Poly (vinyl chloride), PVC was blended with poly (butyl methacrylate), PBMA in the form of full i... more Poly (vinyl chloride), PVC was blended with poly (butyl methacrylate), PBMA in the form of full interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). The full IPNs were investigated for any modification in properties by the influence of PBMA over pure unmodified PVC. PVC was mixed with plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and heat stabilizer tribasic lead lead sulphate (TBLS) in predetermined proportion alongwith the monomer butyl methacrylate, initiator benzoyl peroxide and the cross linkers of PVC and PBMA respectively. The entire mass was subjected to moulding under compression for polymerization to take place followed by cross linking of the two polymers. The moulded sheets of the full IPNs so formed were analyzed in terms of physico mechanical and thermal properties with an attempt to relate them with the obtained morphology. PBMA influenced the properties of PVC by improving the tensile behavior and elongation properties as well as its thermal stability. The scanning electron micrographs fro...
The technology for the enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of rice bran oil has been regarded as a... more The technology for the enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of rice bran oil has been regarded as an eco friendly process which produces good quality oil. Rice bran oil has been identified as “heart oil” for the last few years due to presence of natural antioxidants and beneficial micronutrients like γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, polyphenols and squalene. The nutritional qualities and health benefits of rice bran oil have been established for the presence of these components. So the extraction process parameters are quite significant for having these beneficial constituents in extracted oil. Conventional solvent extraction procedure uses hexane as solvent which is identified as an air pollutant. Therefore, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction procedure is a good alternative one. In the present research investigation, effects of different extraction parameters like pH, temperature, concentration of enzymes, mixing time, mixing speed and ratio of bran to water has b...
Enzymes constitute the most important functional aspect of all biochemical processes. It catalyze... more Enzymes constitute the most important functional aspect of all biochemical processes. It catalyzes numerous reactions taking place within the living organisms. Enzymatic reactions occur through the active sites which combine with the substrates to form intermediate complexes subsequently leading to products. In this research article, a single enzyme having dual active sites has been considered. These active sites offer room for combining with two substrates having varying reactivity in a sequential ordered mechanism. The enzyme first combines with the more reactive substrate to form the first intermediate complex. The complex then further reacts with the second substrate to yield the ultimate product via formation of a second intermediate complex. Mathematical modeling with its analytical and numerical analysis in this regard provides an idea to predict the behavior of the system. In this research article a mathematical model is formulated and approximate analytical solution for the...
Fatty acid distillates (FADs) produced during physical refining of vegetable oil contains large a... more Fatty acid distillates (FADs) produced during physical refining of vegetable oil contains large amount of free fatty acid. A mutant of Candida tropicalis (M20) obtained after several stages of UV mutation are utilized to produce dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) from the fatty acid distillates of rice bran, soybean, coconut, palm kernel and palm oil. Initially, fermentation study was carried out in shake flasks for 144 h. Products were isolated and identified by GLC analysis. Finally, fermentation was carried out in a 2 L jar fermenter, which yielded 62 g/L and 48 g/L of total dibasic acids from rice bran oil fatty acid distillate and coconut oil fatty acid distillate respectively. FADs can be effectively utilized to produce DCAs of various chain lengths by biooxidation process.
Sebacic acid diesters have wide range of applications for the synthesis of basic oleo chemicals a... more Sebacic acid diesters have wide range of applications for the synthesis of basic oleo chemicals and oleo chemical derivatives. Specifically diesters of sebacic acid with the alcohols like isoamyl and isobutyl alcohol are important in this aspect. The present work aimed at preparation of these diesters in the presence of lipases from a variety of microbial origin. We have screened four commercial lipases e.g. 1, 3 specific RM-IM lipase (Source: Rhizomucor miehei), 1, 3 specific TL IM lipase (Source: Thermomyces lanuginosus), non specific NS40013 lipase (Source: Candida Antarctica) and non specific NS 435 lipase (Source: Candida Antarctica) for their ability to catalyze the synthesis of diesters with different alcohols. Different reaction parameters like lipozyme concentrations, temperature and substrate concentration were studied for this purpose by varying the mole ratio of acid and alcohol from 1:1 to 1:16. Rate of conversion increased with the increase in acid: alcohol molar ratio...
Biodiesel is considered as one of the significant alternative energy sources in the future world ... more Biodiesel is considered as one of the significant alternative energy sources in the future world as an environment friendly, renewable and non toxic fuel. Biodiesel can be produced from different vegetable oils but the most suitable and cost effective source is non edible vegetable oil of the fruits of Jatropha Curcas plant. Productivity of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas oil through transesterification reaction with methanol depends on molar ratio of oil to methanol, reaction temperature, catalyst concentration and stirrer speed or mixing effect of the reaction system. In the present research investigation, biodiesel is prepared from Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol using non-specific enzyme NS40013 (Candida antarctica) and the effects of reaction parameters on the productivity of biodiesel have been studied. The physical properties such as density, flash point, kinematic viscosity, cloud point and pour point for Jatropha Curcas methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared. The ...
Phospholipids (PLs) are significantly utilized in different areas of food, pharmaceutical and cos... more Phospholipids (PLs) are significantly utilized in different areas of food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as emulsifiers, stabilizers and antioxidants. The properties of PLs can be modified with a view to improve its inherent properties like emulsification and oxidative properties as well as tailor made technological and physiological properties. Advancement of biotechnology serves as a viable synthetic route in this regard which is helpful for the preparation of modified or structured PLs not only in academic research but also in industry. In the present research investigation, structured PLs are prepared from soybean phospholipids (SBPLs) by the introduction of decanoic acid (C10:0) in hexane medium using 1, 3specific Lipozyme TL IM immobilized lipase (Thermomyces lanuginosus) at 40C. The enzymatic modification reaction takes some longer time (10 days) for completion. The modified PLs prepared by this method contain 23.16% decanoic acid along with other fatty acids. The prop...
Full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl acrylate ... more Full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl acrylate (PEA) were synthesized using diallyl phthalate (DAP) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross linkers of PVC and PEA respectively. The monomer ethyl acrylate was polymerized in presence of PVC with plasticisers and heat stabilisers and the two polymers were cross linked subsequently to generate full IPNs. The IPNs so produced were characterized with respect to their physico-mechanical, thermal and morphological properties and an attempt has been made to investigate the influence of cross linked PEA moieties in the cross linked major matrix of PVC. The properties revealed the significant effect of rubbery PEA on PVC in the cross linked network. The tensile strength showed a marginal decrease but there was a rise in elongation at break and toughness values at the initial stages due to the incorporation of cross linked PEA. The thermal behavior as envisaged from the thermomec...
Methane, one of the greenhouse gases (GHGs), is less discussed regarding global warming than carb... more Methane, one of the greenhouse gases (GHGs), is less discussed regarding global warming than carbon dioxide though influence of methane gas for the global climate change is significant. It is the second most damaging GHG after carbon dioxide. Emission of m ethane is primarily rests on wetlands, paddy fields, enteric fermentation, landfills and waste products. The paper makes an attempt for modelling of methane emission in some Asian countries such as India, China, Japan and Southeast Asian countries using hi storical data of about 100 years by non - linear least square regression analysis method. For validation of methane emission model, coefficient of determination and residual analysis has been adopted. Finally, the paper predicts the long term evolutionary tr end of methane emission using instantaneous rate of change (IROC) in the subjected countries .
Recycling of enzyme for the deacidification of high free fatty acids (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) i... more Recycling of enzyme for the deacidification of high free fatty acids (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) is a novel approach for the synthesis of triacylglycerols. In our study, enzymatic deacidification process has been carried out with special emphasis on the productivity of the process by recycling the enzyme. Two samples of RBO containing different amounts of FFA have been studied for this purpose using two enzymes, non specific Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) and specific TL-IM (Immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus). Due to more effectiveness as revealed from our study, Novozyme 435 has been recycled successfully sixty times in laboratory scale and ten times in pilot scale for bio esterification of high FFA RBO. The bioesterified oil from pilot plant is stream stripped for the production of edible grade RBO.
Increased emission of carbon dioxide from different sources is quite appalling for the last few d... more Increased emission of carbon dioxide from different sources is quite appalling for the last few decades which ultimately results global warming. Emission of carbon dioxide mainly comes from four attributes namely solid fuels, liquid fuels, gaseous fuels and cement industry. In this alarming situation, a mathematical model has been developed based on these attributes with a system of differential equations in Indian perspective. A statistical approach, namely search method is applied to study the behavior of the said attributes in the developed model utilizing the data set of twenty one years in India. The solutions of the environmental model are compared with the real data from where future prediction for the emission of carbon dioxide can be made.
Soybean oil deodoriser distillate (SBO DD) is an important by product of vegetable oil refining i... more Soybean oil deodoriser distillate (SBO DD) is an important by product of vegetable oil refining industries. SBO DD can be utilized for the synthesis of novel functional food ingredients which contains triacylglycerols (TAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs) and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) along with sterols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons. In the present study, fatty acids present in SBODD were esterified with glycerol of varying amounts (3:1, 3:1.1, 3:1.2 and 3:1.4 of DD: glycerol molar ratio) for 8 hrs in the presence of non specific enzyme NS 40013 (Candida Antarctica) at 63±2C. After completion of esterification reaction, the product mixture containing significant amount of TAGs, DAGs and MAGs were purified by molecular distillation to remove excess of free fatty acids and other non desirable components. The final glycerides rich in sterols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons (HC) can be utilised in various food formulations.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) are blended to form full interpenetrat... more Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) are blended to form full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) using diallyl phthalate (DAP) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross linkers of PVC and PEMA respectively. The full IPNs have been synthesized to investigate any modification of properties over PVC. PVC along with plasticizers and heat stabilizers was mixed with ethylene methacrylate monomer in definite proportion along with the respective cross linkers of the polymers. The mass was then subjected to polymerization followed by subsequent cross linking of the two polymers. The full IPNs so formed exhibited a drop in modulus and ultimate tensile strength up to 10% of PEMA incorporation after which it exhibited a steady rise with higher percentages of PEMA. The elongation at break and toughness however displays a steady rise followed by a reduction but the values throughout remains above unmodified PVC. The thermal behavior as revealed by the the...
Functional foods containing sterols and tocopherols create significant attention and find extensi... more Functional foods containing sterols and tocopherols create significant attention and find extensive applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries in the last few decades. Functional foods not only provide basic nutrition but can also prevent diseases and ensure good health and longevity. In the present study, functional food like sterols and tocopherols concentrate (STC) is prepared from cheap raw material like soybean oil deodoriser distillate (SODD) which is an important by product of vegetable oil refining industries. Initially, SODD is hydrolysed with enzyme Amano-30 (a crude lipase from Candida rugosa) in the presence of water for 8 h at a certain temperature. The hydrolysed SODD is esterified with excess butanol in the presence of enzyme NS 40013 (Candida antartica, a non-specific immobilized lipase) for 5 h. The esterified SODD is then distilled in molecular distillation unit at a very low pressure and a moderate high temperature. The distilled product contains...
The enzymatic deacidification process for high free fatty acid (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) has bee... more The enzymatic deacidification process for high free fatty acid (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) has been investigated with special emphasis on the reusing of the enzyme. This process involves the suitability of the process as a viable alternative to the physical refining based on yield and quality of the refined RBO. Two samples of RBO, I and II containing different amounts of FFA and other constituents have been studied for this purpose by using two enzymes, non specific Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) and specific TL-IM (Immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus). Studies showed that Novozyme 435 is more effective for the reduction of FFA using 40% excess of stoichiometric amount of glycerol. So, further study has been conducted for recycling with Novozyme 435 enzyme in case of sample II. This enzyme has been recycled 60 times and it has been observed that the enzyme is still active. The bioesterified oil containing 3-4% residual FFA is then steam stripped to reduce its FFA cont...
Triacontanol concentrate is prepared from crude rice bran wax (RBW). RBW is a byproduct of rice b... more Triacontanol concentrate is prepared from crude rice bran wax (RBW). RBW is a byproduct of rice bran oil industry and has been recognized as a potential source for the synthesis of policosanols which consist mainly of triacontanol, octacosanol, dotriacontanol and hexacosanol. In the present research investigation, a detailed study has been made for the extraction and purification of triacontanol concentrate from crude RBW by microwave digestion and molecular distillation (MD) method. Triacontanol acts as a plant growth regulator and is a powerful inhibitor of lipid per oxidation. It may exert anti inflammatory effect and has the capacity to lower low-density lipoprotein and raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In our study, the operating conditions for the hydrolysis of deoiled and bleached RBW in microwave oven are as follows: 1300 watt, 230 V-50 Hz, 1:2 of wax of 6% potassium hydroxide (w:v) and 35 minutes at microwave temperature. After hydrolysis, the extracted policosano...
Optimization of product in enzyme kinetics is successful by the showers of mathematical analysis ... more Optimization of product in enzyme kinetics is successful by the showers of mathematical analysis with control measures. Enzymes are an important functional aspects of all biochemical processes, as they catalyze numerous reaction taking place within living organisms. With this view, optimization and quantification of product is stressed upon and in such a context, optimal control approaches have been applied in our study. In this article, we have formulated a mathematical model of enzymatic system dynamics with control measures with a view to optimize the product as well as process conditions. Here, Pontryagin Minimum Principle is used for determination of optimal control with the help of Hamiltonian. We discuss the relevant numerical solutions for the concentration of substrate, enzyme, complex and product with respect to a specified time interval by varying control factors.
Alternative energy sources are supposed to be the most challenging job of today’s world. Among th... more Alternative energy sources are supposed to be the most challenging job of today’s world. Among the alternative energy sources, biodiesel attracts considerable attention as it is renewable, non toxic, biodegradable and environmental friendly. Biodiesel is produced from different vegetable oils by transesterification method with alcohol in the presence of catalyst but Jatropha Curcas oil is supposed to be the most promising due to its higher oil content, non edible nature and possible cultivation of Jatropha Curcas plant in any land including barren land even in adverse environment. In the present investigation, a comparative study has been made between chemical (base) catalytic and enzymatic method using nonspecific immobilized enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) for the preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas oil. Studies show that enzymatic method is more effective than base catalytic method with regard to productivity, ecofriendliness, selective nature, purity of the pr...
Poly (vinyl chloride), PVC was blended with poly (butyl methacrylate), PBMA in the form of full i... more Poly (vinyl chloride), PVC was blended with poly (butyl methacrylate), PBMA in the form of full interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). The full IPNs were investigated for any modification in properties by the influence of PBMA over pure unmodified PVC. PVC was mixed with plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and heat stabilizer tribasic lead lead sulphate (TBLS) in predetermined proportion alongwith the monomer butyl methacrylate, initiator benzoyl peroxide and the cross linkers of PVC and PBMA respectively. The entire mass was subjected to moulding under compression for polymerization to take place followed by cross linking of the two polymers. The moulded sheets of the full IPNs so formed were analyzed in terms of physico mechanical and thermal properties with an attempt to relate them with the obtained morphology. PBMA influenced the properties of PVC by improving the tensile behavior and elongation properties as well as its thermal stability. The scanning electron micrographs fro...
The technology for the enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of rice bran oil has been regarded as a... more The technology for the enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of rice bran oil has been regarded as an eco friendly process which produces good quality oil. Rice bran oil has been identified as “heart oil” for the last few years due to presence of natural antioxidants and beneficial micronutrients like γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, polyphenols and squalene. The nutritional qualities and health benefits of rice bran oil have been established for the presence of these components. So the extraction process parameters are quite significant for having these beneficial constituents in extracted oil. Conventional solvent extraction procedure uses hexane as solvent which is identified as an air pollutant. Therefore, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction procedure is a good alternative one. In the present research investigation, effects of different extraction parameters like pH, temperature, concentration of enzymes, mixing time, mixing speed and ratio of bran to water has b...
Enzymes constitute the most important functional aspect of all biochemical processes. It catalyze... more Enzymes constitute the most important functional aspect of all biochemical processes. It catalyzes numerous reactions taking place within the living organisms. Enzymatic reactions occur through the active sites which combine with the substrates to form intermediate complexes subsequently leading to products. In this research article, a single enzyme having dual active sites has been considered. These active sites offer room for combining with two substrates having varying reactivity in a sequential ordered mechanism. The enzyme first combines with the more reactive substrate to form the first intermediate complex. The complex then further reacts with the second substrate to yield the ultimate product via formation of a second intermediate complex. Mathematical modeling with its analytical and numerical analysis in this regard provides an idea to predict the behavior of the system. In this research article a mathematical model is formulated and approximate analytical solution for the...
Fatty acid distillates (FADs) produced during physical refining of vegetable oil contains large a... more Fatty acid distillates (FADs) produced during physical refining of vegetable oil contains large amount of free fatty acid. A mutant of Candida tropicalis (M20) obtained after several stages of UV mutation are utilized to produce dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) from the fatty acid distillates of rice bran, soybean, coconut, palm kernel and palm oil. Initially, fermentation study was carried out in shake flasks for 144 h. Products were isolated and identified by GLC analysis. Finally, fermentation was carried out in a 2 L jar fermenter, which yielded 62 g/L and 48 g/L of total dibasic acids from rice bran oil fatty acid distillate and coconut oil fatty acid distillate respectively. FADs can be effectively utilized to produce DCAs of various chain lengths by biooxidation process.
Sebacic acid diesters have wide range of applications for the synthesis of basic oleo chemicals a... more Sebacic acid diesters have wide range of applications for the synthesis of basic oleo chemicals and oleo chemical derivatives. Specifically diesters of sebacic acid with the alcohols like isoamyl and isobutyl alcohol are important in this aspect. The present work aimed at preparation of these diesters in the presence of lipases from a variety of microbial origin. We have screened four commercial lipases e.g. 1, 3 specific RM-IM lipase (Source: Rhizomucor miehei), 1, 3 specific TL IM lipase (Source: Thermomyces lanuginosus), non specific NS40013 lipase (Source: Candida Antarctica) and non specific NS 435 lipase (Source: Candida Antarctica) for their ability to catalyze the synthesis of diesters with different alcohols. Different reaction parameters like lipozyme concentrations, temperature and substrate concentration were studied for this purpose by varying the mole ratio of acid and alcohol from 1:1 to 1:16. Rate of conversion increased with the increase in acid: alcohol molar ratio...
Biodiesel is considered as one of the significant alternative energy sources in the future world ... more Biodiesel is considered as one of the significant alternative energy sources in the future world as an environment friendly, renewable and non toxic fuel. Biodiesel can be produced from different vegetable oils but the most suitable and cost effective source is non edible vegetable oil of the fruits of Jatropha Curcas plant. Productivity of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas oil through transesterification reaction with methanol depends on molar ratio of oil to methanol, reaction temperature, catalyst concentration and stirrer speed or mixing effect of the reaction system. In the present research investigation, biodiesel is prepared from Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol using non-specific enzyme NS40013 (Candida antarctica) and the effects of reaction parameters on the productivity of biodiesel have been studied. The physical properties such as density, flash point, kinematic viscosity, cloud point and pour point for Jatropha Curcas methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared. The ...
Phospholipids (PLs) are significantly utilized in different areas of food, pharmaceutical and cos... more Phospholipids (PLs) are significantly utilized in different areas of food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as emulsifiers, stabilizers and antioxidants. The properties of PLs can be modified with a view to improve its inherent properties like emulsification and oxidative properties as well as tailor made technological and physiological properties. Advancement of biotechnology serves as a viable synthetic route in this regard which is helpful for the preparation of modified or structured PLs not only in academic research but also in industry. In the present research investigation, structured PLs are prepared from soybean phospholipids (SBPLs) by the introduction of decanoic acid (C10:0) in hexane medium using 1, 3specific Lipozyme TL IM immobilized lipase (Thermomyces lanuginosus) at 40C. The enzymatic modification reaction takes some longer time (10 days) for completion. The modified PLs prepared by this method contain 23.16% decanoic acid along with other fatty acids. The prop...
Full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl acrylate ... more Full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl acrylate (PEA) were synthesized using diallyl phthalate (DAP) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross linkers of PVC and PEA respectively. The monomer ethyl acrylate was polymerized in presence of PVC with plasticisers and heat stabilisers and the two polymers were cross linked subsequently to generate full IPNs. The IPNs so produced were characterized with respect to their physico-mechanical, thermal and morphological properties and an attempt has been made to investigate the influence of cross linked PEA moieties in the cross linked major matrix of PVC. The properties revealed the significant effect of rubbery PEA on PVC in the cross linked network. The tensile strength showed a marginal decrease but there was a rise in elongation at break and toughness values at the initial stages due to the incorporation of cross linked PEA. The thermal behavior as envisaged from the thermomec...
Methane, one of the greenhouse gases (GHGs), is less discussed regarding global warming than carb... more Methane, one of the greenhouse gases (GHGs), is less discussed regarding global warming than carbon dioxide though influence of methane gas for the global climate change is significant. It is the second most damaging GHG after carbon dioxide. Emission of m ethane is primarily rests on wetlands, paddy fields, enteric fermentation, landfills and waste products. The paper makes an attempt for modelling of methane emission in some Asian countries such as India, China, Japan and Southeast Asian countries using hi storical data of about 100 years by non - linear least square regression analysis method. For validation of methane emission model, coefficient of determination and residual analysis has been adopted. Finally, the paper predicts the long term evolutionary tr end of methane emission using instantaneous rate of change (IROC) in the subjected countries .
Recycling of enzyme for the deacidification of high free fatty acids (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) i... more Recycling of enzyme for the deacidification of high free fatty acids (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) is a novel approach for the synthesis of triacylglycerols. In our study, enzymatic deacidification process has been carried out with special emphasis on the productivity of the process by recycling the enzyme. Two samples of RBO containing different amounts of FFA have been studied for this purpose using two enzymes, non specific Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) and specific TL-IM (Immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus). Due to more effectiveness as revealed from our study, Novozyme 435 has been recycled successfully sixty times in laboratory scale and ten times in pilot scale for bio esterification of high FFA RBO. The bioesterified oil from pilot plant is stream stripped for the production of edible grade RBO.
Increased emission of carbon dioxide from different sources is quite appalling for the last few d... more Increased emission of carbon dioxide from different sources is quite appalling for the last few decades which ultimately results global warming. Emission of carbon dioxide mainly comes from four attributes namely solid fuels, liquid fuels, gaseous fuels and cement industry. In this alarming situation, a mathematical model has been developed based on these attributes with a system of differential equations in Indian perspective. A statistical approach, namely search method is applied to study the behavior of the said attributes in the developed model utilizing the data set of twenty one years in India. The solutions of the environmental model are compared with the real data from where future prediction for the emission of carbon dioxide can be made.
Soybean oil deodoriser distillate (SBO DD) is an important by product of vegetable oil refining i... more Soybean oil deodoriser distillate (SBO DD) is an important by product of vegetable oil refining industries. SBO DD can be utilized for the synthesis of novel functional food ingredients which contains triacylglycerols (TAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs) and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) along with sterols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons. In the present study, fatty acids present in SBODD were esterified with glycerol of varying amounts (3:1, 3:1.1, 3:1.2 and 3:1.4 of DD: glycerol molar ratio) for 8 hrs in the presence of non specific enzyme NS 40013 (Candida Antarctica) at 63±2C. After completion of esterification reaction, the product mixture containing significant amount of TAGs, DAGs and MAGs were purified by molecular distillation to remove excess of free fatty acids and other non desirable components. The final glycerides rich in sterols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons (HC) can be utilised in various food formulations.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) are blended to form full interpenetrat... more Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) are blended to form full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) using diallyl phthalate (DAP) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross linkers of PVC and PEMA respectively. The full IPNs have been synthesized to investigate any modification of properties over PVC. PVC along with plasticizers and heat stabilizers was mixed with ethylene methacrylate monomer in definite proportion along with the respective cross linkers of the polymers. The mass was then subjected to polymerization followed by subsequent cross linking of the two polymers. The full IPNs so formed exhibited a drop in modulus and ultimate tensile strength up to 10% of PEMA incorporation after which it exhibited a steady rise with higher percentages of PEMA. The elongation at break and toughness however displays a steady rise followed by a reduction but the values throughout remains above unmodified PVC. The thermal behavior as revealed by the the...
Functional foods containing sterols and tocopherols create significant attention and find extensi... more Functional foods containing sterols and tocopherols create significant attention and find extensive applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries in the last few decades. Functional foods not only provide basic nutrition but can also prevent diseases and ensure good health and longevity. In the present study, functional food like sterols and tocopherols concentrate (STC) is prepared from cheap raw material like soybean oil deodoriser distillate (SODD) which is an important by product of vegetable oil refining industries. Initially, SODD is hydrolysed with enzyme Amano-30 (a crude lipase from Candida rugosa) in the presence of water for 8 h at a certain temperature. The hydrolysed SODD is esterified with excess butanol in the presence of enzyme NS 40013 (Candida antartica, a non-specific immobilized lipase) for 5 h. The esterified SODD is then distilled in molecular distillation unit at a very low pressure and a moderate high temperature. The distilled product contains...
The enzymatic deacidification process for high free fatty acid (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) has bee... more The enzymatic deacidification process for high free fatty acid (FFA) rice bran oils (RBO) has been investigated with special emphasis on the reusing of the enzyme. This process involves the suitability of the process as a viable alternative to the physical refining based on yield and quality of the refined RBO. Two samples of RBO, I and II containing different amounts of FFA and other constituents have been studied for this purpose by using two enzymes, non specific Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) and specific TL-IM (Immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus). Studies showed that Novozyme 435 is more effective for the reduction of FFA using 40% excess of stoichiometric amount of glycerol. So, further study has been conducted for recycling with Novozyme 435 enzyme in case of sample II. This enzyme has been recycled 60 times and it has been observed that the enzyme is still active. The bioesterified oil containing 3-4% residual FFA is then steam stripped to reduce its FFA cont...
Triacontanol concentrate is prepared from crude rice bran wax (RBW). RBW is a byproduct of rice b... more Triacontanol concentrate is prepared from crude rice bran wax (RBW). RBW is a byproduct of rice bran oil industry and has been recognized as a potential source for the synthesis of policosanols which consist mainly of triacontanol, octacosanol, dotriacontanol and hexacosanol. In the present research investigation, a detailed study has been made for the extraction and purification of triacontanol concentrate from crude RBW by microwave digestion and molecular distillation (MD) method. Triacontanol acts as a plant growth regulator and is a powerful inhibitor of lipid per oxidation. It may exert anti inflammatory effect and has the capacity to lower low-density lipoprotein and raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In our study, the operating conditions for the hydrolysis of deoiled and bleached RBW in microwave oven are as follows: 1300 watt, 230 V-50 Hz, 1:2 of wax of 6% potassium hydroxide (w:v) and 35 minutes at microwave temperature. After hydrolysis, the extracted policosano...
Optimization of product in enzyme kinetics is successful by the showers of mathematical analysis ... more Optimization of product in enzyme kinetics is successful by the showers of mathematical analysis with control measures. Enzymes are an important functional aspects of all biochemical processes, as they catalyze numerous reaction taking place within living organisms. With this view, optimization and quantification of product is stressed upon and in such a context, optimal control approaches have been applied in our study. In this article, we have formulated a mathematical model of enzymatic system dynamics with control measures with a view to optimize the product as well as process conditions. Here, Pontryagin Minimum Principle is used for determination of optimal control with the help of Hamiltonian. We discuss the relevant numerical solutions for the concentration of substrate, enzyme, complex and product with respect to a specified time interval by varying control factors.
Alternative energy sources are supposed to be the most challenging job of today’s world. Among th... more Alternative energy sources are supposed to be the most challenging job of today’s world. Among the alternative energy sources, biodiesel attracts considerable attention as it is renewable, non toxic, biodegradable and environmental friendly. Biodiesel is produced from different vegetable oils by transesterification method with alcohol in the presence of catalyst but Jatropha Curcas oil is supposed to be the most promising due to its higher oil content, non edible nature and possible cultivation of Jatropha Curcas plant in any land including barren land even in adverse environment. In the present investigation, a comparative study has been made between chemical (base) catalytic and enzymatic method using nonspecific immobilized enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) for the preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas oil. Studies show that enzymatic method is more effective than base catalytic method with regard to productivity, ecofriendliness, selective nature, purity of the pr...
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