Plasma Physics

Increasing Human Energy is reconsidered through a historical and conceptual review of the most important currents of electromagnetism and atomic theory. New alternatives are considered, and a Unified Aether is shown to be Plasma-Electromagnetism. Mainstream cosmology's historical development is shown to be lacking in rationalism in key non-Electric arenas. Magnetics are further revised and the possibility of an all Magnetic Universe is considered, and then re-unified with the PEMF. Energy production methods are proposed which rely on the PEMF.

Drift wave maps, area preserving maps that describe the motion of charged particles in drift waves, are derived. The maps allow the integration of particle orbits on the long time scale needed to describe transport. Calculations using the drift wave maps show that dramatic improvement in the particle confinement, in the presence of a given level and spectrum of EϫB turbulence, can occur for q(r) profiles with reversed shear. A similar reduction in the transport, i.e., one that is independent of the turbulence, is observed in the presence of an equilibrium radial electric field with shear. The transport reduction, caused by the combined effects of radial electric field shear and both monotonic and reversed shear magnetic q profiles, is also investigated.

Detailed numerical results for the structural properties of three-dimensional classical Coulomb clusters confined in a spherical parabolic trap are presented. Based on extensive high accuracy computer simulations the shell configurations and energies for particle numbers in the range $2 \le N\le 160$ are reported. Further, the mean shell radii and shell widths are calculated.

The sheath thickness in plasma immersion ion implantation has been investigated in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. It has been found that the steady-state sheath thickness increases with increasing magnetic field strength. This result is in line with a simplified model of the sheath in which the steady-state sheath thickness is determined by the plasma density and ion velocity at the sheath edge. These results suggest that a magnetic field may be used to control the high-voltage sheath in plasma immersion ion implantation.

Plasmas produced in aw all stabilized arc in mixtures of argon and nitrogen, containing different amounts of these elements have been studied.T he plasma compositiont urns out to be very importantt ot he process of demixing in radial direction. In plasmas containing mainlya rgon, thea rgon mass fractionr evealsalocal minimum on thearc axiswhile in plasmas containing largeamount of nitrogen theargon mass fractionhavea maximum on thearc axis.

Potential applications of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings range from precision tools and biomedical implants to micro mechanical devices and engine components. Where uniform coatings are required on substrates with complex geometries, plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) is often a preferred deposition method. As a non-line of sight process, the geometry of the substrate is often considered negligible. For this reason analysis of PECVD coatings, such as amorphous carbon, has mostly been concerned with reactor deposition variables, such as bias voltage, pressure and gas ratios. Samples are therefore usually prepared and positioned to minimise the influence of other variables. By depositing nominally similar DLC films on silicon samples positioned horizontally and vertically on the reactor cathode plate it was possible to examine the variations in the coating characteristics and mechanical properties that occur due to the geometry of the substrate being coated. Topographic measurements and analysis of bonding structures revealed significant heterogeneity in the coatings. Electron microscopy showed variation in surface structure as well as thickness disparities of up to 50% in the vertical sample. Atomic force microscopy showed roughness, Ra, varied from 0.37 nm to 15.4 nm between samples. Raman spectroscopy highlighted variations in the sp2/sp3 bonding ratios whilst micro wear tests demonstrated how these variations reduce the critical load performance. These effects are explained in terms of the deposition mechanisms involved and are related to variation in deposition species and geometrical field enhancements within the deposition chamber. Improved understanding of these local variations will aid in the optimization of coatings for complex substrate geometries.

This is a preprint or i paper intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may he made before publication, this preprint is made available with the un derstanding that it will not be cited or reproduced without the permission of the author.

Power spectral analyses of the plasma density measured by the Voyager 2 spacecraft are used to investigate the spectral characteristics and fluctuation level of density turbulence from 1 to 60 AU, corresponding to the period 1977 to 1999. Only periods without clear discontinuities, with less than 10% missing data, and at least 256 samples are selected, strongly limiting the number and coverage of intervals analyzed. Typically, the power spectra have a dual power law form, with a closely Kolmogorov component at higher frequencies and a steeper component (/ f À2) at lower frequencies, consistent with observations inside 1 AU. The spectral indices remain approximately constant with heliocentric distance R ] 30 AU, with weak evidence for a decrease toward the Kraichnan index at larger R for the h component. For R ] 20 AU the fluctuation level (dn) 2 (R) decreases approximately as R À3±1 but then flattens out in the region 20-30 AU before increasing slowly for R^30 AU. This injection of energy into density turbulence beyond 20-30 AU is not a heliolatitude effect and is contrary to the R À4 behavior for (dn) 2 (R) predicted on the basis of observations inside 1 AU. It is interpreted as the result of charge-exchange and pickup of interstellar neutral atoms for R > 1 AU driving enhanced MHD turbulence and associated density variations. The results provide independent support that observations of proton heating and enhanced magnetic turbulence levels beyond about 20 AU are both real and associated with pickup ions. They also suggest that existing calculations of angular scattering of the 2-3 kHz radiation observed by the Voyagers in the outer heliosphere must be redone and provide opportunities to test turbulence theories by comparing density and magnetic turbulence as a function of R in the outer heliosphere. Owing to limitations on the coverage and quality of data, confirmation of these results using nonspectral methods is desirable.

Abstract:

Airborne pollution is an increasing problem in the industrialized world. in order to reduce it, suitable measurement methods are necessary. In case or suspended particles with sizes less than the wave length of visible light. only sophisticated measuring equipment is available.
By using low current gaseous discharges it has been possible to detect particles in this size range. The technique has been applied to produce a low cost fire detector. The principle of local electric field enhancement and porous layer discharge enabled a relatively simple component to observe low levels of atmospheric pollution.
The lack of suitable equipment to generate and to measure combustion aerosols as well as instruments capable of manipulate the low gap current involved, made it necessary to design and build them especially for this work.
The theoretical section contains a description of the different regimes of the gas discharges in air and the known influence of airborne pollutants on it.
It has been shown that the used principle is indeed capable of measuring low levels of airborne particulate pollution

Publisher: cat.inist.fr

Publication Date: Oct 28, 1992
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Two, 111 GBq (3 Curie) radium-beryllium (RaBe) sources were in underground storage at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) since 1988. These sources originated from Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) where they were used to calibrate neutron detection diagnostics. In 1999, PPPL and BNL began a collaborative effort to expand the use of an innovative pilot-scale technology and bring it to full-scale deployment to shield these sources for eventual transport and burial at the Hanford Burial site. The transport/disposal container was constructed of depleted uranium oxide encapsulated in polyethylene to provide suitable shielding for both gamma and neutron radiation. This new material can be produced from recycled waste products (DU and polyethylene), is inexpensive, and can be disposed with the waste, unlike conventional lead containers, thus reducing exposure time for workers. This paper will provide calculations and information that led to the initial design of the shielding. We will also describe the production-scale processing of the container, cost, schedule, logistics, and many unforeseen challenges that eventually resulted in the successful fabrication and deployment of this shield. We will conclude with a description of the final configuration of the shielding container and shipping package along with recommendations for future shielding designs.

In the temperature range 1000–10 000 K, the composition and thermodynamic properties of ablated vapours of PMMA, PA6-6, PETP, POM and PE have been calculated with the Gibbs free energy minimization method. We indicate the formulae used in this method. We discuss the results and deduce the specific behaviour of POM vapours.

The motion of charges in a plasma is governed by the Lorentz force F = m dv/dt = q(E + v x B), where m is the mass and q is the charge of the particle. We present results from the numeric simulation (using MATLAB) of charged particle motion in the presence of externally imposed electric and/or magnetic fields. We investigate Larmor gyration and also E×B and grad-B drifts of the charges

A study supported by the European Space Agency (ESA), in the context of its General Studies Programme, performed an investigation of the possible use of space for studies in pure and applied plasma physics, in areas not traditionally covered by 'space plasma physics'. A set of experiments have been identified that can potentially provide access to new phenomena and to allow advances in several fields of plasma science. These experiments concern phenomena on a spatial scale (101-104 m) intermediate between what is achievable on the ground and the usual solar system plasma observations. Detailed feasibility studies have been performed for three experiments: active magnetic experiments, large-scale discharges and long tether-plasma interactions. The perspectives opened by these experiments are discussed for magnetic reconnection, instabilities, MHD turbulence, atomic excited states kinetics, weakly ionized plasmas, plasma diagnostics, artificial auroras and atmospheric studie...

The design status of the stellarator core for the National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) is presented. The purpose, configuration, and possible manufacturing and assembly techniques of the various components of the core are described

This paper discusses the scientific and technical requirements for a Neutral Beam Injection system on the FAST tokamak and describes a preliminary conceptual design of a suitable injector. FAST is being proposed as a European experiment in support to the operations on ITER and to the design of DEMO. The specific mission of this device is an integrated approach to a number of outstanding burning plasmas physics and operational issues with an emphasis on the impact of fast particles on turbulent transport. Such scientific requirements set a series of technical challenges regarding the injector and the coupling of the injector to the FAST main chamber that are addressed in the paper. A preliminary conceptual design of the injector is proposed which attempts to meet the stated requirements. (M. Baruzzo). design of the injector is proposed which attempts to overcome these challenges.

In this study, the plasma density and electron temperature of Radio Frequency (RF) plasmas were determined by three types of Langrnuir probes, namely a conventional double probe, a single probe with RF, choke and a single probe with RF choke and compensating electrode. The same plasmas were characterized by the three probes, each performing three measurements per plasma condition, in order to determine the precision of the measurement results. After performing a comparative analysis, which looked at the precision and the accuracy of these results, .the conclusion is that the double probe, which has already the advantage of the simplest construction, yields the most reliable results for both capacitively and inductively coupled RF plasmas. The single probe with RF choke and compensating electrode has a similar precision as the single probe without compensating electrode, but its accuracy is better.

The Microstrip patch antenna has become very famous and has attracted much attention towards the research because of its light weight, compact, inexpensive and are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide range of frequencies are preferred. In this paper, the rectangular patch is designed with different parameters like return loss, VSWR, directivity along two directions, radiation pattern in 2-D and 3-D, smith chart , impedance matching are simulated using CST Microwave Studio simulation software. The microstrip patch antenna is designed to increase the bandwidth and return loss. FR-4 with dielectric constant of 4.3 is used as a substrate for the proposed antenna. The designed rectangular microstrip patch antenna with inset feed technique is very useful for various applications in Industrial, Scientific and Medical sectors which operates at 3GHz range. It shows the return loss of-37.08dB and 6.652 dBi gain at the resonating frequency of 2.946 GHz. The inset feed and slot improve the impedance matching and return loss of the antenna.

In this research, the non-thermal plasma system is designed with diameter (10 mm) Argon at atmospheric pressure as well as to be suitable for use in medical and biotechnological applications. The electric description of this system was studied. In this paper, a non-pure argon gas plasma system is designed and manufactured that operates at pressure The normal air. Where the electrical description of this system was studied through the use of values Different voltages and different values of how quickly the argon flows. As the results obtained showed the small value of the electric current consumed by the needle system Non-thermal plasma, where it was in the range of several microns of amps, and the value of the electric current increased with the increase in the gas flow, and the results also showed a breakdown of voltages when the voltage used was 5 kilovolts, which caused a slight decrease in the value of the electric current when the gas flow was 4 liters The minute.

This study raises doubts about some fundamental ideas of electrostatics, namely the uniqueness theorems. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) gives us very simple formula for charge density distribution (ρe) within fluids. Here we show that the old boundary conditions (BC), which are usually used to solve PBE, have serious defects. For example, Dirichlet condition (DC) assigns values to electrostatic potential (ψ) at different boundaries in an absolute sense i.e. without specifying any reference, which is meaningless and leads to violation of charge conservation principle. The Neumann condition (NC) assigns 'independent' values to ψ at different boundaries, whereas they are actually 'related' to each other through Poisson's equation in electrostatics (PES), which makes the solutions non-unique. We use BCs of mixed type to derive correct formula for ρe that addresses the above defects. A remarkable conclusion follows: the present physical interpretation of 'Debye length' (λD) as a screening length is incorrect.

On the basis of Braaten and Segel's representation of the electro-magnetic dispersion relations in a QED plasma we check the numerical accuracy of several published analytic approximations to the plasma neutrino emission rates. As we find none of them satisfactory we de-rive a ...

This paper will summarize highlights of the safety approach and discuss the ITER EDA safety activities. The ITER safety approach is driven by three major objectives: (1) Enhancement or improvement of fusion's intrinsic safety characteristics to the maximum extent feasible, which includes a minimization of the dependence on dedicated “safety systems”; (2) Selection of conservative design parameters and development of

Analysis of the mass, volume, and density data of the Solar System, and in particular Haumea presents a severe difficulty for the Accretion Model. The presence of a ring around Haumea places doubt into the Accretion Model, which had been said to gather all the local dust and grains in an accelerating accumulation within a spherical bubble. Instead, it has been found that the very rotation of the Kuiper Belt objects tends to enhance the effect of ring containment. Calculations of local forces place hard constraints on dust to dust forces, as actual dust density within the solar system is extremely small at usually 7.1 atoms per cubic cm. Therefore, spacing of the dust is almost assuredly too far to provide for mechanistic gravitics. Instead, the author favors and encourages at least an Alfvenian Coalescence Model, if not a more Active Electromagnetic CM, such as a Thornhill-Scott model, or Marklund Convection (plasma coagulations). The author also discusses anomalies of the planets Saturn and Uranus in satellite densities, as compared to Neptune and Jupiter, and connects these to mythic reports and solar system evidence, such as retrograde orbits, tilts, etc.

The research work period covered herein lasted from 15. Nov 1990 to 14. Nov 1991 and presents the final one after several successive sponsoring periods. The Institut fur Raumfahrtsysteme (Space Systems) of the University Stuttgart is therefore indepted and would like to thank for the longyears support on the investigation of Basic Processes of Plasma Propulsion. We also hope to have contributed helped in understanding more profoundly the fundamental processes in and assessing more deeply the performance limits of coaxial magneto plasmadynamic arc thrusters.

Low-temperature plasma physics and technology are diverse and interdisciplinary fields. The plasma parameters can span many orders of magnitude and applications are found in quite different areas of daily life and industrial production. As a consequence, the trends in research, science and technology are difficult to follow and it is not easy to identify the major challenges of the field and their many sub-fields. Even for experts the road to the future is sometimes lost in the mist. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics is addressing this need for clarity and thus providing guidance to the field by this special Review article, The 2012 Plasma Roadmap.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

Most of the people cannot even imagine that there exists a fourth state of matter other than liquids, solids, and gases known as “plasma,” which is actually the most unusual and the most abundant energy form. It exists commonly in association with galaxies, stars, and lightning and could become a new and painless way to eliminate biofilms, bacterial pathogens, plaque, and periodontal pockets. Plasmas may promise painless subgingival plaque removal and elimination of bacteria deep in the pocket without reflecting the flap. The field is immature but when developed completely will be able to be applied for many of the dental procedures for increasing the efficiency. This comprehensive review of literature is intended to provide with a summary of the current status of this emerging field, its scope, and its use in the field of periodontics.

A dielectric barrier discharge, operating at kHz and kV conditions, can generate largely isothermal surface plasma and induce wall-jetlike fluid flow. It can serve as an aerodynamic actuator, and has advantages of no moving parts. In order to better understand the mechanism of the momentum coupling between the plasma and the fluid flow, both computational modeling and experimental information are presented. Furthermore, the impact of such athermal, non-equilibrium plasma discharges on low-speed aerodynamics and heat transfer is discussed. The plasma and fluid species are treated as a two-fluid system exhibiting decades of length and time-scale disparities. For Reynolds numbers of 10 4 -10 5 , the time-scales ratios between those characterizing the discharge physics (convection, diffusion, and reaction/ionization) and the fluid flow mechanisms are separated by several decades, allowing the effect of plasma on the fluid dynamics modeled via a one-way body force treatment. At a phenomenological level, the plasma model can be established using a linearized force distribution to approximate the discharge structure. A high-fidelity approach using a first-principle-based hydrodynamicplasma model is also reviewed. Numerical techniques such as operating splitting are introduced in order to handle the computational stiffness resulting from the time and length scale variations. The goal is to use time-step sizes in the range of the fluid dynamics level while treating the fast varying ones statistically. The momentum coupling is discussed in the context of discharge chemistry; species transport properties, insulator and electrode materials, and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) geometry. Parametric studies conducted on the operating variables such as voltage, frequency and geometric arrangements offer substantial insight into the plasma physics, as well as a basis to explore thermal management and flow control applications. r

In order to initiate streamers and leaders under thunderstorm conditions the electric field should reach values higher than the critical breakdown field Ek (i.e., ∼30 kV·cm−1·atm−1). However, the maximum electric field in thunderstorms measured by balloons is ∼6–9 kV·cm−1·atm−1. In present work, to achieve the electric field amplification required for streamer initiation, a system of two approaching spherical hydrometeors is investigated. Streamer initiation is determined from a Meek number, describing electron multiplication in fields above Ek. We have found the relationships between radii of particles for successful streamer initiation in the gap between these two particles and also on the outside periphery of the two particle system when the particles are connected by a discharge channel. Furthermore, we estimated the frequency of streamer initiation using three realistic hydrometeor size model distributions available in the literature and found that the scenario of streamer initiation on the outside periphery is only possible for relatively high electric fields ≥0.5Ek at altitudes of 3 and 6 km.

Based on this research, further studies, including direct cross-section measurements of the key neutron source reactions in stars, could be conducted in the near future, helping scientists to probe formation and evolution of the elements in the universe. [30] Whatever results this experiment delivers, the work to understand the neutron lifetime will continue. [29] Tensorial neutron tomography promises new insights into superconductors, battery electrodes and other energy-related materials. [28] CERN's nuclear physics facility, ISOLDE, has minted a new coin in its impressive collection of isotopes. [27]

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

Plasma technology is considered a sustainable and clean technology for the conversion of naturally abundant compounds (i.e., water (H2O) and nitrogen gas (N2)) into energy-abundant compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas (H2), ammonia (NH3)) or chemical feed molecules (e.g., nitric oxide (NO)). Here, we report a plasma catalyst-integrated system for sustainable ammonia production, which can facilitate massive, localized ammonia production. This study demonstrates the single-step cogeneration of H2 and nitric oxides (NOx) from H2O in the nitrogen discharge used for ammonia production, which proceeded via the catalytic reduction of NOx by H2. The proposed plasma technique yields higher NO and H2 concentrations than conventional plasma methods, which were used to obtain an ammonia concentration of ∼0.84% with a selectivity of ∼95% and a production rate of 120 μmol/s. These promising results provide a breakthrough in the transition toward sustainable and environmentally friendly ammonia production.

The performance of a CO2 laser has been improved by coating the inside wall of the discharge tube with a discontinuous gold film. In the presence of the discharge, the gold acts as an ambient temperature catalyst to reform decomposed CO2. The gold coated laser delivered 122 W/m for both sealed-off and flowing operation. CO2 decomposition levels are presented as a function of input power, gas pressure, and temperature. Atomic oxygen, generated by the discharge, appears to be required for gold to exhibit any detectable catalytic activity.

To fabricate lateral-field excitation (LFE)-mode solid mounted resonator (SMR)-type film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs), piezoelectric ZnO layers were deposited in an RF magnetron sputtering system. Control of the crystallinity, microstructure and electric properties of the piezoelectric layers was essential for fabricating high-quality LFE-mode SMR-type FBARs. In the appropriate deposition condition for FBAR devices, ZnO thin films with highly c-axis-preferred orientation (XRD rocking curve, ss2.178), high resistivity of 10 V cm and surface roughness of 10.6 A were deposited. Optimal substrate rotation was especially 6i mportant for improvement of the c-axis-preferred orientation of ZnO films. Plasma properties such as the electron temperature, plasma density and saturated ion current were also analyzed for optimal ZnO deposition conditions using a Langmuir doubleprobe system. The resonator, for which the active piezoelectric area was 200=200 mm , consisted of 1.25-mm-thick ZnO film 2 and a 110-nm Au electrode. Its series and parallel resonance frequencies appeared at 1.68 and 1.71 GHz, respectively, and the quality factor was 201.4"7.4. ᮊ