UN Convention of the rights of people with disabilities

"This article addresses the role of strategic litigation of the right to legal capacity of people with disabilities. It places legal capacity within an international human rights law framework and sets out how it is particularly resonant in the context of disability where its withdrawal leads to arbitrary removal of rights such as the right to property, healthcare decision-making, working and voting. The article examines art.12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), a treaty which, at the time of writing, has been signed by all 27 Member States of the European Union and ratified by 18. In addition, the EU has acceded to the Convention, the CRPD being the first UN human rights treaty that has provided this opportunity.The author provides a review of European jurisprudence in the area of legal capacity and suggests that litigation can play a valuable role in highlighting the wrongs in guardianship systems, and opening
up areas for advocacy and law reform."

This report provides a rapid literature review of the evidence on what data and evidence exists, to identify, categorise and support children with disabilities to access education and achieve measurable learning outcomes in Tanzania and other similar resource-constrained contexts. Literature focused on the debate between mainstream and specialist education for children with disabilities is discussed. Where possible, the report flags gender dimensions. While the scope of the report did not allow for complex judgements to be made about the quality of the body of evidence, or of the strength of individual pieces of evidence, details were included to enable the reader to undertake such analysis if needed in the future, using the DFID How to Note on Assessing the Strength of Evidence. All the evidence included was in English, no more than 10 years old and from peer reviewed journals. A number of experts in the field were consulted.

Legal capacity of persons with mental disabilities was a contentious issue during the process of drafting the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Arab Group, consisting of Muslim-majority countries, in the United Nations expressed reservations about the formulation of the Article related to this issue. However, their reservations were dismissed because they arguably had to do with language-specificity. The author revisits these deliberations and argues that the reservations of the Arab countries have to do with religious aspects rooted in the Islamic tradition. By ignoring these religious aspects, the Disability Convention missed a rich source of wisdom provided by a world religion like Islam. On the other hand, the innovative insights provided by the Disability Convention can be of value to improve contemporary discussions on legal capacity within the Islamic tradition. Unlike the previous studies, which either focused on the approach of the Disability Convention or that of the Islamic tradition, this study examines both approaches and highlights the points of agreement and disagreement and finally proposes suggestions for narrowing the existing gap between these two approaches.

Le persone con disabilità hanno sofferto, nel corso dei secoli, una perdurante condizione di emarginazione economica, sociale, culturale e politica. Quando Internet e il web hanno iniziato a godere di una maggiore popolarità e diffusione è stato immediatamente chiaro che si tratta di strumenti che offrono grandi opportunità alle persone con disabilità, consentendo di abbattere alcune delle barriere, ancora esistenti, che impediscono loro una piena ed eguale partecipazione nella società. Anzi, data la rilevanza che Internet e la rete hanno acquisito nelle nostre vite quotidiane, chi non vi può accedervi si trova a essere, già solo per questo, in una condizione di svantaggio: si tratta del fenomeno -articolato e di non lineare lettura -del digital divide 1 .

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa -2. L'azione normativa dell'esecutivo: decreti legge e decreti legislativi -2.1. Disabilità e decretazione d'urgenza nella XVI e XVII legislatura: uno sguardo d'insieme -2.2. La legislazione delegata: scuola e lavoro -2.2.1. Delega legislativa e diritto al lavoro delle persone con disabilità -2.2.2. La decretazione delegata e diritto all'istruzione delle persone con disabilità -3. L'Osservatorio Nazionale sulla condizione delle persone con disabilità: struttura e funzioni -3.1. Rilievi critici -4. Conclusioni.

La Convención Americana de los Derechos Humanos (“CADH”)  no fue prevista para personas con graves deficiencias físicas y/o mentales, lo que nos llama a cuestionar si un determinado tipo de persona estaba en la mente de los redactores de la CADH para ser objeto de protección.  Esta incertidumbre no solo excluye a un grupo importante, también que con la exclusión se crea o se agrava el estado de discapacidad, lo cual afecta su dignidad frente a otros, en particular en lo que se refiere a ser considerados como iguales. Por lo que, no puede decirse que la protección de los derechos sea efectiva, en el marco del respeto y garantía, si no se toma en cuenta las circunstancias particulares de las personas con discapacidad.
A través del enfoque de las capacidades (“capabilities approach” en inglés), se puede analizar en justa medida, a partir de las circunstancias particulares de la persona, lo que es necesario para promover la satisfacción o la optimización de la capacidad que permita el desenvolvimiento de la potencialidad de ‘seres’ o ‘quehaceres’ que una persona es capaz de alcanzar.  Bajo este enfoque, replicable en otros ámbitos por igual, se podría pensar si sería suficiente pasar de un idea tradicional de “respecto y garantía,” a una tutela diferenciada de “respecto y garantía” en el marco de la efectividad para garantizar oportunidades.
En primer lugar, examinaremos la discapacidad vista desde el enfoque de las capacidades.  Luego, examinaremos cómo, por medio de la CADH en el marco del enfoque de las capacidades, se puede utilizar el mismo no solo para tutelar derechos, sino también para garantizar oportunidades reales y efectivas sin discriminación, para una vida digna y con futuro, en términos de capacidades.

COVID-19 is deepening pre-existing inequalities. Emerging research suggests that people with disabilities across the world have experienced various rights violations and been disproportionality affected by the health, economic and social impacts of the pandemic and responses to it. The aim of this research was to better understand how people with disabilities who are often excluded from research have experienced the evolving COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and Nepal. In order to better understand how it has affected some of the most marginalised groups of people with disabilities, this study used in-depth qualitative research to focus on people with intellectual, psychosocial, deafblindness and other multiple impairments.

THE RIGHT OF DISABLED PERSONS TO ACCESS TO PRIVATE PLACES OPEN TO THE PUBLIC IN THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. The  European  Court  of  Human  Rights  has  rejected  a  complaint  of  disability discrimination lodged by a person on wheelchair to whom was denied the access to a cinema to see a given film in Geneva because of safety reason concerning his disability (Glaisen v. Switzerland). The complaint relied on Articles 8, 10 and 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). The Court affirmed that none of the aforementioned Articles can be invoked because (i) the denial of the right of access was limited to a specific cinema, and (ii)  the  notion  of  discrimination  existing  in  Suisse  law  did  not  violate  the  ECHR  because positive  obligation  to  remove  physical  barriers  does  not  apply  to  buildings  opened  to  the public constructed before the Swiss Discrimination Act (2004). Pointing out that under UN Convention of the rights of persons with disability (CRPD) access to a cinema is considered as  a  cultural  activity,  the  Court  decision  has  created  a  misalignment  between  ECHR  and CRDP introducing some (significant) limitations to the right to access of disabled persons to places open to the public. In this context, CRPD plays a crucial role in prohibiting all kind of juridical and factual discrimination, without distinction between access to public or private places,  as  the  latter  is  an  essential  precondition  to  the  full  and  effective  enjoyment  of  all human rights (civil, political, economic, social and cultural). In the concluding remarks, the paper points out that the Court decision may "legitimate" Member States of the Council of Europe  to  disability  discrimination  by  laws  (or  practices)  and/or  to  delay  the  removal physical barriers, thus lowering the level of protection of disabled persons also in European Union law.

SOMMARIO: 1. La decisione sull'affare Glaisen.-2. I requisiti individuati dalla Corte europea per l'esercizio del diritto dei disabili di accedere ai luoghi aperti al pubblico.-3. Le criticità della decisione Glaisen e il limite dell'inefficacia orizzontale degli obblighi positivi desunti dalla CEDU.-4. La rilevanza della Convenzione ONU sui disabili nell'evoluzione del volet pubblico dell'accessibilità elaborato dalla Corte europea.-5. Diritto all'accessibilità e alla partecipazione alla vita culturale nel regime giuridico internazionale di protezione dei diritti fondamentali dei disabili.-6. Considerazioni conclusive.

SUMARIO: 1. Introducción.-2. El impacto de la CDPD en el derecho derivado de la UE.-3. Otras vías de tutela de la eficacia de la CDPD en la UE. 3.1. La eficacia directa de la CDPD. 3.2 La cuestión prejudicial: balance del impacto de la CDPD por vía jurisprudencial. 3.3 Otras vías referidas a la UE como Administración.-4. Perspectivas de futuro y conclusiones.

The essay provides a comparative overview of the laws concerning discrimination of disabled workers and the employment of persons with disabilities in Italy and Japan. Both legal systems combine a quota-levy system with antidiscrimination dispositions. Also, Japan recently embedded a human-rights approach including a prohibition on workplace discrimination in order to comply with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Notwithstanding these similarities, there exist certain differences concerning not only the detailed provisions or procedures but also the general legal framework and the way in which international standards are arranged in the respective national systems. The paper analyses the Italian and Japanese legal frameworks in the context of the general outline of the subject and also aims to provide a uniform basis for the future work of experts in the field.

Abstract. The current situation of the employment of disabled people in the Republic of Moldova through the prism of integration in European Union is analyzed in this paper. The relevant recommendations for improving the situation with employment of disabled people in the country on the basis of international experience were proposed by the authors. The actuality of this topic stems from the fact that the number of disabled people in Republic of Moldova continually grows and on one side they encounter problems in entering the labour market, on the other side, an important share of human potential for the economic development is not utilized and there is a lack of covering the need to enjoy equal opportunities as other people. The purpose of this research is to highlight the problems of disabled people in the labour market of the Republic of Moldova and to propose the measures for the implementation of good practice from EU in this domain. In the process of developing this work were used the following research methods: analysis of the statistical data, comparative analysis, legal analysis, synthesis, monographic. The results of the research consist in the elaboration of specific measures in this area on the basis of comprehensive analysis.
Key words: disabled people, employment, policy framework, EU’s experience.

Adnotare. În acest articol este analizată situaţia curentă a ocupării pe piața forței de muncă a persoanelor cu dizabilităţi în Republica Moldova prin prisma integrării în Uniunea Europeană. De către autori au fost propuse recomandări relevante pentru îmbunătăţirea situaţiei ocupării persoanelor cu dizabilităţi în câmpul muncii în ţară pe baza experienţei internaţionale. Actualitatea acestei teme rezultă din faptul că numărul persoanelor cu dizabilităţi în Republica Moldova creşte continuu şi pe de o parte ele întâlnesc probleme cu intrarea pe piaţa muncii, pe de altă parte o contribuție importantă a potenţialului uman pentru dezvoltarea economică nu este utilizată şi există lipsa acoperirii necesităţii de a avea acces la oportunităţi egale ca şi alte persoane. Scopul acestei cercetări este de a evidenţia problemele persoanelor cu dizabilităţi pe piaţa muncii a Republicii Moldova şi de a propune măsuri pentru implementarea practicii bune din UE în acest domeniu. În procesul dezvoltării acestei lucrări au fost folosite următoarele metode de cercetare: analiza datelor statistice, analiza comparativă, analiza legală, sinteza, monografică.  Rezultatele cercetării constau în elaborarea măsurilor specifice în acest domeniu pe baza analizei complexe.
Cuvinte-cheie: persoane cu dizabilităţi, ocupare în câmpul muncii, cadru politic, experienţa UE

Recommendations for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the High-Level Panel emphasise powerful and aspiring themes, including leaving no one behind. However, in a developing country like Nepal, nearly 95 percent of the people with disabilities live below the poverty line, and more than two-thirds do not receive basic education, healthcare services and vocational training for employment. Therefore, would it actually be possible to leave no one behind and achieve inclusive development for everybody?

COVID-19 is deepening pre-existing inequalities. Emerging research suggests that people with disabilities across the world have experienced various rights violations and been disproportionality affected by the health, economic and social impacts of the pandemic and responses to it. The aim of this research was to better understand how people with disabilities who are often excluded from research have experienced the evolving COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and Nepal. In order to better understand how it has affected some of the most marginalised groups of people with disabilities, this study used in-depth qualitative research to focus on people with intellectual, psychosocial, deafblindness and other multiple impairments.

COVID-19 is deepening pre-existing inequalities. Emerging research suggests that people with disabilities across the world have experienced various rights violations and been disproportionality affected by the health, economic and social impacts of the pandemic and responses to it. The aim of this research was to better understand how people with disabilities who are often excluded from research have experienced the evolving COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and Nepal. In order to better understand how it has affected some of the most marginalised groups of people with disabilities, this study used in-depth qualitative research to focus on people with intellectual, psychosocial, deafblindness and other multiple impairments.

The U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) may require the abolition of the insanity defense and similar “special defenses” in criminal law. Proponents argue that abolishing the defense would advance efforts to fully recognize the legal capacity of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others; detractors suggest it would compound the substantive inequality of an already marginalized population. This paper seeks to accelerate this debate with reference to Swedish criminal law, which saw the abolition of the insanity defense in 1965. Neither side of the debate appears to have considered the anomaly of Swedish criminal law. Equally, Swedish legislators appear to have overlooked CRPD-based considerations. Instead, Sweden seems likely to reintroduce the insanity defense following long-standing domestic criticism. This paper brings together developments in Sweden and international human rights law, and draws out conceptual and practical lessons in the...

Adottando l'angolo prospettico delle teorie critiche del diritto, In questo saggio intendo porre le basi per una riflessione relativa a dei chi e dei dove specifici, che trovano il loro elemento unificante nel fatto di richiamarsi, più o meno direttamente, all’ambito della “cura” (considerata principalmente come care) delle persone con disabilità. Nonostante la complessità e interdisciplinarietà del tema non mi consentano di aspirare, allo stato attuale, all’elaborazione di una compiuta riflessione che vada oltre l’individuazione di alcune tra le questioni che paiono più rilevanti, nel corso di questo contributo mi inserirò all’interno di quella prospettiva critica che si propone di “forzare” i confini della cura, con l’obiettivo di “mettere a tema” taluni profili che originano dal profondo mutamento del quadro giuridico e culturale che sta avvenendo in tale ambito. Al riguardo, è certamente opportuno esplicitare che, talvolta, si tratta di questioni solo parzialmente nuove; tuttavia esse richiedono di essere ripensate proprio alla luce dei cambiamenti giuridici, economici, politici e culturali in atto. Procederò in tal senso dopo avere richiamato le coordinate generali del dibattito su soggetti e luoghi (in particolare, nella loro connessione con la libertà), che è una delle cifre caratterizzanti delle teorie critiche del diritto, poiché costituisce l’orizzonte teorico che fa da sfondo alle riflessioni che seguiranno.

In this article, the post-school situation and the transition to vocational training and employment of school leavers with intellectual disabilities is analysed. The analysis is based on quantitative data from a parent survey. From the perspective of parents (n=426) it is analysed about the extent which the type of school (inclusive school or special school), curriculum school life and professional career counselling affect the transition processes of school leavers with an intellectual disability. The results show that in school leavers who have attended an inclusive school, there is a higher tendency towards continuing integrative transitions processes compared to those who have attended a special school. More than three-quarters of special education students are encouraged by the career guidance to opt for the integration enterprise or occupational therapy.

Sprawozdanie stanowi realizację uprawnień Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich jako niezależnego organu do spraw popierania, ochrony i monitorowania wdrażania Konwencji o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych ustanowionego na podstawie przepisu art. 33 ust. 2 tej Konwencji

Artikkeli perustuu Yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien (YK) mielenterveyspolitiikkaa viitoittaviin päätöslauselmiin ja jäsenvaltioita sitoviin kansainvälisiin ihmisoikeussopimuksiin. Erityisesti arvioidaan mitä velvoitteita vuonna 2006 YK:ssa hyväksytty vammaisten henkilöiden oikeuksien yleissopimuksen (CRPD) toimeenpano edellyttää Suomessa.

ACCESSIBLE SUMMARY

• This paper talks about what a group of people with intellectual disabilities in Ireland had to say about their experiences of relationships and sexuality, and the type of support they might like in this area of their lives.
• Many people did not get enough information about sexuality. There were lots of things they did not understand properly and they wanted more information.
• Many people wanted to have boyfriend and girlfriend relationships, but relationships were not allowed in their service. Some people had to have relationships in secret.
• In Ireland it is against the law to have a sexual relationship with a person who cannot live without support, or protect themselves from abuse, unless you are married.
• The law needs to be changed because some people with intellectual disabilities who need support in their lives are still capable of having sexual relationships and protecting themselves from abuse.
• People with intellectual disabilities need better sexual information and need support to have their voices heard by government.

Der vorliegende Artikel setzt sich mit Aspekten der politischen Partizipation von Menschen mit Behinderungen auseinander und bezieht sich dabei insbesondere auf Artikel der Behinderten-rechtskonvention der Vereinten Nationen. Dieser hält fest, dass Menschen mit Behinderungen einen gleichberechtigten Zugang zu politischer Partizipation haben sollten. Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit dem Wahlrecht und Wahlvorgang und stellt Organisationen vor, die Menschen mit Behinderungen auf politischer Ebene vertreten. Die politische Partizipation von Menschen mit Behinderungen ist durch ausgrenzende bauliche, soziale und kognitive Barrieren, Strukturen der Fremdbestimmung und mangelnde Selbstrepräsentation eingeschränkt. Ungenügend gesetzlich gesicherte Barrierefreiheit wie auch fehlendes Bewusstsein der Behörden fördern einen ungleichen Zugang zur Stimmabgabe. Zudem erheben neben Selbstvertretungsorganisationen auch Dienst-leistungsunternehmen der freien Wohlfahrt den Anspruch, Menschen mit Behinderungen zu vertreten, was nicht Artikel 29 entspricht.

This article focuses on political participation of people with disabilities and refers to Article of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: it emphasises the access to electoral rights as well as to voting processes, and scrutinizes organisations that advocate people with disabilities. Main results of the study show that people with disabilities are deprived of their political participation by inaccessible voting environments and obstacles such as social barriers and a systematic lack of political representation. Inadequate regulations as well as a lack of consciousness of administration promote inaccessible voting processes. Disabled People's Organisations and (at the same time) service providers for care or housing represent and speak for people with disabilities on a political level, which is not conform with Article 29.