Wage Gap Decompositions

This paper investigates the sensitivity of average wage gap decompositions to methods resting on different assumptions regarding  endogeneity of observed characteristics, sample selection into employment, and estimators' functional form.
Applying five distinct decomposition techniques to estimate the gender wage gap in the U.S.\ using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that the magnitudes of the wage gap components are generally not stable across methods. Furthermore, the definition of the observed characteristics matters: merely including their levels (as frequently seen in wage decompositions) entails smaller explained and larger unexplained components than when including both their levels and histories in the analysis. Given the sensitivity of our results, we advise caution when using wage decompositions for policy recommendations.

Defining education in Australian immigrant wage gap decomposition is not sufficient if we do not consider how immigrants’ wages differ once immigrants experience education in the host country. Using cross-sectional data extracted from 13 waves of HILDA, I examine immigrant wage gap by modifying education variable into levels of educations obtained in Australia and overseas. Results show that immigrants have wage advantages over natives due to their better labor market characteristics, while there is considerable wage discrimination against females among migrants. More importantly, educational experience in Australian’s institutions does not necessarily help migrants have better earnings advantages than overseas education.

Turkey maintains one of the lowest female labour force participation rates in Europe, but also boasts an above average number of female professors. Turkey is well above the European average (15%) with approximately 28% of full professorships being occupied by women. Despite these seemingly positive indications, do men and women in Turkish academia earn the same wages? This study explores whether or not there exists a gendered pay gap in Turkish academia. Using data collected from a survey of more than 700 Turkish academics, we observed that there is a gendered wage gap that disadvantages women, but only at the highest pay levels found at private universities indicating the existence of intra-class inequality, where men and women despite occupying the same class position are compensated differently.

The paper examines the gender wage gap in Italy during the 2008-2012 economic crisis, using cross-sectional EU-SILC data. The gender wage gap increased from 4% in 2008 to 8% in 2012, while for most European countries the gap decreased over the
same period. After 2010 the growth of the Italian gender wage gap (and its unexplained component) was particularly high in the upper part of the wage distribution. In 2010-2011 a wage freeze in the public sector was introduced as an austerity measure, and the average public sector premium dropped from 15% to 11%. Using counterfactual
analyses, we show that the wage freeze has been one of the major causes of the growth of the gender wage gap, disproportionately aaffecting women, who are more likely to be employed in the public sector. This `policy effect' accounts for more than 100% of the increase between 2009 and 2011, while other changes, if anything, would have reduced the gender gap.

Since 2004, more than 80% of all high school graduates in Korea went on to university or at least junior college, although higher educated people suffer more seriously from unemployment. In human capital theory, reducing the unemployment rate when increasing the level of education was determined to be a stylized fact. But the current situation in Korea does not justify the theory. Using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study and the German Socio-Economic Panel three empirical essays aim to find the corresponding reasons and solutions. Koreans’ strong interest in university studies could be caused by lack of promising alternatives. An enhancement of the job training system along German lines seems to offer a reasonable solution to the oversupply of university graduates in Korea.

The objective of this paper is to develop more favorable hydrogen energy that holds the potential to realize zero-carbon emissions, thereby negating concerns over global warming and promoting an outlook free of the dependency on fossil fuels. Pyrolytic gas has much H2, CO2, CO, and light hydrocarbons, such as CH4, C2H6, etc., as non-condensable gases (NCGs), which offer the potential for use in industrial, power and transportation fields. This paper emphasizes the influence of biomass characteristics and compositions, moisture content, particle size, heating rate, temperature, reactor system, and carrier gases and catalysts on the production of hydrogen and NCG. The composition of the NCGs varies widely depending on the properties of the biomass and moisture content, which play key roles on the mole fraction of hydrogen in the final products. A small particle size is favorable in the chemically controlled pyrolysis process for hydrogen production, while the reformation of NCGs into H2 via a shift reaction is significant in increasing the total hydrogen formation in the presence of catalysts. A great deal of effort has been directed towards the system carrier gas in terms of hydrogen production, because it enhances the secondary decomposition reaction. Thermo-chemical and biological processes for hydrogen production from sustainable energy sources are also reviewed. In order to predict the maximum hydrogen formation of a given feedstock, the extent to which the processes are dependent on the heating rate and the temperature of the biomass in the reactor is investigated. It is our belief that this is a crucial assessment in establishing a link and developing a learning strategy between networks of biomass to hydrogen transformation-related activities and in assessing the current economic status of this pyrolysis process in achieving the ultimate hydrogen energy source. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032113004085/1-s2.0-S1364032113004085-main.pdf?_tid=3dd99978-2364-11e4-8a64-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1407987596_733dd07c56ed46cba941b466df95ac38 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032113004085

The study examines the wage gap between bachelor’s and master’s degree graduates in the Hungarian labour market by NUTS2 regions. The databases used in the study have been gained from the Hungarian Graduate Career Tracking Survey conducted in 2012 as well as from public regional data sources of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Relying on these databases independent t-tests, variance and regression analyses are performed to 1) identify the starting wage premium of those graduated at master’s level compared to others owning only a bachelor’s degree in the regions of Hungary, and to 2) define the role of regional factors (economic development, labour market indicators, demographic variables) in the wage differences. Major conclusions of the study are that 1) obtaining a master’s degree forecasts a significantly higher starting wage in most of the observed geographical areas, but 2) the size of this positive contribution significantly differs region by region (partly depending on economic and labour market factors).

We analize the gender wage gap in Mexico using the Population Censuses from 1990 to 2010. The wage gap has decreased on average during this period. In 2010, the gender wage gap was about 6%. However, the average hides important aspects of the wage gap across the distribution of wages. We find a stable pattern of sticky floors and a decreasing pattern of glass ceilings over the period. We use a semiparametric method to decompose the wage gap on changes in characteristics and changes in prices, and we also correct for selection of women into the labor market. Most of the wage gap is due to differences in prices. After correcting for selection, we find that the wage gap would have been greater suggesting that there is positive selection of females into the labor market. This selection is more important for females with low education and in lower quantiles.

This paper estimates the Urban Wage Premium for the Chilean case, but proposing three contributions to the literature. First, the geographical space is reconfigured using functional regions instead administrative regions. This process is carried out using techniques from the spatial econometric literature. Second, we exploit the use of micro data. We estimate the wage equation using a survey at individual level that avoids problems associated with regional aggregated specifications. Finally, we set the comparability among observations using matching comparison. Thus, we isolate the urban effect from other alternative sources. Our results suggest a Urban Wage Premium between 4 and 21%.

This work aims to measure the wage differential by gender, color and technological intensity in Brazilian manufacturing industry, 2012, in each technological segment and measure the "technology effect" on wages. The database used is PIA 2011, PINTEC 2011, and PNAD 2012. Applied  Heckman procedure for sample selection bias correction, Mincer equations for wage determination and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to estimate the wage differentials. The results indicate the domestic industry effort to adapt to the international R&D investment structure, but still had low technological expertise and low investment in technical progress. Positive wage returns were found to education, experience, urban regions and leadership jobs, increasing with the investment firm's technology. There was positive feedback for white skin and male, although decreasing in more tech-intensive segments. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition showed a high degree of wage discrimination, especially in relation to non-white women. Such discrimination had lesser magnitude as observed more tech-intensive segments. The "technology effects on wages" also was positive and growing along the sectors with the highest concentration of investment in R&D

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to analyze the wage gap caused by migration status and gender of the population residing in the state of Bahia. We estimated wage equations with the Heckman sample selection bias correction procedure and we deployed the Oaxaca-Blinder method for wage gap decomposition between workers according to gender and migration status. We used the microdata from PNAD-National Household Sample Survey-2013. The results show that migrant workers in the state of Bahia have higher wages for both men and women, consistent with the literature on the subject. We also found that men are more valued in the labor market regardless of their migration status, with the largest wage gap by gender occurs between migrants. The decomposition of the wage differential found that for men, a difference explained by the appropriations justifies the salary increase in migrants, but in the female case the migratory effect was positive and higher than the effect of differences in personal characteristics of workers.

There is a saying that is frequently attributed to Mark Twain, “It’s easier to fool people than to convince them they have been fooled.” Fool, trick, distort, deceive, misrepresent, and evade are just synonyms of lie. Large-scale lies are everywhere. The masses believe the lies and the public figures and organizations to which the masses depend on for answers don’t tell them the truth. To identify and evaluate the ethical dilemmas one must establish what constitutes a lie, examples of lies and what makes them lies, liars, and the moral dilemma that led to telling the lies.   

To evaluate a lie, it must be identified, proved a lie, and evaluated in the ethical and public relations contexts. This paper explores two popular lies, diversity and the gender wage-gap. Both cause emotional outbursts and work to shape public opinions, debate, and policies. When evaluated using data and metrics rather than emotion though, the arguments propelling the lies fall apart.

This paper estimates the Urban Wage Premium for the Chilean case, but proposing three contributions to the literature. First, the geographical space is reconfigured using functional regions instead administrative regions. This process is carried out using techniques from the spatial econometric literature. Second, we exploit the use of micro data. We estimate the wage equation using a survey at individual level that avoids problems associated with regional aggregated specifications. Finally, we set the comparability among observations using matching comparison. Thus, we isolate the urban effect from other alternative sources. Our results suggest a Urban Wage Premium between 4 and 21%.