Transaltion Studies

Abstract
Nowadays authentic reading matter is extensively used in the teaching of English for academic purposes. However choosing and deploying such materials is not as straightforward as it might at first seem. In this paper, the pros and cons of authentic materials are assessed and difficulties in their deployment are discussed, together with suggestions for their successful utilisation.

In the contemporary studies of translation, cultural differences between languages absorb a great amount of attention. The problem of culture-bound elements and cultural untranslatability, is considered as a controversial issue in the process of translation. Moreover, the importance of the culture-bound elements intensifies if the text under translation is a children literature, since to children, books can be seen as a window to the world and new cultures. Therefore, based on the noted importance, the current study aims to explore the cultural untranslatability in translations of one of the well-known Persian children stories entitles, The Little Black Fish by Samad Behrangi. In order to pursue the objectives of the study, the present research is going to perform a comparative analysis of three different translations of the noted book, in terms of culture-bound elements and untranslatable items. To this end, after identifying the problematic elements, the study will analyze the findings. It is hoped that the findings illustrate, the level of congruency between the original cultural elements and their translation in each of the translated texts under investigation. The present study can contribute to the body of knowledge in cultural studies of translation.

Intertextuality in its broadest sense—the relationship between two texts—is a pervasive feature of academic writing, as manifested by features such as citations to earlier texts and the sets of features such as structure and organisation which are shared by texts in a given genre and/or academic discipline.

Many of the intertextual features of academic writing, such as the choice of reporting verb and verb form, have been thoroughly researched and described (e.g., Charles, 2006; Shaw, 1992). Much is also know about a specific, highly problematic form of intertextuality: plagiarism (e.g., Pecorari & Shaw, 2012). However, less attention has been given to the ways in which novice academic writers become aware of conventional intertextual practices, and less still to the transferability of this feature to writing in the workplace.

This paper will present the results of a corpus-based investigation of intertextuality in two domains: the leisure-time reading which lower-division undergraduates do, and a common workplace genre.  By triangulating the results from these two corpora with existing findings about the intertextual features of academic texts it will be possible to describe the extent to which these features overlap with, or diverge from, each other.  This will thus provide an indication of the features which can reasonably be expected to transfer from one domain to another, and which cannot, and should therefore be the subject of explicit instruction in the English for Specific Academic Purposes classroom.

References
Charles, M. (2006). The Construction of Stance in Reporting Clauses: A Cross-disciplinary Study of Theses. Applied Linguistics, 27, 492–518.
Pecorari, D. & Shaw, P. (2012). Types of student intertextuality and faculty attitudes. Journal of Second Language Writing, 21, 149–164.
Shaw, P. (1992). Reasons for the correlation of voice, tense and sentence function in reporting verbs. Applied Linguistics, 13, 302–319.

This study investigates the significance of culture in the translation process. It tackles the prior call that being bilingual is enough for translation, neglecting the importance of culture for creative translation. This descriptive and analytical study is based on the semantic approach, following Ghazala's (2008) and Nida's (1964) theories of translation. It depends on textual analysis of culturally-laden collocations in some common terms, expressions, idioms, and proverbs. It was confirmed that culture is at the heart of translation as the two are inextricably interdependent. Furthermore, successful translation necessarily entails a profound understanding of the cultural context of the text, which leads to the successful transmission of the intended meaning. It is recommended that the traditional approach that bilingualism is enough for good translation should be reconsidered, and that translation programs designers and translators should give culture its due place in the translation process.

Technology as a learning tool or otherwise holds great attraction for learners today. Universities across Saudi Arabia have proactively adopted technology powered pedagogies and nowhere is this truer than in the EFL courses. The current study explored the impact of Short Messages as Learning Tool (SMLT) on EFL Saudi learners learning confused English words. It also gauges learners' satisfactions towards using such tools on their autonomy and language proficiency. The study pursued a quasi-experiment research design. It is collaborative in nature; it recruited 80 EFL learners across Najran University and Qassim University, KSA.  Forty EFL learners each are enrolled for the intervention lasting six weeks, with twenty learners each of equal ability, comprising one control and one experimental group on the two campuses. To ensure parity of existing language proficiency and learning success, the Oxford Placement Test is administered once before and once at the end of the intervention to all of the 80 participants to obtain comparative values. Learner autonomy and perception of the efficacy of the pedagogy is measured at the end of the intervention using a questionnaire. Furthermore, a semi-structured interview is also used with three randomly selected participants from each of the experimental groups to obtain data on individual perceptions of the EFL learners to the use of MALL in the EFL classroom. Content analysis is used to identify dominant themes in these. Findings revealed that learners acquisition for confusing words were developed to a great extent in both universities. Moreover, the study found that there is no significant difference in the students' achievement attributed to the learning sittings, Z = .935. Finally the students expressed satisfaction in terms of their autonomy ratings and complementary points of view on the use of SMS, based on the semi-structured interviews. The current research is useful as its findings can apply to mobile teaching and text messaging in the English classroom for EFL curriculum developers and English language teachers.

Keywords: Autonomy, Homonyms, Homophones, Saudi EFL Students’ Perception, Text Messaging

0.Abstract
This research work entitled Problem of Cultural word Translation: Jumla A Nurse Story focuses on analyzing of translation in relation to challenges in cultural word translation and equivalence. The text, Jumla A Nurse Story is  a translated text of Radha Poude’s Khalanga ma Hamala. It targets to have the study of the problems of literary translation translated by Nepali translators. Translation began with the human civilization. It came into existence simultaneously with language, as the best source to know other languages. As the world developed, many languages came into existence in the world. They created an in-compensable gap between the speakers and speech communities. At that time, translation became the indispensable means to bridge the gaps between two languages. It became a tool to check and balance as well as to convey message. It uncovers the some specific challenges of culture specific terms in translation. They create difficulty in translation process. Such problems might bring changes or deviation in meaning. Despite having problems in translation, the translators do their best to convey the meaning of SL into TL. Based on the ideas, the researcher tries to explore the culture specific terms that pose problems in translated text Jumla A Nurse Story. It deals with effect in message conveyed. It tries to unfathomed the process taken by translators to overcome such problems. It  intends to excavate the challenges of translating Nepali culture specific terms into English, and how the translators have overcome it. It tries to uncover the translating process of translator to overcome such challenges and examines the equivalence in message conveyed.It assumes that different language have different linguistic features that create challenges in translation. However, it can be managed and the message conveyed by source language text can be managed in translated text. Despite having such difficulty, translators can overcome it following different process such as coinage paraphrasing, deletion, and footnoting.  The research discourses the problems in translation. Theoretical analysis of translated text is basic methodology  for management of challenges based on different linguistic and cultural factors . It is mainly based on a thorough textual reading, library consultation, and criticism, and a wide range of other related reference materials for the justification of the hypothesis. It makes significant contribution in analyzing the issue of challenges in translation. It helps to shed the light on the readers to understand the challenges of translation and the mode to overcome it by different theoretical perspective of translation.  It mainly limits itself to the issues of challenge of translation from Nepali to English. The researcher does not go through any primary data and its methodology rather depends on larger amount of secondary data available upon library research and its consultation.  The inadequacy of relevant materials is another aspect of the limitation of the study.

As a toddler, my favorite story had three kittensblack, grey, and white. While chasing a mouse, they fell into a jar of flour and turned all white. After a series of adventures like this which changed the color of their furs, they would return home wet and in their original shades. The story came in an old hardback with colorful pictures staring up from the yellowing pages. The pictures were accompanied by sparse lucid Bangla text. The narrative voice was simple, lyrical and affectionate, easily merging with the soft, gentle strokes of the pictures. The book had twelve other stories, all featuring different animals and their various exploits. Apart from the penultimate story which took place amidst snow laden valleys, there was hardly anything "foreign" about the stories in the book. Despite being written and illustrated by Vladimir Sutyev, Nani Bhaumik's translation had rendered this Russian picturebook Galpo Ar Chhobi (Stories and Pictures) completely Bengali [Figs. 1 and 2] 1. In this essay, I try to trace my relationship with translated Russian children's books like this that I inherited from my parents as a kid.

The paper illustrates the first results of two digital projects developed in collaboration with Laboratorio ‘Dionysos’ - A Digital Archive of Ancient Drama (University of Trento), whose research interests fall into ancient drama and its reception within the contemporary culture. The first project is intended to produce a case study of contrastive translation about the prologue and the parodos of Euripides’ Bacchae, analysing the translations by Felice Bellotti (1851), Ettore Romagnoli (1930), Edoardo Sanguineti (1965), and Ezio Savino (2008). Using digital tools (OCR, XML-TEI language and Euporia), it will be possible to create a user-interface, which permits to compare diachronically the chosen texts. The second project aims to offer an enquiry on the presence of ancient theatres and other archaeological sites within the region Campania, in order to create an online database with information on their use as venues for performances of ancient Greek and Roman dramas staged from the early XX Century to the present age.

The culture of our digital age has a wide streak of nostalgia for digits of flesh, blood, and bone. A good present moment, then, for a present of manuscript. The manuscript codex was digital before we were-only, the digits that made it were flesh and blood fingers instead of zeros and ones. The illuminated codices of early medieval Latin Iberia are particularly articulate about their own status as handmade, handwritten objects. This essay studies what they have to offer us as we think about media, mediation, and textual mobility in our "digital" age.

Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir.

Abstract
This article analyses the way in which Balzac’s realistic reproduction of technical
discourses – “distances”, sociolects and idiolects – is rendered in several Spanish
translations of Illusions perdues. The fi rst section briefl y deals with the composition
of La Comédie humaine, the novelty of Balzac’s concept of the novel and his theory
of literary and linguistic realism as developed in his great works, particularly in Illusions perdues. The second section focuses on specifi c examples of Spanish renditions of Balzac’s technical vocabulary, argot and jargon in Illusions perdues. The objective is to demonstrate the decisive importance of maintaining in the target language the novel’s polyphonic nature, as one of the basic pillars of Balzac’s realism.

Abstract: This paper describes the distinctive features of cultural back-translation. This term is employed here to refer to the translation of source texts into a target language from which most or all of the culture-specifi c elements of the source text were drawn. It makes an attempt to provide a systematic analysis of the distinctive features of this type of translation with special reference to the concepts of domestication and foreignization. The fi ndings show that cultural back-translation is necessarily domesticating, or more precisely, re-domesticating. Re-domestication has several types: re-domestication proper, repatriation and additional domestication. Domesticating and foreignizing strategies work out differently in cultural back-translation: domestication does not mean adjustment to a different culture but restoring the original cultural context. In re-domestication the distribution of translation strategies used is different from those used in domestication and the purpose and effects of various strategies are different. The whole process from text composition to back-translation may be described as a process of double domestication. It is claimed that while domestica-tion in general reduces readers' processing effort by sacrifi cing some contextual effects, re-domestication reduces processing effort and at the same time may increase contextual effects. It is concluded that the study of cultural back-translation is worthy of more serious attention and further lines of inquiry are suggested.

Chakhachiro’s monograph deals with irony, probably one of the most intriguing types of humour. In addition, it also aims to discuss its transfer across languages and cultures, which appears equally fascinating. Proposing to compare irony translation between two such distant languages and cultures as English and Arabic further piques readers’ curiosity.
Considering that it is based on such solid premises, this book could potentially appeal to a broad range of scholars and students in Humour Studies, Translation Studies (TS), Pragmatics, Stylistics and so forth. Unfortunately, it does not meet these expectations, mainly because by now both its theories and data are partly outdated.

Esta investigación trata sobre la canción de autor y la forma en que un cancionero de este género puede utilizarse, como instrumento para la comunicación y el intercambio de conocimiento, en un ambiente educativo intercultural y multilingüe. Se examina la aplicación y utilidad de recursos auténticos e innovaciones pedagógicas, para la enseñanza de y el aprendizaje en una lengua extranjera, contextualizado en la cultura. El trabajo explora las posibilidades de explotación didáctica de una selección de canciones de autor y valora el provecho obtenido por un grupo de estudiantes de ascendencia hispana, de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, en la Universidad de Puerto Rico, así como el desarrollo de sus habilidades lingüísticas como resultado de las actividades con las canciones. La investigación está basada en una visión de la educación como un proceso de exposición a un sin número de oportunidades de aprendizaje.

This paper aims at introducing a theoretical framework for developing and improving the translation skills of the Sudanese students of translation at the colleges and institutes specialized in translating between English and Arabic languages. The study is a general survey, which adopts the content- analysis and evaluation methodology. The paper firstly reviews the concept of the translation competence, and then presents some theoretical and pedagogical concepts of teaching translation such as the syllabuses and courses taught in some Sudanese colleges and institutes for preparing and training the students of translation. The study has presented and analyzed six syllabuses of the translation programmes now available in Sudanese universities and institutes. These programmes should prepare and train the translation students to practice the translating activities between English and Arabic languages. By doing so, the paper aims at highlighting and analyzing the contents of these programmes such as courses and classroom activities, assignments and home works. Moreover, the basic purpose is to know if these programmes can help develop and improve the translation competence of the two languages. The study concluded with these findings; 1) Most of the offered translation courses do not help students to develop their bilingual competence, because they do not suggest a framework for developing the translation competence. 2) These programmes have neglected the contrastive linguistics aspects of the two languages and cultures, which show the basic variations between English and Arabic. This is considered as an essential component of the translation competence. 3) These programmes do not have an explicit theoretical framework that can be used a) to develop and produce competent Sudanese translators, b) to predict the outcome of these programmes. Finally, the study has recommended some suggestions such as; 1) Incorporating the translation practice in government offices and companies as a basic component in these programmes. 2) Exposing the translation students to authentic social and cultural situations of the two languages in addition to the linguistics and translation technicalities
Key words: Translation Competence, Lexicon, Translation Programme

Resumo: O presente artigo visa analisar algumas questões nascidas no momen-to da tradução do livro Ó, de Nuno Ramos (2008). Partindo da análise prática das escolhas tradutórias, serão abordadas questões mais teóricas que direcio-naram cada escolha prática. Serão abordadas principalmente questões de tra-dução formal relativas ao ritmo e às figuras de som, já que a prosa de Nuno Ramos pode ser considerada prosa poética. Palavras-chave: Ó. Prosa poética. Tradução. Metro, ritMo e soM: que tradução? Para uMa física da voz ■ A o assumir a tarefa de traduzir o livro Ó de Nuno Ramos para o italia-no, tenta-se partir de uma consideração básica, preliminar e necessá-ria, respondendo a uma pergunta: o que seria a tradução? Sem reto-mar a fundo as questões teóricas mais clássicas, usaremos uma definição concisa de Paulo Henriques Britto (2016, p. 28-29): Outra regra do jogo da tradução é que o tradutor deve produzir um texto que possa ser lido como " a mesma coisa " que o original, e portanto deve reproduzir de algum modo os efeitos de sentido, de estilo, de som (no caso da tradução de poesia) etc., permitindo que o leitor da tradução afirme, sem mentir, que leu o original. A partir dessa definição, pode-se dizer que sem dúvida as questões de som e de estilo não são secundárias, pois especialmente em poesia e no caso de um

Una biografia intellettuale e professionale di Riccardo Valla (Torino, 1942-2013), consulente editoriale e traduttore, un grande protagonista nell’ombra della cultura italiana, attraverso cui si può rileggere la storia dell’editoria di fantastico e fantascienza nella penisola e gettare uno sguardo dietro le quinte dei libri.
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An intellectual and professional biography of Riccardo Valla (Turin, 1942-2013): translator, publishing consultant and editor, essayist and reviewer, science fiction connoisseur and bibliophile Valla made an exceptional contribution to the Italian reception of English-language science fiction. This study, based on a wealth of unpublished documents, offers a survey of Valla's role in opening Italian publishing to new experimentations and forms of critical engagement, e.g. through promoting the circulation of authors such as James Graham Ballard and Ursula K. Le Guin.
Valla's activities through the years also throw new light on the intellectual profile of the science fiction translator: specialized in a genre with a recognizable set of conventions and literary genealogies, the science fiction translator tends to assume a distinctive publishing and cultural agency.
Giulia Iannuzzi’s essay is accompanied by a selection of Valla’s letters, edited by Luca G. Manenti: contacted in search of materials to be published in Italian, or to consult on the translation of specific passages of their work, authors such as Ballard, de Camp, Le Guin, van Vogt often became correspondents and friends of their translator, with whom they discussed literary inspirations and cultural interests.
Valla’s intellectual trajectory becomes a vantage point from which to read the cultural history of speculative genres in Italy in a transcultural perspective, and brings the reader behind the scenes of the translation and publishing market.

This article aims to study the applicability of Steiner hermeneutic motions in Colman Barks translation of Essential Rumi. At first, it introduces hermeneutic motions suggested by George Steiner which include initiative trust, aggression, embodiment and restitution; then studies Coleman Barks 'Translation of Rumi according to Steiner' s hermeneutic motion. This article shows that Barks 'translation is applicable in Steiner' hermeneutic motion. He could pass the first three motions but he fails in the fourth motion and did not meet the fidelity principle in his work. The author suggests that it is better to call his work as aversion but not atranslation.

This study investigates the significance of culture in the translation process. It tackles the prior call that being bilingual is enough for translation, neglecting the importance of culture for creative translation. This descriptive and analytical study is based on the semantic approach, following Ghazala's (2008) and Nida's (1964) theories of translation. It depends on textual analysis of culturally-laden collocations in some common terms, expressions, idioms, and proverbs. It was confirmed that culture is at the heart of translation as the two are inextricably interdependent. Furthermore, successful translation necessarily entails a profound understanding of the cultural context of the text, which leads to the successful transmission of the intended meaning. It is recommended that the traditional approach that bilingualism is enough for good translation should be reconsidered, and that translation programs designers and translators should give culture its due place in the translation process.

PROMOTIONAL TEXT The function of promotional text is to have an effect on the audience thanks to the language and visual elements. Promotional texts are used to convince to buy a product or a service and it has to do with politic propaganda. Every king of text has a function which is more important than the others. Promotional texts are part of consumer-oriented translation We need to look at how you use the language and you have a specific influence on the audience. There are different varieties of languages you can use to convince people, whereas some kind of languages are neutral. There is a sort of scale which goes from information to persuasion, and texts are in the middle. Advertisement is used to convince to use a service or to buy a product by providing information about the product. Convincing people is not easy at all, and that's based on the kind of culture you come from. This is called an information to persuasion ratio. There are different way to persuade in English or in Italian. For example, the typical British humor doesn't work quite easily in other languages, so you need to fing a strategy in translation.