Urban Transport

One of the biggest challenges for modern metropolises is the problem of public transportation. Barriers to the development of urban transport, the expansion of private vehicles, congestion of beehives, traffic jams, parking problems, and the negative impacts of transport on the environment are causing an increase in interest in shared micromobility. Electric scooters are one of these innovative solutions. This article aims to construct a model for the acceptance of electric scooters among students. The authors employed the technology acceptance model, and used the SmartPLS 4. Program to reconstruct the model. The basis of the model was a CAWI survey on a sample of 442 students. On this basis, the study verified the hypotheses on the relationships between the factors influencing the acceptance of electric scooters: demographic characteristics, perceived usefulness, ease of use, attitudes towards this solution, and behavioral intentions.

Globally, efficient intercity public transport relies on well-designed and high-quality terminal facilities and services to enhance accessibility, mobility, and safety for passengers and freight. Despite governmental efforts, bus terminals in Nigerian urban areas are becoming hotspots for unregulated activities and traffic chaos. In response, this study investigates users' satisfaction with Lagos State's intercity bus terminal quality, analysing socioeconomic profiles, satisfaction levels with quality of terminal facilities (QoTF) and services (QoTS), and challenges impacting terminal operations. Using a cross-sectional survey, 200 questionnaires were distributed to terminal users, employing a multistage sampling technique. Descriptive (weighted mean analysis) and inferential (multiple linear regression [MLR] analysis) statistics were employed for data analysis. Results indicate that

Izbira stanovanjske lokacije v državah v razvoju in njena povezava z mestnim prevozom sta slabo raziskani in ne povsem dobro razumljeni, vrzel v poznavanju razmer pa je še večja v primeru malih mest v teh državah. Avtorji v članku proučujejo pakistansko mesto Hafizabad, pri čemer je njihov cilj zagotoviti podatke za prihodnje kvantitativne analize, ki bodo zajele izbire stanovanjskih lokacij v malih mestih na indijski podcelini. Avtorji so anketirali 365 prebivalcev štirih sosesk v mestu, v katerih živi skupno 19.042 ljudi. Anketi se je odzvalo 1,92 % posameznikov in 12,65 % gospodinjstev, pri čemer je bila stopnja zaupanja pri odgovorih prvih ±5,08 %, pri drugih pa ±4,79 %. Izsledki kažejo, da sta razpoložljivost komunalne infrastrukture ali storitev ter dostopna cena najpomembnejša dejavnika, ki vplivata na odločitve prebivalcev, da se preselijo. Takoj za njima so dejavniki, povezani s prevozom, dostopnostjo in družbenimi vprašanji, kot je bližina službe in sorodnikov. Vloga prevo...

Resumen: Bajo este título se aborda el reciente tránsito de una Galicia rural a la región urbana actual, con una evolución de la tasa de urbanización más elevada que la media europea, pudiendo por ello hablar de una convergencia urbana de Galicia con Europa. Para demostrar este hecho se ha confeccionado una base de datos de las siete áreas urbanas desarrolladas en torno a las principales ciudades gallegas, utilizando como criterios de delimitación de esas áreas los que se consideran mayoritariamente en los diferentes países europeos. Esta delimitación permite estudiar la distribución del crecimiento de la población en cada una de las siete ciudades gallegas, la distribución de la producción y el proceso de terciarización de su economía urbana, resaltando su apertura hacia el exterior, principalmente en los ámbitos empresarial, turístico y cultural, e incorporándose a las regiones más desarrolladas siguiendo el modelo urbano postindustrial. También se analiza el crecimiento de las ciudades gallegas en el contexto de las ciudades medias europeas, advirtiéndose un déficit de tamaño en relación con su competitividad, cuya causa radica en la estructura policéntrica de la red urbana regional y en el proceso histórico de alternancia del liderazgo urbano. Para alcanzar dimensiones más competitivas, se proponen varias estrategias de agrupación territorial, como la creación de eurociudades en torno a ciudades-puerto entre las que existen complementariedades funcionales.

One of the biggest challenges for modern metropolises is the problem of public transportation. Barriers to the development of urban transport, the expansion of private vehicles, congestion of beehives, traffic jams, parking problems, and the negative impacts of transport on the environment are causing an increase in interest in shared micromobility. Electric scooters are one of these innovative solutions. This article aims to construct a model for the acceptance of electric scooters among students. The authors employed the technology acceptance model, and used the SmartPLS 4. Program to reconstruct the model. The basis of the model was a CAWI survey on a sample of 442 students. On this basis, the study verified the hypotheses on the relationships between the factors influencing the acceptance of electric scooters: demographic characteristics, perceived usefulness, ease of use, attitudes towards this solution, and behavioral intentions.

Human commuting activity plays a significant role in understanding urban transport systems. This paper proposes a novel approach to modelling commuting distance distribution in a concise way. Having studied a small number of training data in New Zealand, it is found that the human commuting distance distribution can be quantified as a simple CDF exponential function with only one parameter to be determined, and the parameter is mainly dependent on the average distance to employment catchment. Besides its good predictability for test data, a Monte Carlo method to calculate the commuting VKT was introduced in the course of validation with considerable approximation to the real VKT observation. Two case studies on how to apply this model are presented to manifest its strength in exploring low carbon potentials in urban transport system, assuming that commuters could cycle to their workplaces in short distance, and an efficient commuting bus line was developed to replace the car driving in long distance. This model is convenient in simulating and predicting commuting distance distribution with limited data availability, and provides a quantitative foundation for analyzing urban transport resilience and emission mitigation.

The School Bus Routing Problem (SBRP) is a classic optimization problem with a massive potential for real applications that have a high impact on society. Research interest in this problem is constantly rising. Previous review papers with a time-space between them of 10 years have helped understand the different features studied by the research community about this problem. In this systematic review, we consider two new categories not discussed before: the incorporation of a mixed load composed of multiple schools, along with the inclusion of a smart element related to the availability of user information and communication in real-time to join the smart mobility trend. In addition, we discuss the lack of real applications in the SBRP in university contexts with a focus on the multi-load problems.

Overhead Catenary System (OCS) • Overhead catenary system is a system of electrification for trains that uses overhead wires to supply electrical power to the train. The train's pantograph makes contact with the overhead wires to collect the electricity.

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo determinar el impacto de la proximidad de la estación Gamarra de la Línea 1 del Metro de Lima sobre el valor del precio del suelo. Para lograr este objetivo, se empleó el método de precios hedónicos, se observaron 83 predios alrededor de los 400 metros de la estación Gamarra, 50 de los cuales eran predios que están dentro del área de influencia. Los resultados indican que la proximidad de la estación Gamarra incide en el valor del precio del suelo en -5.4%, para aquellos predios dentro del área de influencia, y para los que están fuera de ella, la proximidad de la estación Gamarra incide en -31%. En ese sentido, la proximidad de la estación Gamarra incide de forma negativa en el valor del precio del suelo en su área de influencia, que es un área urbana comercial importante en la ciudad de Lima metropolitana: El emporio comercial Gamarra. La hipótesis fue comprobada pero aún es preciso estudiar el impacto de una estación en áreas residenciales.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Amortissement. Le concept et la pratique en France et en Grande-Bretagne. Alain Burlaud, Michel Messina, Peter D. Walton

Global oil prices have risen markedly over the past 18 months, generating considerable speculation regarding their economic and social impacts. Cities that are highly dependent on petroleum for urban transport are likely to be most adversely affected by rising oil prices. Yet there has been little recent scholarly engagement with the socioeconomic implications of increasing oil prices. This paper develops a basic framework and methodology for assessing the socioeconomic 'oil vulnerability' of Australian cities. The paper demonstrates that there is wide spatial variability in the vulnerability of Australia's urban populations to rising fuel costs which may compound existing socio-spatial divisions and speculates on some underlying causal factors. The paper calls for better data and new methods to understand the issue.

Dynamic development in practically all fields of science and engineering has not passed over shipbuilding. In last years, engineers got to their use computer software which makes it possible to perform strength and hydrodynamic calculations as well as to visualize design projects in 3 D space [1-4]. At their disposal they have full spectrum of modern solutions associated with the use of advanced materials and technologies [5-7]. More and more attention is also paid to impact onto the natural environment [8,9]. Every new object must influence the environment as low as possible, beginning from building phase through its service life up to final utilization - such approach is called „green-shipping“. However, not only practical reasons are important. Clients, i.e. ship owners and passengers of ships paid more and more attention to image of floating units. During decision taking on that from whom a transport service has to be ordered, the most modern ships of an attractive image matchin...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the transportation sector, ushering in a new era of mobility and urban planning. This article examines the multifaceted impact of AI on transportation systems, focusing on three key areas: autonomous vehicles, traffic management, and logistics optimization. Through a comprehensive review of current literature and case studies, we analyze how AI-driven technologies are enhancing transportation efficiency, safety, and sustainability. The article explores the potential of self-driving cars to reduce accidents and congestion, the role of AI in optimizing traffic flow and urban infrastructure, and its application in streamlining supply chains and last-mile delivery. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these advancements for urban planning and design, considering both the opportunities and challenges they present. The article also addresses critical issues such as data privacy, regulatory frameworks, and the socioeconomic impacts of AI in transportation. The findings suggest that while AI holds immense promise for revolutionizing mobility, its successful integration requires careful consideration of technological, ethical, and policy factors. This article contributes to the growing body of knowledge on smart transportation systems and provides insights for policymakers, urban planners, and technology developers in shaping the future of sustainable and intelligent mobility.

In South Africa the minibus-taxi industry is the most frequent, available and affordable mode of transport, and is a critical pillar of the transport sector, with approximately 65% market share. Stellenbosch experiences high usage of private cars (share of 87%), which results in congestion during the peak periods (Stellenbosch Municipality, 2016); public transport, on the other hand, remains under-used – in particular minibus-taxis. The study looks at transforming the current informal minibus-taxi (MBT) type operations into a formal, scheduled, quality public transport system. Further, we propose that the industry is recognised as a complex, dynamic system rather than a single business (Fourie, 2003; Fobosi, 2013). By formal we mean the establishment of the minibus-taxi into a formal, corporatised entity, and awarding them the responsibility of operating scheduled services, compliance to prescribed labour regulations such as drivers' hours of work, minimum wages and annual leave...

Since the growth of urbanization, traffic has played an essential part in forming the
structure and development of urban life. People mainly walked, using their strength in
the early Saigon urban area. Rudimentary vehicles, horse-drawn carriages, and boats
are for moving and transporting goods. Entering the period of the fourth industrial
revolution, the strong development of transportation takes place with the application of
technology and artificial intelligence in management and transportation; with the focus
on developing the type of large volume of transport, vehicles powered by traditional
energy are predicted to be replaced by renewable energy, clean energy. It is technology
and techniques that have changed means and modes of transportation. The world is
changing, but there are wicked problems such as traffic jams and congestion in
developing countries and some developed countries. We chose Ho Chi Minh City
(HCMC) as a research case study. In this report, we focus on completing the following
research objectives:
1. Overview of the development of means of transport HCMC.
2. Explain the reasons why people in HCMC rarely use public transport.
3. Propose a solution to provide pedestrian traffic information through a smart bus - shelter.

Discrete Design of Urban Road Networks with Meta-Heuristic Harmony Search Algorithm In this study, the discrete design of urban transportation networks is formulated as a nonlinear mixed integer programming problem and solved with meta-heuristic Harmony Search (HS) optimization technique. The traffic assignment problem, which represents the distribution of the traffic flows on the road network, is solved under user equilibrium

Each user of public roads is obliged to comply with the relevant legal provisions generally formulated as road traffic regulations. The developing civilization caused a rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles. The increase in environmental pollution, increasing car traffic and the increasing number of accidents in road transport have meant that the society, especially the inhabitants of large agglomerations, more and more often use alternative means of transport-bicycles, scooters or other personal transport devices. The article raises the important issue of shaping the culture of safety in road traffic among children and youth. At the same time, legal requirements for safe behaviour on the road of unprotected road users were indicated.

Hygiene practices, and the sanitation infrastructure built around them, have developed through particular interactions with particular places. When I first travelled to a mountainous minority ethnic area of China to do research as a masters student in 2004, I had my first experience of mountain latrines. These structures were outhouses built over the side of mountains, with a plank or two removed so one could squat over the resulting hole, feel the breeze on your underside, and watch your stream of waste cascade down the mountain (see Figure 1). Despite being frightened of outhouses as a child, I was by that point comfortable with them generally, having done a lot of vineyard work back in my home country of Aotearoa New Zealand, not to mention 'tramping' (hiking) where simple 'long-drops' (pit latrines) were a step up from the 'bush wee' (open air eliminations, usually behind a bush). But the open-air ultra-longdrop of the Sichuan Tibetan outhouse was new, and to begin with, scary and uncomfortable. Especially the time I peered through the slats of the outhouse and saw a pig far down the mountainside, rummaging about in the waste. But I could immediately see that it worked without too many problems in this remote area, at least until large quantities of disposable sanitary items such as menstrual pads began to be a problem as tourism increased. I learned then that hygiene practices and sanitation infrastructures are diverse, and assembled differently in place and time, and, like any point of difference, we may feel uncomfortable when we interact with hygiene assemblages different from our own. But this does not mean that they are maladaptive.

En este trabajo de investigación se analizan algunas de las externalidades de corte económico generadas por la Línea 1 del Metro en la Ciudad de Panamá. La congestión vehicular de las urbes produce pérdidas anuales en millones de dólares, afectando sensitivamente la productividad.Los beneficios sociales de los sistemas masivos de transporte público producen un impacto positivo en la dinámica de las áreas metropolitanas. En este trabajo se presentan resultados relativos al ahorro de tiempos de viajes y su utilidad económica, bajo varios escenarios proyectados y comparado con los datos reales de movilización de pasajeros del primer metro de toda Centroamérica, es decir, el metro de Panamá.

This paper looks at the main challenges that are facing the Transport sector in the countries of S. E. Europe after enlargement. First, it looks at the challenge of setting a common Transport policy and points as priority areas the questions of: frontier crossings, road transport quotas, working hours (road transport), restructuring of railways, promotion of Rail Freight ‘Freeways’, new financing schemes through Public Private Partnerships, and other issues. Then it looks at the factors that will determine the future transport outlook of the area in both qualitative and quantitative terms and it finds that there is a web of factors and issues that will play a role, such as for example the socio-political climate and preferences, the advent of New Technologies, and the degree of development of the Trans-European Networks. The paper looks at the ‘challenges’ facing the inter-urban and urban transport separately. As regards the first it concludes that a) higher integration of the trans...

This paper describes the preliminary control work on a two-wheeled vehicle called B2 whose wheels belong to the same geometric axes. Closed-loop control is uecessary because the passengers stand above the wheels, so that B2 hehaves like au inverted pendulum. Using a simple model, two dillerent control laws are compared. The first uses standard linear control techniques to achieve dynamic stability. Its most notable eharncteristic is that it stabilizes the vehicle inclination about the dynamic equilibrium by minimizing motor effort. A second control law approach, named PDC (Parallel Distributed Compensation) [l], is then investigated, This control law uses a fuzy model and is another way of stabiling the cabin angle and controlling the vehicle's speed. Simulations presented show the ellectiveness of each control method. ' Laboramire d'Aulomalique el de M h n i q u e lndusuieller el Humines, Univemile de Valenciennes el du HamnauICambdrir, Le Mont-Houy-BP 9. 59300 Valenciennes cedex INRlA-Projet Informatique, MalhCmatiques et Aulomlique p u r la Route AutomlisAe, Domaim de Valuceau, Rocquenmun BP 105,78153 Le Chesnay cdea.

This paper presents the modeling and experimental validation of a recently presented DFIG wind power system driven by a two-level three-phase converter in which the gridside converter is connected in series with the grid. The seriesgrid-side converter is able to compensate for stator-voltage sags, unbalance and harmonic distortion resulting in a highpower-quality system with considerable low-voltage-ride-through capability. The proposed control technique makes it feasible to obtain such high-power-quality system using a conventional twolevel three-phase converter composed of twelve IGBTs, with no need of extra switches, while maintaining the usual high efficiency and low cost inherent to the DFIG configuration. Moreover, using the proposed linear model, one can design the DC-linkvoltage controller's parameters according to the desired dynamic behavior. Experimental results are presented using a 15 kW test bench, which validate the proposed control technique.

In a recent work Nathan and Reddy (2011a) have proposed a Multi-view Black-box (MVBB) framework for development of sustainable development indicators (SDIs) for an urban setup. The framework is flexible to be applied to any domain or sector of urban system. In this paper the proposed MVBB framework is applied for transportation sector of Mumbai city. The paper begins with a discussion on transportation sector and its unsustainability links and trends. It outlines the concept of sustainable transportation system and reviews some of the prominent sustainable transportation indicator initiatives. In order to formalize sustainable development indicators (SDIs) for transportation sector, the study collates the indicators from literature, placed them in Mumbai's context and classified them into the three dimensions of urban sustainability-economic efficiency, social wellbeing and ecological acceptability.

Urbanisasi yang tinggi mendorong tingginya pertumbuhan kota sehingga ketersediaan tanah menjadi sangat terbatas. Akibatnya mendorong terjadinya perpindahan penduduk ke arah pinggiran kota yang ketersediaan tanahnya masih luas dan relatif jauh lebih murah. Fenomena ini dikenal sebagai perserakan kota (urban sprawl), yaitu perluasan pertumbuhan kota ke arah pinggiran kota yang berdampak pada berkurangnya daerah pertanian, hutan, ruang terbuka, rawa seiring dengan kehilangan nilai ekonomi, rekreasi dan ekologis dari ekosistem. Jika tidak dilakukan konservasi sumberdaya lahan pada kawasan pinggiran kota, maka proses ini akan membahayakan tidak hanya lingkungan tetapi juga ekonomi secara keseluruhan. Selain itu, penggunaan kendaraan mobil pribadi menjadi meningkat tajam yang berdampak pada meningkatnya emisi karbon/Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK). Pada beberapa kota, pusat kota pun menjadi ditinggalkan dan bahkan kosong. Perserakan kota telah menjadi kecenderungan utama urbanisasi sejak perang dunia II (EEA, 2006) dan telah dikritik dari sudut pandang lingkungan karena pemanfaatan lahan pinggiran kota dan ketergantungan pada kendaraan bermotor (Newman dan Kenworthy, 1999). Fenomena perserakan kota sebenarnya telah terjadi juga di Indonesia. Beberapa penelitian telah membuktikan hal ini. Seperti hasil penelitian Prasetyo (2017) yang mencakup Bogor, Depok, Tangerang dan Bekasi (Bodetabek), bahwa luas

Decarbonizing private transport is crucial in the highly polluted cities of low-and middle-income countries, such as Vietnam. In motorcycle-dominated megacities, this means gradually converting the conventional motorcycle fleet into e-motos. In this study set in Hanoi, we examined the factors that explain existing e-moto riders' attachment to this mode. For this purpose, we built a novel theoretical framework called VEMM (Values and Expectations in Mobility Model), which combines the constructs of the Expectation Confirmation Model (ECM) and the Value-Based Adoption Model (VBAM). Survey data collected from 481 e-moto users in Hanoi were analysed by applying a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). We find that the enduring intention to use e-motos is positively related to perceived value, user satisfaction, and perceived usefulness. We controlled for riders' gender, age, education, and living area but only education was statistically significant. Overall, we found that the perceived value of e-motos owes more to the perceived benefits (usefulness, enjoyment, and eco-friendliness) than the perceived costs (risk, price, technicality, habit, and stigma) of this mode. Based on these findings, we recommend that manufacturers consider the critical role of values when designing and promoting e-motos.

The paper presents a detailed analysis of the energy consumptions recorded in the distribution substations from a public transportation system. One presents the evolution of the energy consumptions at the level of the public transportation system and individually, at the level of transformation substations. One performs an analysis of the power factor at global level and respectively separately, for each transformation substation. There are presented aspects concerning the penalties applied to consumer due to the decreasing of the power factor from its own distribution network. The measuring process used the analogue apparatus and a quality analyzer from the distribution stations.

This article provides an overview of the influences of motorization trends on urban residents' travel patterns in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) in the last decade. The performance of the first year of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system implementation, as a way to suppress motorization in JMA, is also described. It is found that the trend of motorization has already become a critical issue and suppressing the rapid increase of private cars is imperative. However, the existing public transport facilities are not adequate in fulfilling the demand, both in quality and quantity. The lesson learned from Jakarta Metropolitan Area's context illustrates the need to focus on a series of substantial actions as the future innovations. These suggested future innovations are believed to be beneficial for application in the JMA area, and also other developing cities.

Efficiencies in the supply chain have long been studied since the late '70s and led to the development of information systems (i.e., material requirements planning (MRP)). Coupled with the increased pressure of social responsibility and to be a part of a sustainable country, this paper explores the impact of government policies on efficiencies in the logistic component of a supply chain. By understanding government's sustainable policies, businesses can make strategic decisions toward green logistics when transporting goods. This paper aims to contribute to the study of green logistics by presenting various government policies and analyzing them against temporal and spatial factors that contribute to efficient logistics. Thru understanding these policies, companies can adjust their route optimization processes to include these changes and not only contribute to further efficiencies but also address green issues, such as carbon emissions and reduction of fuel consumption. Future work can also look into the adoption of alternative modes of transportation to maximize the routing of delivery in conjunction with existing trucks and the possibility of new policy recommendations to be adopted by businesses.

We conduct a preliminary investigation into the levels of congestion in New Delhi, motivated by concerns due to rapidly growing vehicular congestion in Indian cities. First, we provide statistical evidence for the rising congestion levels on the roads of New Delhi from taxi GPS traces. Then, we estimate the economic costs of congestion in New Delhi. In particular, we estimate the marginal and the total costs of congestion. In calculating the marginal costs, we consider the following factors: (i) productivity loss, (ii) air pollution costs, and (iii) costs due to accidents. In calculating the total costs, in addition to the above factors, we also estimate the costs due to the wastage of fuel. We also project the associated costs due to productivity loss and air pollution till 2030. The projected traffic congestion costs for New Delhi comes around 14658 million US$/yr for the year 2030. The key takeaway from our current study is that costs due to productivity loss, particularly from buses, dominates the overall economic costs. Additionally, the expected increase in fuel wastage makes a strong case for intelligent traffic management systems.

Road infrastructure while delivering economic benefits, generates negative externalities and places a heavy burden on the fiscus for funding. Road users impose various costs on fellow users, and the rest of the society when making use of the network. Normally, vehicles cause insubstantial damage to the road surface and may not only emit some emissions, but also add significant congestion costs in urban areas and increase the risk of accidents. What is generally less explored in developing countries is the internalisation of negative externalities into road pricing which do influence the present and future price of road use. The price road users pay for their road use hardly reflects the true cost of a trip. Failure by the road users to factor in the external costs when deciding to undertake a journey gives rise to various problems that have repercussions for the transport system, the environment and the society. In order to bring about more efficiency in the transport system, econom...

Wartość to pojęcie rozpatrywane w ramach różnych dyscyplin naukowych. Interesująca z punktu widzenia miasta jest stosunkowo nowa koncepcja wartości regionu, którą można analogicznie rozpatrywać w kontekście miasta. Zgodnie z tą koncepcją, wartość regionu tworzą wartości: finansowa, inwestycyjna, kapitału ludzkiego oraz społeczna. Opisana w ten sposób wartość jest pojęciem wielowymiarowym. Celem pracy jest analiza możliwości i zasadności włączenia obszaru związanego z warunkami decydującymi o sprawności przemieszczania się mieszkańców w obrębie miasta do obszarów składających się na wartość miasta. W pracy do analizy zachowań komunikacyjnych mieszkańców wykorzystano model regresji logistycznej. Słowa kluczowe: kreowanie mobilności, wartość miasta, model regresji logistycznej.

This study aimed at investigating air travellers’ behaviour with regard to choices for ground access to Imam Khomeini International Airport. The choices included subway, bus, carpooling, taxi, private car (parking) and private car (car drop-off). Data collection for this study was done during three days in summer, 2014, and Multinomial logit modelling was employed for this purpose. The survey was administered as a face to face interview in Imam Khomeini International Airport, which is located in Tehran, Iran. A total number of 257 questionnaires were collected, with the degree of validation being 34%. The most important results of this research indicate that the majority of imam Khomeini passengers have a high income(%90of them have 1.5 million tomans per month or higher) and car ownership(%92 of them have at least one car in their household). Considering that these passengers don’t have intention for using metro, with increasing the travel time, public transportation costs (e.g. parking cost) and improving metro service qulity (e.g. increasing the reliability and decreasing the travel time) , it may be possible to absorb them to use metro.

Documento de proyecto LC/W.451 enero 2 Este documento fue preparado por Martin Schaffernicht, consultor de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), en el marco del proyecto "Innovación ambiental de servicios urbanos y de infraestructura: Hacia una economía baja en carbono" (AEC/09/004) y financiado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID).

Documento de proyecto LC/W.451 enero 2 Este documento fue preparado por Martin Schaffernicht, consultor de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), en el marco del proyecto "Innovación ambiental de servicios urbanos y de infraestructura: Hacia una economía baja en carbono" (AEC/09/004) y financiado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID).

Pierwotna specyfikacja jezyka RailML pochodzi z 2002 roku i zostala zdefiniowana za pomocą XML. Pliki w standardzie RailML mogą sluzyc do przechowywania i wymiany danych pomiedzy licznymi interfejsami kolejowych systemow teleinformatycznych. Obecna wersja 2.4 obejmuje tabor, systemy zarządzania ruchem kolejowym, rozkladami jazdy, informacji pasazerskiej, oraz rezerwacji i sprzedazy biletow. W nadchodzącej wersji standardu RailML 3.1 dolączono podschemat , ktory przeznaczony jest do opisu kolejowych systemow nastawczych. Ponadto zapewniona zostanie zgodnośc ze zorientowanym obiektowo, abstrakcyjnym modelem danych infrastruktury kolejowej zdefiniowanym w standardzie UIC IRS 30100 (RailTopoModel, RTM). W artykule autorzy omawiają aktualny stan standardu RailML i jego perspektywy. Szczegolną uwage kladą na wykorzystanie RailML do opisu kolejowych systemow nastawczych. Autorzy przedstawiają rowniez wlasne oprogramowanie umozliwiające prace z plikami RailML.

Broder respondió al reconocimiento con un discurso lleno de sencillez y humanidad; como es él. Un año después de aquella emotiva ceremonia, gracias a la iniciativa de la Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles, y muy especialmente de Domingo Cuellar y Miguel Muñoz, sale a la luz un libro que debiera haber sido publicado en castellano hace mucho tiempo. Se trata del capítulo dedicado al sector ferroviario de la tesis doctoral de Broder, Le rôle de intérêts étrangers

Este documento presenta el relato del tercero seminario anual del programa de investigación Modural "Las prácticas de movilidad sostenible en las metrópolis de América latina: estudio comparativo de Bogotá (Colombia) y Lima (Perú)". Este programa está financiado por la ANR (Agencia Nacional de la Investigación Francesa) durante el periodo 2020-2023 y co-coordinado por Vincent Gouëset y Florent Demoraes.

The South African government is faced with the challenge of balancing the allocation of limited funds; the appointment of contractors among former government beneficiaries and previously disadvantaged individuals. The challenge stemming from the implementation of procurement policies and regulations is eminent in the commuter bus sector. This article explores policies and regulations that inform the procurement practices in the commuter bus sector in South Africa. The article is based on a theoretical analytical review. Based on the review, the policies and regulation procurement practices in the sector could be classified into pre- and post-1994. The implications of the policies and regulations have an adverse effect on the socio-economic objective of the country. Currently, the policies and regulations are not fully implemented and the commuter bus sector continues to face challenges that are a reflection of the current realities in South Africa. The findings of the article sugges...

Motivated by regulations that have prohibited the traffic of large freight vehicles in an inner area of 100 km2 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in this paper we evaluate the impact of this policy on CO2 emissions by delivery vehicles. These emissions are estimated for two different sizes of freight vehicles under different operational scenarios: the so-called VUCs (4 ton Urban Freight Vehicles) and larger rigid trucks (9 ton). Using different customer densities, drop sizes, and distribution center distances obtained from a sample survey, as well as Daganzo ́s continuous approximations for trip lengths and the NTM method, trade-off curves have been constructed. From these curves, it can be seen that bigger vehicles are, on most cases, a better choice than VUCs regarding emission, showing that this policy cannot be generalized for every supply chain.

Globally, efficient intercity public transport relies on well-designed and high-quality terminal facilities and services to enhance accessibility, mobility, and safety for passengers and freight. Despite governmental efforts, bus terminals in Nigerian urban areas are becoming hotspots for unregulated activities and traffic chaos. In response, this study investigates users' satisfaction with Lagos State's intercity bus terminal quality, analysing socioeconomic profiles, satisfaction levels with quality of terminal facilities (QoTF) and services (QoTS), and challenges impacting terminal operations. Using a cross-sectional survey, 200 questionnaires were distributed to terminal users, employing a multistage sampling technique. Descriptive (weighted mean analysis) and inferential (multiple linear regression [MLR] analysis) statistics were employed for data analysis. Results indicate that