SIR model to predict the prevalence and incidence of Hepatitis B in Bosomtwe District of Ghana. The study is made up of two sections. An SIR model without vaccination is used to explain the spread of the HBV in the Bosomtwe district followed by the modeling HB with vaccination in the district.

For a long time, extreme events happening in complex systems, such as financial markets, earthquakes, and neurological networks, were thought to follow power-law size distributions. More recently, evidence suggests that in many systems the largest and rarest events differ from the other ones. They are dragon kings, outliers that make the distribution deviate from a power law in the tail. Understanding the processes of formation of extreme events and what circumstances lead to dragon kings or to a power-law distribution is an open question and it is a very important one to assess whether extreme events will occur too often in a specific system. In the particular system studied in this paper, we show that the rate of occurrence of dragon kings is controlled by the value of a parameter. The system under study here is composed of two nearly identical chaotic oscillators which fail to remain in a permanently synchronized state when coupled. We analyze the statistics of the desynchronization events in this specific example of two coupled chaotic electronic circuits and find that modifying a parameter associated to the local instability responsible for the loss of synchronization reduces the occurrence of dragon kings, while preserving the power-law distribution of small-to intermediate-size events with the same scaling exponent. Our results support the hypothesis that the dragon kings are caused by local instabilities in the phase space.

Synchronization of chaotic systems is important because it might be useful in some type of private communications. In this paper, the phenomenon of Chaos that produced in the case of autonomous New Lorenz-like attractor circuit, have been studied extensively. The initial study of this work also includes some of the most well-known tools of nonlinear dynamics, such as the Lyapunov exponents and the Poincaré map. Furthermore, the use of this type of chaotic circuit in the connection substitution synchronization method is presented in details. After conducting the analysis of the proposed synchronization scheme, the use of such an autonomous chaotic circuit as a signal modulation in secure communication systems, has been examined. Finally, numerical simulations by using MATLAB 380 Aceng Sambas et al. 2010, as well as implementation of circuit simulations by using MultiSIM 10.0, has been performed in this work.

This paper proposes random fractal dynamics as the key to the understanding of ritual dynamics. It is argued that Don Handelman’s concept of Moebius framing to understand the dynamics of ritual and play is, despite its far-reaching implications, insufficient to substitute Bateson’s play frame. It will be shown that Bateson’s use of mathematical models in Naven and his other work on play and fantasy is much more complex. The discussion of Handelman’s own endeavor to rethink naven as ‘play’ serves as evidence for the usefulness of Bateson’s play frame. Subsequent to the presentation of Handelman’s concept of Moebius framing as a substitute, Yair Neuman’s use of the Moebius strip provides a model to rethink Bateson’s play frame. The relational approach to naven as ‘ritual’ as developed by Michael Houseman and Carlo Severi offers a theoretical framework by introducing random fractal dynamics as an alternative model to study ritual framing. In utilizing insights from chaos and fractal theory to study ritual in their non-linear dynamics, the main claim of this paper is that the model for fractal dynamics can be derived from Bateson’s own theoretical insights and can enhance Handelman’s considerations of Moebius framing in relational terms.

This article takes up the idea of Indian Ocean ‘natural logics’ while shifting attention from ‘cultures of trade’ to leisure culture, and from monsoon winds to waves. Surfers who ride these bands of moving energy describe the experience as one of being ‘stoked’, and the search for stoke has over the past century propelled them around the world ocean in pursuit of the perfect wave. Focusing on the Indian Ocean arena, the article traces three distinct yet not necessarily sequential waves of surf travel therein: the ‘surfari’ and the concealment/exposure of secret spots; enclaves of consumption in the offshore coliseum; and, the swirling shore-break in which the energy parcel conveyed through the ocean is unloaded on the coast. In the process, it explores what insights Indian Ocean studies bring to cultural histories of surfing and how surfing practice has been reshaped as it moves out of its traditional Pacific — and then Atlantic — locations, along with the ways in which surfing has in turn reconfigured the Indian Ocean littoral. The article concludes by shifting mode from critical commentary in order to present the shore-break as a dynamic concept-metaphor for materializing immersed and energised scholarship.

Energy forecasting plays a dominant role in the sustainable development economic optimization, resource planning and secure operation of electric power systems. The variation in energy demand is a major source of uncertainty in planning for future capacity enhancement, resource needs and operation of existing generation resources. Electric utilities need monthly peak and yearly demand forecasting for budgetary planning, maintenance scheduling and fuel management. The software tools currently used by the utilities and the various regulatory organizations indicate that 'official long term energy demand' forecasts of these systems are based, at best, on some form of linear or log-log linear regression (econometric) models with the parameters often estimated using the ordinary least-squares method. These approaches aim to develop mathematical models on the basis of available data. Most of the utilities have attempted to build energy forecasting models based on different behavioural assumptions about the shape of the demand curve. The parameters of these models are estimated by a variety of techniques. However, the in-depth study of energy demand data carried out by the authors has revealed its chaotic nature. Hence, the conventional modeling techniques have resulted in limited success in the forecasting and modeling of energy demand. This paper aims to depict the chaotic nature of energy demand by carrying out experimental studies on U S energy data and comparing its distinguishing features such as Correlation Dimension, Embedding Dimension and False Nearest Neighbours, Lyapunov Exponents and Predictive Power, Return Map and Power Spectral Density with those of a benchmark chaotic systems, viz., Box and Jenkins gas furnace data. The results clearly indicate that energy demand should be treated as chaotic system for better efficacy in its modeling and prediction.

Human locomotion is a complex nonlinear process, which researchers have started to analyze using nonlinear dynamics analysis. This study investigates and quantifies the chaotic dynamics of walking gaits using different tools of nonlinear time-series analysis. The application of nonlinear dynamics techniques to gait cycle sequences may unveil the complexity of the human walking. For the walking gaits, calculated Lyapunov exponents and fractal dimensions suggested chaotic dynamics, which are intrinsic to human locomotor system. Such studies may open new avenues for research in gait pathologies and highlight the application of chaotic time-series analysis for examining physiological data.

The increase in electricity consumption in the last decade has had the need for renewable energy sources that do not harm the environment. A promise of clean electric power supply are capturing energy sources small systems, such as vibration, solar radiation and small temperature gradients. There are some productive research in energy harvesting systems in recent years and most of the work is focused on improving the transduction efficiency. Whereas the vibration as a source of energy being converted to electrical energy, the most prominent studies address the behavior of systems for the effect of resonance, however resonance occurs only in a small frequency band and vibration environment typically has a broadband . Considering a nonlinear energy harvesting system subjected to a source of periodic excitation simulated mathematically realize chaotic activity, which decrease system efficiency. The chaotic activity can be identified by numerical simulation showing the Exponents Lyapunov. To increase the efficiency of energy harvesting systems, taking into account the resonance and wide bandwidth, some studies are developing solutions for the systems behavior control such as mechanical control, magnetic and piezoelectric. Among the controlled systems to increase the efficiency of energy harvesting systems, Piezoelectric solution stands out as the most promising. The piezoelectric control can be classified as active, semi-active and passive, considering the need for electric supply. The active control does not need an external source of electrical energy and uses energy harvested to make the system behavior. Based on active control is done using the Optimal Linear Control Controller (OLC), which in addition to controlling the system variables improving the vibrational energy transduction efficiency in electricity, it is the study of the ability to eliminate the chaotic behavior through new parameters generated by the controller across a frequency range and with variation of the excitation power of the base beam and the initial conditions. All these points are analyzed to a nonlinear system energy harvesting journal.

In this second part of a series of articles, we discuss the fusion of analogue and digital decurring from the Klein Bottle, the Inside/Outside image-schema of Cognitive Semantics and its role in the dualistic organization of knowledge, presenting several examples in biology, astrophysics and chemistry. We present the Möbius strips and Klein Bottle (KB) and HyperKlein Bottles non-orientable surfaces, the non-dual logic and logophysics of the KB, that surmount this dualism, and their elementary harmonics, and the relation with palindromes .We present a corresponding topological protoform of Newton's Third Law surmounting its dualistic character. We discuss Chemical Topology as a paradigm incorporating at its foundations the Klein Bottle ontology and logophysics, and particularly the characterization of life as artifact-making, of molecular complementarity and of semiotic agency as related to self-reference. We discuss the relation between these surfaces and enantiomerism and the existence of a bodyplan for humans related to them and give several examples of its manifestation. We discuss the relations between the Inside/Outside image-schema and its surmountal by the Klein Bottle logophysics in biology, chemistry, astrophysics, holography, metamathematics, and of the location of the real world. We introduce the non-orientable topology of the action/perception cycle and discuss the KB topology of the visual and somatosensory cortical mappings, music perception and of electromagnetic and sound vortices. We discuss the Inside/Outside image-schema and its relations to the topologies of genomes.

El objetivo de esta ponencia es exponer el tema del control mental y hacer una crítica sistemática de la esclavización de la mente y por ende del comportamiento del ser humano, actividades que ya han alcanzado niveles irreversibles durante el siglo XX.
Abordaremos los dos aspectos del control mental, constituido, en analogía a los dos lados de la actividad cerebral humana: un componente psicológico y otro fisiológico. El aspecto psicológico-mental tiene que ver con la interiorización –a menudos conflictiva– de la explotación, opresión y discriminación del orden social existente, y la afirmación de sus tradiciones, normas y valores, es decir, su ideología. El aspecto fisiológico-mental tiene que ver con la manipulación tecnológica de las mentes de todos aquellos, que no han logrado adaptarse psicológicamente al actual orden social dominante, y quienes niegan y rechazan la esclavitud en todas sus formas.
Con la entrada a la denominada era de las frecuencias y ondas hertzianas se ha posibilitado la manipulación directa de los procesos cerebrales en base de la tecnología electromagnética y el uso del pleno espectro de las frecuencias para tal fin.
La metodología a utilizar es la exposición y análisis de la información existente, como el caso de los proyectos HAARP y MK Ultra. En ellos aplica manipulación mental-fisiológica,  técnicas como sonido (infrasonido, ultrasonido), luz (luz visible, luz infrarroja, luz ultravioleta), campos magnéticos (campos parejos, campos intermitentes), campos eléctricos intermitentes de baja frecuencia, campos eléctricos intermitentes de alta frecuencia, radiación con rayos X y con rayos radioactivos, entre otras técnicas.

In the present work we will present and analyze some basic processes at the local and global level in linguistic derivations that do not seem to conform to either Markovian or Turing-like computation, particularly as they are modeled within generative linguistics. We will first present briefly the working hypothesis and then focus on the empirical domain. At the same time, we will argue that a model of the mind that assumes that computational processes are uniform (i.e., that a single formal grammar can and should be used to model the generation of all cognitive structures) is necessarily insufficient as it either falls short or assigns too much structure to different stimuli, and thus computationally mixed formal models are to be invoked in order to pursue a fuller understanding of mental processes within a unified framework.

Seagrasses and bare sediment represent alternative stable states, with sediment resuspension being a key driver of system stability via the Seagrass-Sediment-Light (SSL) feedback. We explore the SSL feedback by quantifying the sediment stabilization by seagrass, and using these measurements to calculate under which conditions seagrass ends up in a turbid environment. We quantified in-situ sediment resuspension velocity thresholds (u cr) for Zostera marina growing in medium to fine sand, using a field flume inducing near-bed wave motion. u cr was determined for full length shoots, shoots clipped to 0.08 m, and removed shoots. We found that rhizomes did not influence u cr of the top sediment layer. Overall, u cr was linearly related to blade area, which became independent for sediment type when normalizing u cr for the resuspension threshold after shoot removal. Comparing measured u cr against natural wave conditions showed that the seagrass meadow at the study site is currently stable. Exploring the effects of changing hydrodynamic conditions revealed that effects of increasing storminess has limited influence on sediment resuspension and thus the SSL-feedback. Increasing mean wind velocity had a stronger influence on SSLfeedback dynamics by causing more frequent exceedance of u cr. The response of seagrasses to increasing wind pressure depends on bay topography. A fully exposed Z. marina meadow under low initial turbidity pressure trended toward bistability, as turbidity pressure increased mainly on bare sediments. The study site and a fully exposed Z. marina meadow under high initial turbidity pressure saw an increase in turbidity across all blade areas.

The motion of fluids which are incompressible could be described by the Navier-Stokes differential equations. However, the
three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for modelling turbulence misbehave very badly although they are relatively simple-looking. The solutions could wind up being extremely unstable even with nice, smooth, reasonably harmless initial conditions. A mathematical understanding of the outrageous behaviour of these equations would greatly affect the field of fluid mechanics. In this paper, which had been published in an international journal in 2010, a reasoned, practical approach towards resolving the issue is adopted and a practical, statistical kind of mathematical solution is proposed.

In this paper, we have investigated the complex dynamics of a one-dimensional spatial nonlinear coupled reaction-diffusion system with a Holling type IV functional response, akin to standard Michaelis-Menten inhibitory kinetics. Prey-taxis is included in a general reaction-diffusion equation to incorporate the active movement of predator species towards regions with high prey concentrations or if the predator is following some sort of cue (such as odor) to find the prey. We have carried out stability analysis of both the non-spatial model without diffusive spreading and of the spatial model. We performed extensive computer simulations to identify various parameter ranges for stable homogeneous solution. Our findings specifically elucidate the role of predator diffusion and prey-taxis in controlling emergent structures, and transitions towards spatiotemporal chaos. We observe that the increasing predator random movement and moderate value of prey-taxis stabilize the system.

In this paper, in order to show some interesting phenomena of three dimensional autonomous ordinary differential equations, the chaotic behavior as a function of a variable control parameter, has been studied. The initial study in this paper is to analyze the phase portraits, the Lyapunov exponents, the Poincaré maps and the bifurcation diagrams. Moreover, some appropriate comparisons are made to contrast some of the existing results. Finally, the effectiveness of the bidirectional coupling scheme between two identical Jerk circuits in a secure communication system is presented in details. Finally, the simulation results are shown to demonstrate that the proposed method is correct and feasible

This short essay seeks to identify and prevent a pitfall that attends less careful inquiries into “physiosemiosis.” It is emphasized that, in order to truly establish the presence of sign-action in the non-living world, all the components of a triadic sign — including the interpretant — would have to be abiotic (that is, not dependent on a living organism). Failure to heed this necessary condition can lead one to hastily confuse a natural sign (like smoke coming from fire) for an instance of abiotic semiosis. A more rigorous and reserved approach to the topic is called for.

We describe how the Atwood's machine, interfaced to a personal computer through a rotary encoder, is suited for investigating harmonic and anharmonic oscillations, exploiting the buoyancy force acting on a body immersed in water. We report experimental studies of oscillators produced by driving forces of the type FϭϪkx n with nϭ1,2,3, and FϭϪk sgn(x). Finally we suggest how this apparatus can be used for showing to the students a macroscopic model of interatomic forces.

Coastal area is dynamic and vulnerable due to action of various coastal environmental forces. The coastline shows constantly varying nature due to tidal effects and changes in wind and wave climate. Sediment movement, erosion and accretion are responsible for changing the morphology of coastal area. Human activities / interference is also responsible for changes in the coastline. Construction of ports, fisheries harbours, and power plants are the main development projects, which involve construction of coastal structures like breakwaters, jetties, groins, and reclamation as well as dredging and disposal activities. These activities interfere in the coastal processes, which in term have large impact on the coastline. It is necessary to predict the likely effects of coastal structures before undertaking any project. Hydraulic modelling technique is very useful in predicting the changes in coastal area and thereby to evolve appropriate design of the coastal projects. The impact of coastal development and usefulness of hydraulic modelling in mitigating the problem is presented with the examples in Indian scenario.

We describe how the Atwood’s machine, interfaced to a personal computer through a rotary encoder, is suited for investigating harmonic and anharmonic oscillations, exploiting the buoyancy force acting on a body immersed in water. We report experimental studies of oscillators produced by driving forces of the type F=-kx^n with n=1,2,3, and F=-k sgn(x). Finally we suggest how this apparatus can be used for showing to the students a macroscopic model of interatomic forces.

A combined field experiment and modelling approach has been used to provide evidence that ants may be responsible for an observed lower patchiness and higher plant diversity in the neighbourhood of ant nests, within Mediterranean dry grasslands belonging to the phytosociological class Tuberarietea guttatae. The hypothesis was that seeds occurring in clumps may have a higher probability to be harvested than seeds having a scattered distribution. In order to test this hypothesis, four analysis steps were performed. First, pattern of seed production and dispersal of four species was recorded; two of them were more abundant next to ant nests (Tuberaria guttata, Euphorbia exigua), whereas the other two were more abundant away from ant nests (Bromus scoparius and Plantago bellardi). Second, a stochastic model was developed to simulate the observed dispersal patterns of each studied species. Third, 10 seed spatial arrangements in accordance to the distribution patterns created by the model were offered to ants and the location of predated seeds was recorded. Finally, the observed pattern of seed predation was matched to models performed by different distributions of probability. Results showed that the probability of being predated decreased as distance among seeds increased. This preference of ants for high concentration of food items holds down the dominant species sufficiently to allow the subordinates to survive, thus increasing diversity near nests. The observed higher frequency of small-seeded, small-sized, or creeping therophytes close to the ant nests can be therefore seen as an example of indirect myrmecophily.

A probabilistic model of random fragmentation of the unit line provides the formal underpinning for deriving a distribution of the articles published in any field, over journals ranked in decreasing order of productivity. No assumptions need to be made about the causal mechanism that brings about such a distribution. Interestingly, the proportion of articles, p, that may be obtained from some given proportion, 9, of the most productive journals, is found to be greater than 9 by a factor -9 In 9. This may be interpreted as the additional "information" retrieved over the unranked case, and is a direct consequence of the procedure of ranking the journals. While the distribution obtained reproduces the general shape of a cumulative frequency log-rank graph of publications data, to ensure good fit to data, a parameter has to be introduced. This parameter may be considered to incorporate the effects of possible deviation from randomness, and is suggested as an indirect measure of concentration. 0 1992 John Wiley 81 Sons, Inc.

We propose an alternative approach for the em-
bedding space reconstruction method for short time series.
An m-dimensional embedding space is reconstructed with a
set of time delays including the relevant time scales charac-
terizing the dynamical properties of the system. By using
a maximal predictability criterion a d-dimensional subspace
is selected with its associated set of time delays, in which
a local nonlinear blind forecasting prediction performs the
best reconstruction of a particular event of a time series. An
locally unfolded d-dimensional embedding space is then ob-
tained. The efficiency of the methodology, which is mathe-
matically consistent with the fundamental definitions of the
local nonlinear long time-scale predictability, was tested with
a chaotic time series of the Lorenz system. When applied to
the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) (observational data as-
sociated with the El Ni˜no-Southern Oscillation phenomena
(ENSO)) an optimal set of embedding parameters exists, that
allows constructing the main characteristics of the El Ni˜no
1982–1983 and 1997–1998 events, directly from measure-
ments up to 3 to 4 years in advance.

The COMPUTATIONAL ECOLOGY AND SOFTWARE (ISSN 2220-721X) is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that considers scientific articles in all different areas of computational ecology. It is the transactions of the International Society of Computational Ecology. The journal is concerned with the ecological researches, constructions and applications of theories and methods of computational sciences including computational mathematics, computational statistics and computer science. It features the simulation, approximation, prediction, recognition, and classification of ecological issues. Intensive computation is one of the major stresses of the journal. The journal welcomes research articles, short communications, review articles, perspectives, and book reviews. The journal also supports the activities of the International Society of Computational Ecology.

The topics to be covered by CES include, but are not limited to:

•Computation intensive methods, numerical and optimization methods, differential and difference equation modeling and simulation, prediction, recognition, classification, statistical computation (Bayesian computing, randomization, bootstrapping, Monte Carlo techniques, stochastic process, etc.), agent-based modeling, individual-based modeling, artificial neural networks, knowledge based systems, machine learning, genetic algorithms, data exploration, network analysis and computation, databases, ecological modeling and computation using Geographical Information Systems, satellite imagery, and other computation intensive theories and methods.
•Artificial ecosystems, artificial life, complexity of ecosystems and virtual reality.
•The development, evaluation and validation of software and algorithms for computational ecology. The development and evaluation of apparatus, instruments and machines for ecological and environmental analysis, investigation and monitoring based on the software of computational ecology.
•Methodological applications of computational ecology in the researches of ecology and environmental sciences.

Authors can submit their works to the email box of this journal, [email protected]. All manuscripts submitted to this journal must be previously unpublished and may not be considered for publication elsewhere at any time during review period of this journal. Authors are asked to read Author Guidelines before submitting manuscripts.

In addition to free submissions from authors around the world, special issues are also accepted. The organizer of a special issue can collect submissions (yielded from a research project, a research group, etc.) on a specific research topic, or submissions of a scientific conference for publication of special issue.

Computational Ecology and Software 
ISSN 2220-721X
URL: http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/ces/online-version.asp
RSS feed: http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/ces/rss.xml
E-mail: [email protected]
Editor-in-Chief: WenJun Zhang

Wave flume facilities that are primarily designed for engineering studies are often complex and expensive to operate, and hence not ideal for long-term replicated experiments as commonly used in biology. This study describes a low-cost small wave flume that can be used for biological purposes using fresh-or seawater with or without sediment. The wave flume can be used as a mesocosm to study interactions between wave hydrodynamics and benthic organisms in aquatic ecosystems. The low-costs wave maker (< 2000 USD) allows for experimental setups which can be easily replicated and used for longer term studies; hence the term wave mesocosm. Waves were generated with a pneumatic piston and wave heights ranged between 3 and 6 cm. Maximum orbital flow velocities ranged between 10 and 50 cm s −1 representing shallow coastal areas with a short fetch. The system can generate both regular waves (i.e., the wave period and orbital velocity remains constant), using a wave absorber, and irregular waves (i.e., varying wave period and orbital velocity) using a fast push and slow pull motion of the wave paddle. This wave mesocosm system is particularly useful in biogeomorphology to quantify interactions between organisms, sediment, and hydrodynamics and for aquatic ecologist aiming to simulate realistic bed shear stress where short-and long-term experiments (weeks-months) can be replicated.

This paper presents the new Lorenz unlike chaotic attractor which is constructed by a three non linear first order differential equations. These equations are arranged in a three dimensional autonomous systems. The dynamic behavior of the new chaotic system is shown such as time series, strange attractors, and bifurcations. Numerical experience also shows that when the parameter 'd' is varied, the global non linear amplitude is also varying. The paper ends with some possible research and development recommendations.

We propose an optimization-based scheme for parameter estimation in high-dimensional chaotic systems, and the symbolic time series analysis (STSA) based method is adopted to address the estimation problem. It is shown that, when the system structure and the corresponding time series are known, the STSA-based method works better with respect to the autocorrelation function (ACF) and the mutual information (MI) technologies. Most importantly, the time delay and the feedback strength of two test systems, i.e., the Mackey-Glass system and an external-cavity semiconductor laser system, can be successfully identified using the proposed scheme. To explore the noise immunity, the influence of certain levels of noise on the STSA-based method is tested.

ABSTRACT
In this Research, a Susceptible - Exposed - Infected - Recovered (SEIR) epidemiological model is formulated to determine the transmission of tuberculosis. The equilibrium points of the model were analysis and their stability was investigated. By analyzing the model, a threshold parameter Ro was found which the basic reproductive number is. It is noted that when Ro < 1 the disease will fail to spread and when Ro > 1 the disease will persist in the population and become endemic. The model has two non–negative equilibrium namely the disease free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium.

Removal of turbidity, suspended solids (SS) and natural organic matter (NOM) using coagulation are well known because of the ability of the process in destabilizing the colloids particles and reducing the repulsion force between the particles. The objectives of the study are to explore the effect of the selected water quality parameters (i.e initial pH, initial temperature and SS) and to develop a statistical relationship between the water quality parameters and the optimum dosage and pH. The study was conducted using jar test procedures using synthetic water prepared using kaolin as the source of SS. The experiments were designed using Response Surface Method (RSM) with final turbidity as the response. RSM was found to be better approach than one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) in determining the optimum dose and pH. Initial pH and SS was found to have significant effect to optimum dose at 90% confidence level (α = 0.1) and temperature was the only factor having significant effect on optimum pH at 80% confidence level (α = 0.2). Probably due to the complexity of the nature of the coagulation process, the relationship between the parameters and the response was only developed for optimum pH.

Development of telecommunications technology currently determines the growth of research with an aim to find new solutions and innovative approaches to the mathematical description of the processes. One of the directions in the description of traffic in computer networks is focused on studying the properties of chaotic traffic. We offer a complex method for the dynamic chaos determination. It is suggested to introduce additional indicators based on the absence of trivial conservation laws and weak symmetry breaking. The conclusion is made that dynamic chaos in the example of computer network traffic.