University Buildings

This article concentrates on social interactive spaces in a university building and investigates how these spaces are correlated to visual e-partition lines. Although, environment-behaviour literature argues the social interactive spaces through proximity theory, there are only a very few contributions on its integration with visual capacity. Thus, the article aims at the visual impact of interior environment; it explores how social domains in a university building correlate to visual convex lines and how these settings are identified as sociofugal or
sociopetal environments by using Space Syntax method.

In 1970s many factors accelerated the development of Pavia University and affected its relationship with
urban evolution, generating effects that persist to present days. Due to 1950s population boom and to
general socio-economic growth, in the whole country university subscribers tripled between 1950 and ’69,
giving rise to the so-called mass university and causing a strong overload of universities. Since ’67, Law 641
settled funds for university buildings and called for five-year development plans. However youth protests in
late '60s produced a great cultural ferment that swept academia resulting in a rethinking of universities’
structure and social role.
In this socio-economic and cultural climate, in Pavia a season of rethinking was inaugurated about the
organization of university buildings and their relationship with the city. Following the L.641/67 the University
instituted a Permanent Advisory Committee for Building, which in turn commissioned architect Giancarlo De
Carlo to prepare a Building Development Plan (1970-74). In his plan De Carlo defined a multipolar model, by
which – through the permeability and attractiveness of university buildings – he was trying to break through
the both physical and psychological border separating the university from city life, giving birth to a form of
urban symbiotic architecture.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract Modern architecture built in historical urban contexts represents a demanding issue when its energy efficiency should be improved. Indeed, the strongest efforts have to be made to maintain the architectural identity and its harmony with the surrounding cultural heritage. This study deals with the main building of the School of Architecture Valle Giulia in Rome, designed by Enrico Del Debbio in the 30's. Further constraints are related to several interventions of airspace expansion starting from 1958 which involved the building starting from 1958. So, preservation would mean highlighting its historic change but, adapting the built environment to the contemporary users' needs. As above-mentioned, the building belongs to the Valle delle Accademie, within the historic park of Villa Borghese, so that to acquire landscaping values. Those latter ones call for ulterior requirements when any new design process is conceived. The study provides a global renewal of the building accounting for the current low Indoor Environmental Quality in both summer and winter seasons and the lack of suitability to the contemporary University student's needs. The interaction between building performance and HVAC systems was studied by collecting data and architectural surveys conducted by all the architects who modified the building. This procedure was chosen since thermo-physical investigations are considered destructive due to required perforations to identify the actual wall layers. Moreover, thermographic surveys were carried out to validate the modelled building response. The result of the study is the identification of viable interventions to improve the accessibility and fruition of the building as well as its energy performance. A specific cost-benefit analysis was done to prioritize the design options along with considering the measures needed to preserve all the architectural features and values. Abstract Modern architecture built in historical urban contexts represents a demanding issue when its energy efficiency should be improved. Indeed, the strongest efforts have to be made to maintain the architectural identity and its harmony with the surrounding cultural heritage. This study deals with the main building of the School of Architecture Valle Giulia in Rome, designed by Enrico Del Debbio in the 30's. Further constraints are related to several interventions of airspace expansion starting from 1958 which involved the building starting from 1958. So, preservation would mean highlighting its historic change but, adapting the built environment to the contemporary users' needs. As above-mentioned, the building belongs to the Valle delle Accademie, within the historic park of Villa Borghese, so that to acquire landscaping values. Those latter ones call for ulterior requirements when any new design process is conceived. The study provides a global renewal of the building accounting for the current low Indoor Environmental Quality in both summer and winter seasons and the lack of suitability to the contemporary University student's needs. The interaction between building performance and HVAC systems was studied by collecting data and architectural surveys conducted by all the architects who modified the building. This procedure was chosen since thermo-physical investigations are considered destructive due to required perforations to identify the actual wall layers. Moreover, thermographic surveys were carried out to validate the modelled building response. The result of the study is the identification of viable interventions to improve the accessibility and fruition of the building as well as its energy performance. A specific cost-benefit analysis was done to prioritize the design options along with considering the measures needed to preserve all the architectural features and values.

L’insediamento o l’ampliamento di una università in un contesto cittadino è frutto di precise scelte politico-amministrative e comporta esiti di diversa natura che attengono non solo all’assetto urbano, ma anche all’economia e alla società locali. Si tratta di un intervento che presenta connotazioni differenti a seconda del momento storico in cui avviene e della città che ne è protagonista, del suo peculiare sviluppo urbano, del tessuto socio-economico e socio-culturale che la connota, ed è funzione della domanda di saperi e di competenze, che a loro volta danno vita a processi innovativi in grado di influenzare lo sviluppo del mondo economico locale e nazionale. «Tout se tient», dunque: storia della città e storia dell’università vanno in parallelo. L’università trasforma la città e la città trasforma l’università. Così nella Roma degli anni ’30 il regime celebra i suoi fasti con l’erezione della nuova città universitaria e nello stesso periodo a Milano vedono la luce un nuovo Politecnico, una nuova Bocconi, una nuova Cattolica, mentre la Regia individua nella Ca’ Granda la futura sede per le Facoltà umanistiche. Quella di Milano è una storia esemplare; storia che, soprattutto nei vent’anni che seguono la nascita della Repubblica, si ripete – sia pure in sedicesimo – in diverse città italiane. Fra queste, Messina, Bologna, Trento, Pavia, Urbino, Trieste, Verona sono i luoghi presi in considerazione nei contributi presenti in questo volume.