Destination Image

Yogyakarta is the second largest tourist destination after Bali and is one of the tourism destinations in Indonesia, which is important because of its appeal. Unfortunately, Yogyakarta only ranks far away from expectations as areas that obtains the title as a tourism city. Overall, there was indeed an increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting Yogyakarta through Adi Sucipto Airport from 2012 until 2014, but the growth rate decreased drastically. This study aims to analyze the tourist visiting behavior patterns by using variables of tourists' cultural values, tourists' motivation to visit, word of mouth as an independent variable, destination image as an intervening variable, and tourists' intentions to visit as a dependent variable. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive and causality methods. The samples taken were 350 tourists visiting five (5) major tourist destinations in Yogyakarta. The research result showed that cultural values influenced the image of destination, yet did not influence the tourists' intention to visit. Meanwhile, the motivation to visit did not influence the destination image but influenced on the intention to visit. Word of mouth variable influenced the destination image and the intentions to visit. Destination image mediated the influence of cultural values and word of mouth to the tourists' intentions to visit, but did not mediate the influence of motivation to the tourists' intentions to visit. Keywords: Foreign tourists cultural values, motivation to visit, word of mouth, destination image, intention to visit, tourism marketing

Destination image (DI) has an important role in destination choice. DI is considered as one of the main factors in destination competitiveness. The main aim of this study was to explore the projected image of Portugal as a tourism destination. The projected image was obtained through an analysis of the pictures of the official page of destination management organization of Portugal on Instagram (@visitportugal). The research used a sample of 1,306 photos. Samples included photographic and textual data. Visual content analysis and content analysis were adopted to analysis data. Appling content analysis for images refers to break a picture into a number of categories.
The results showed that the projected destination images of Portugal were dominated by attributes related to natural attractions. In addition, the geographical distribution of the DMO photos showed that 880 photos (67%) of all 1,306 DMO photos were associated with nine destinations. Food/drink category was the most engaging image for followers. Additionally, the findings indicated that the most common applied hashtags for describing Portugal as a tourism destination and inspire travelers to visit were related to nature-based activities (e.g., nature, river, beach, ocean, sea).

The analysis of destination image is relatively recent. However, in almost three decades since the first studies emerged, the topic has become one of the most popular in the tourism research literature. A review of 142 destination image papers, published in the literature during the period 1973 -2000, was undertaken to provide destination image researchers with a reference guide to the context, method and focus of previous studies.

Flusty, Steven & Pauliina Raento (2010). Imagineered worlds: The design  of Las Vegas resort-casinos. In Rappaport, N., B. Denison & N. Hanna (eds.): Learning in Las Vegas: Charles Atwood/David M. Schwartz, 52–71. Yale School of Architecture, New Haven & W. W. Norton, New York.

The delinquency in hotels is well known both to the professionals of the sector as well as to the clients. The specificity of hotel accommodation as an area of “hospitality” and discretion, providing distinctive tranquility and security prevents disclosure of delinquency cases that occur in them. Despite the discretion which the handling of these cases entails, their existence is undeniable. This survey, conducted for the first time in Greece, aims at exploring the extent and forms of delinquency in the Greek hotel industry, by recording and classifying phenomena of delinquent behavior and how hotel managers are dealing with them. The survey was conducted on the basis of a structured questionnaire that was distributed to directors and managers of hotel businesses. Due to the expected reserves to make public these incidents, the sample was a “convenience sample” and was combined with personal interviews with hotel directors. The questions posed were related to the manifestation of de...

The aim of this study was to examine the impact the destination image of Alanya district which is a district of Antalya, one of the main tourism centers in Turkey had on establishing destination loyalty. The sampling group of the study consists of tourists who visited Alanya district of Antalya between the months of June and August in 2012. A survey containing scales pertaining to destination image and destination loyalty was used as a data collection tool for the application and the collected data were analyzed by benefiting from statistical techniques such as factor analysis, reliability analysis, arithmetical average, standard deviation, Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis. The study concluded that there was a positive and strong affiliation between the destination image which was reported as positive in general by the participants and destination loyalty and that cognitive image had a greater impact on establishing destination loyalty than affective image.

El tema de este trabajo es el efecto determinante de la motivación de viaje sobre la satisfacción del turista teniendo como variables mediadoras a los dos componentes de la imagen percibida del destino en un contexto de turistas de ocio a la ciudad de Monterrey, México. A través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales por medio de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS) fue posible la identificación de los principales indicadores observables de la motivación de viaje de los turistas y obtener evidencia de su papel causal predictivo sobre la satisfacción del turista. En dicha relación, dos componentes principales de la imagen demostraron un efecto mediador para los cuales igualmente quedaron establecidos sus indicadores observables, así como su relación causa – efecto. Con ello se pudo establecer qué aspectos de la motivación son los más importantes para los turistas y vincularlos con la satisfacción del turista y a su vez establecer aquellos aspectos (afectivos y cognitivos) mejor valorados en las percepciones sobre el destino. Finalmente, a modo de conclusión, se emiten recomendaciones generales para la gestión del producto turístico urbano.

Introduction: Today, the demand for halal tourism has increased dramatically and highlighted as one of the new horizons and fastest-growing sector in the world's tourism industry. Background Problem: Malaysia is indeed one of the countries with the most concerned halal segment in the tourism sector. Research Objective: The key purpose of this study is to examine the influence of affecting attributes on tourist's behavioral intention to visit Malaysia as a halal tourism destination. Research Methods: The development of the research framework is based on the theory of plan behavior (TPB) model. A total of 394 responses were received from the Klang Valley area of Malaysia. For the purpose of analyzing the data, SPSS and AMOS were hired. Findings: Findings from the study reveal that, affecting attributes like, "Halal Certification for Food and Beverage", "Destination Image" and "Emotional Incidents" have a significant positive influence on tourist&#...

This study reviews the current photographic tourism literature to identify what fields within tourism have been studied by researchers, the contexts, the samples used, the sampling methods employed, the photographic methods and supporting methods used, the data analysis techniques applied and the countries studied. A set of 115 relevant academic articles were selected and assessed using content analysis. The findings showed that overall publications in the field of photographic tourism increased after 1997, with a notable rise in tourism management research in this area. Tourist perceptions, tourist behaviours and destination image were the most frequently researched topics. Literature material was generally preferred over tourist samples. Purposive sampling was the most common sampling method. The main photographic data collection method was researcher-found imagery. Many studies used interviews as an accompanying method. Critical analysis was more common in North American research while statistical approaches were employed more often in Asian studies.

Culinary tourism is a form of tourism that highlights the authentic dishes and local delicacies of a destination studying its potentiality for culinary tourism and its marketability. This study determined the perception of the respondents towards culinary tourism destination, factors affecting product potential attractiveness, and food image dimension; and tested the significant relationship among variables. It used the descriptive method among the 384 domestic and foreign tourists coming from the 2 cities and 20 municipalities in Bukidnon. Frequency distribution, percentage, weighted mean and ANOVA were used as statistical tools. Based in the results, Majority of the respondents are teenagers aged 22 years old and below (Gen Z), female, single, and domestic tourists with leisure and recreation as the purpose of their travel. There is a high significant relationship between perception of the respondents towards culinary tourism destinations, factors affecting product potential attractiveness and food image dimension. There is also a high significant relationship between factors affecting product potential attractiveness and food image dimension. Further research may be conducted focusing on traditional wines in the province and strategizing its marketing plan.

A city is seen as a "special product" at the same time a place to stay in, or passing by, but always a place to be lived by residents, visitors and investors.
And because cities, countries and regions are perceived as products, ready to be sold, they are considered tourism products with which their public create emotional bonds for its unique attributes of identity, character and personality,
This means that policy makers should recognize the role of the city brand as a tool for marketing and strategic management of the city, and should be aware that this is a long-term process, difficult and complex.

Kīlauea Volcano has attracted visitors to Hawaiʻi throughout the history of Hawaiʻi's tourism industry. From the 1870s to the 1910s, Kīlauea offered the experience of using volcanic heat and molten lava to cook food, melt postcards onto cavern walls, enflame items, and obtain souvenirs including scorched postcards, rocks, olivine, and Pele's hair. Writers shared their experiences in publications, and traveling presentations showed American audiences images of visitors scorching postcards at Kīlauea. Marketing campaigns on the U.S. Mainland promoted Hawaiʻi as a tourist destination and promoted cooking with Kīlauea's heat. In 1907, U.S. Congressmen toured Kīlauea Caldera, ate dinner cooked with Kīlauea's heat, and learned about Kīlauea's geodiversity. These experiences likely influenced Congress to establish the Kīlauea, Haleakalā, and Mauna Loa Volcanoes as the Hawaii National Park (now known as the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park). Today, the U.S. National Park Service maintains the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, and it offers geological, biological, and cultural resources for recreation and education. For destination marketing, Kīlauea provided Hawaiʻi a comparative advantage for tourism.

Film induced tourism or film tourism is a result of destination image formation and development through film industry with collaboration of other destination image stakeholders (policy makers, private and public investors, scholars and etc.). This postmodern tourism phenomenon links film driven emotions to the filming locations and at the same time is responsible for positive or negative destination image formation. In Lithuanian academic discourses this theory, as well as the impact of films towards local tourism, was not yet recognized. Therefore this article, according to the collected film tourism theoretical material, analyses Lithuanian potential for film induced tourism and how can it be turned into a destination promotion strategy. The conclusions show that there are real opportunities for Lithuania to use film industry as a tool of destination image formation, however it needs further analysis, a clear strategic plan, strong collaboration with Baltic region and the use of two recommendation models, which were presented in this paper. This research can be used for dynamic analysis as well as strategic planning in any specific institution related to filmmaking, tourism and regional image formation.

One of the most popular tools to promote tourist destinations is the publication of travel brochures. This study explores image-making in material that promotes Icelandic tourism on a regional and national basis and its effect on the conceptualization of different regional tourist destinations. The pictorial content of the front page of the main travel brochures has been studied in order to identify images put in the foreground by both the national tourism board as well as various regional destinations' marketing bureaus. In addition, key players in tourism development and regional marketing have been interviewed about the destination image-making process and the interaction between regional and national image-making.

This chapter promotes the value of the Repertory Test technique, also referred to as Repertory Grid Analysis and Kelly’s triads, for eliciting attributes that are important to consumers when they are differentiating a competitive set of brands. Underpinned by Personal Construct Theory, the Repertory Test is ideal for identifying scale items in the development of destination image questionnaires.

Local input into identifying and selecting the unique selling points of a destination is an important element in the development of appropriate and culturally sensitive tourism to developing international tourist destinations. Here, a destination appraisal matrix was created and, then, was tested by a group of Iranian tourist industry representatives. The destination appraisal matrix technique can easily be used by tourism marketers in such developing countries, and the matrix proved to be a successful method of initiating discussions on the problem of positioning a destination when normal expertise, structures and resources are lacking and conventional approaches to positioning are difficult or inappropriate.

W literaturze przedmiotu można spotkać się z szerokim opisem wydarzeń jako nowoczesnej (współczesnej, atrakcyjnej, skutecznej) formy promocji, ale także niektórzy autorzy  starają się przedstawić wydarzenie jako atrakcyjny produkt organizatora, czy też produkt destynacji , który wymaga dobrze zorganizowanego zarządzania marketingowego i może być sukcesem rynkowym przy zwróceniu szczególnej uwagi na pewne elementy kluczowe dla osiągnięcia postawionych przed wydarzeniem celów. Autor tej publikacji przyznaje, że i jedno i drugie podejście jest właściwe, jednak z uwagi na fakt, że każdy produkt (także materialny, czy też usługowy) jest swego rodzaju nośnikiem informacji wykorzystywanej w procesie komunikacji (promocji) to dla pokazania marketingowych aspektów zarządzania wydarzeniami, wydarzenia zostaną przedstawione jako rozbudowane produkty (destynacji, obiektów, jak i przedsiębiorstw czy też organizacji-non profit) spełniające dla tych interesariuszy ważne funkcje: źródło różnych korzyści ekonomicznych, rozbudowy i/lub poprawy infrastruktury specjalnie dedykowanej dla realizacji wydarzeń jak i ogólnej (np. komunikacyjnej) w destynacji, poprawy lub utrwalenia pozytywnego wizerunku (np. miasta czy też zaangażowanych podmiotów), czy też możliwości nawiązania nowych relacji z różnymi podmiotami o podobnych zainteresowaniach i wymiany wiedzy – a zatem swego rodzaju źródło do kreowania innowacji (produktowych, procesowych, marketingowych).
Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie specyfiki zarządzania marketingowego wydarzeniami i identyfikacja krytycznych (istotnych) dla osiągniecia sukcesu rynkowego decyzji zarządczych na poszczególnych etapach tego procesu.
Zakłada się, że istnieją pewne powtarzalne elementy sukcesu wydarzeń bez względu na to, jakie wydarzenie jest przygotowywane, jak również, że znaczenie wydarzeń jako atrakcyjnego produktu (miast oraz przedsiębiorstw) i skutecznej formy promocji zaangażowanych w wydarzenie podmiotów, będzie rosło wraz rozwojem gospodarczym regionów i będzie wymagało strategicznego zarządzania marketingowego tymi wydarzeniami.
Dla przygotowania tego opracowania zastosowano metody analizy, obserwacji i syntezy z wykorzystaniem szerokiej literatury przedmiotu jak i wielu źródeł wtórnych (w tym szczególnie raportów i analiz) oraz opracowań własnych Autora przygotowanych dla wybranych miast w Polsce.
Przedstawione opracowanie składa się z wstępu, czterech rozdziałów, suplementu i zakończenia. Dodatkową wartościową częścią pracy, do której Autor odwołuje się często w treści opracowania, są załączniki.
W pierwszych dwóch rozdziałach (I i II) odniesiono się głównie do teoretycznych aspektów zarządzania marketingowego wydarzeniami jako produktem na różnych rynkach, a w dalszej części (rozdziały III i IV oraz suplement) przedstawiono, po wprowadzeniu teoretycznym, kilka przykładów kluczowych decyzji w procesie zarządzania wydarzeniami biznesowymi, sportowymi, jak i kulturalnymi i zastosowania wydarzeń w marketingu wewnętrznym jak i zewnętrznym.

The emergence of tourism as an important socio-cultural and economic activity for a large number of countries has shifted the focus to realization of its potential. Destinations now are managed and marketed in a planned manner that requires measuring and evaluating tourism performance on a number of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Tourism and destination images are closely interlinked. At the same time holiday satisfaction is equally significance and many researchers have coined that it holds a key parameter when discussing about the destination image among the potential tourists. A little dent on destination images even by extraneous reasons immediately affects perception of risks by tourists and their subsequent tour plans. Country and destination branding developed as a marketing tool to accomplish a number of national goals across the world though it has been adopted relatively late by the developing countries. The present study is carried out in Delhi NCR (n=284) to examine the holiday satisfaction of inbound tourists to India on different tour related attributes and to explore role of Incredible India Campaign in holiday satisfaction. HOLSAT model developed by John Tribe has been used to capture the tourist satisfaction. The collected data has been analyzed and significant outcomes of the research are shown after testing the hypothesis developed for the study.

Purpose - This paper aims to identify the factors that foster an interest in opera and Opera Houses as a specific form of cultural capital and how the Opera House tourist constructs images of destinations from the cognitive, affective and conative dimensions.
Design/methodology/approach - A social constructivist methodology was adopted, and data was captured through online qualitative questionnaires from 226 Opera House tourists using a simple random sampling approach. These enquired about the development of their interest in opera and Opera Houses and the influence this exerts on their destination image formation process.
Findings - This form of cultural capital is mainly developed by exposure to art forms through family, social and further reference groups. Opera Houses project cognitive images of cosmopolitanism, affective images of social belonging and conative images of further opportunities to experience culture and leisure fostering destination loyalty and place attachment.
Research limitations - Productions of both opera and ballet are staged at Opera Houses, opening avenues for further research on either the opera or ballet tourist markets specifically using case studies across the ample spectrum of Opera Houses around the world.
Practical implications - In addition to the visual appeal and quality of cultural produce, tourism practitioners can use an Opera House's projected affective images of social cohesion and togetherness to attract the Opera House tourist market. Opera Houses enrich a destination's visual and cultural landscapes, cementing the need to preserve and promote their contributions to the destination's cultural identity.
Social implications - This study highlights the need for cultural policy and audience development strategies that cultivate this type of cultural capital resulting in demand for and supply of cultural products that in turn stimulate the development of this niche cultural tourism market segment.
Originality/value - To the best of author's knowledge, this is the first study that has approached the Opera House tourist from the destination image formation context.

Destination image researchers have investigated and found that several factors have influences on destination image. Some of these factors are related to perceivers (e.g. sociodemographics and behavior); some are related to the destination of concern (e.g. promotional materials); some are independent of both perceivers and the destination (e.g. news coverage and movies); and some are methodological choices made by researchers while measuring destination image (e.g. qualitative methods vs. quantitative methods). However, there has been a lack of studies measuring the relative magnitude of the influence posed by different factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relative impact of factors influencing destination image, by analyzing the large scale and longitudinal dataset of the Michigan Regional Travel Market Survey, applying multiple regression analysis. The nature of this secondary dataset allowed the inclusion of a set of sociodemographic and travel behavior variables as well as one variable related to the survey methodology. Only few of those selected variables (i.e. age, race and visitation) were found to be robust. Implications and future research suggestions are provided.

In dark tourism research there is a paucity of research given to the discussion of sites associated with African enslavement. This study is informed by combining qualitative data from interviews that were conducted with 14 individuals pre-and post-travel to Cape Coast Castle, Ghana, alongside elicited photographs from the site, and a narrative analysis on other visitations and reflections of coastal castles. In bringing the discussion of these sites into an overall conceptual discussion of dark tourism, careful consideration needs to be given to the nuances that is evident in the sites' histories, the interactions and interpretations of tourists with those sites, and their management and oversight by the Ghanaian authorities and the UNESCO Slave Route Project.

The authors investigate whether and how pricing and promotional activities influence prescription choice behavior using a comprehensive panel of physicians and data on competitive price and promotional activities. The authors find that physicians are characterized by fairly limited price sensitivity, detailing and samples have a mostly informative effect on physicians, and physicians with a relatively large number of Medicare or health maintenance organization patients are less influenced by promotion than other physicians are.

The Sydney Opera House silhouette is recognised the world over. It is a story of drama and complexities - a foreign architect, a courageous modern design, political debate and skyrocketing costs - yet it is also the story of a building that has been adopted as an icon for Sydney, and possibly the Australian nation. This paper is an examination of the media's role in introducing the concept of the Sydney Opera House to the Australian public: a structure so familiar today, that was shocking when first revealed. Focusing on media coverage of the competition period, 1956-57, with emphasis on the announcement of the winning design, this presentation tells the story of how we, and the world, came to know this building. The media, particularly newspapers, played a crucial role in setting the early standards for how we would interact with, understand and ultimately come to appreciate the icon on Bennelong Point. Front page coverage, cartoons and lengthy opinion pieces (supplemented by a rich range of imagery) all contributed to the generation of an essential chapter in the history of architecture and one of the world's most famous performing arts complexes. This early reportage setting the scene, and establishing an ongoing appetite, for news of a site that continues to intrigue and court controversy.

Sport event tourism is a huge and growing global industry with important economic implications for both the sport, the event and the impact of travel and tourism related benefits on host destinations. A primary function of a sport event is to provide the host community with an opportunity to secure high prominence in the tourism market place. However, international or regional prominence may be gained with significant social and environmental costs. Hosting sport events has been a focus of destination marketers as a strategy to enhance its destination image and differentiate its tourism products. Communities are attracted to hosting sport events to draw marketing benefits that will contribute to the success of the destination in the long run by creating awareness, improving their image with visitors and attracting tourism business to generate future inbound travel. As such, destination images can be influenced by the hosting of a sport event and the attributes associated with this event. The purpose of this paper is to outline the role of sport event tourism in the promotion of tourist destinations. A case study has been chosen in order to illustrate the interdependence between event and destination marketing: Braşov, hosting the winter edition of The European Youth Olympic Festival in 2013. The paper includes a series of recommendations for destination managers in order to maximise the benefits of this event and take this opportunity to promote Braşov on the international market.

Index of destination attractiveness as a tool for destination attractiveness assessment Tourism attractions are widely recognized as the major determinants of the destination competitiveness. Global tourism market is becoming fi ercely competitive environment and tourism destinations are under extreme pressure to rejuvenate and to enhance their attractiveness in order to remain competitive. Th is paper has two main goals. First goal of the paper is to advance existing body of knowledge from the fi eld of destination attractiveness. Second goal is to construct and empirically test methodology for the destination attractiveness assessment. Th is is achieved through the calculation of index of destination attractiveness (IDA), which is a managerial tool that could be used for quantitative description of destination attractiveness level. Th is paper presents an example of IDA values calculation for six Croatian seaside counties and for Dubrovnik-Neretva County, located in the southern part of Croatia.

This paper presents the results of a cross-national survey of 311 Swedish and 363 Dutch people in order to understand if there are significant differences in consumers' -people living in different countries-product evaluations regarding products made in a specific country -Turkey. Product-country image (PCI) information for Turkey was manipulated along cognitive country image, affective country image and product beliefs. PCI model was tested using structural equation modeling. Confirmatory factor and multiple regression analysis results were shown. The results reveal that both cognitive and affective image factors have great influence on product beliefs. Participants were also asked some open-ended questions about PCI (what products come to mind) and how/where they gathered information about Turkey. Kebab was found to be the best-known product and media most important source of information.

Turismo e terremoto: un tema poco considerato a livello nazionale, eppure si tratta di un argomento che dovrebbe essere centrale in una nazione come l’Italia, un territorio ad alta vocazione turistica, ma geomorfologicamente ad alto rischio sismico. L’assunto che si porta alla luce è il rapporto tra turismo e terremoto in una micro-realtà turistica, uno zoom che aiuta ad evidenziare l’importanza di attuare politiche governative e di Destination Management che considerino il forte legame, in alcune località, tra l’economia del turismo e la diseconomia del terremoto. Castelluccio di Norcia è un piccolo villaggio appenninico che si trova in Umbria. Luogo di contadini e di pastori transumanti, data alla sua conformazione geografica e alla fisica lontananza da altri borghi, questo borgo rimase isolato per molti secoli, mantenendo immutato il proprio Genius Loci, e riuscendo a tramandare, di generazione in generazione, il proprio modus vivendi. Tuttavia, l’economia castellucciana assistette ad una brusca trasformazione nel giro di soli 60 anni, passando dall’economia agricola a quella turistica. Case e stalle furono trasformate in strutture ricettive o di ristorazione; contadini e pastori, in imprenditori. Quando, il 24 agosto del 2016, il paese fu colpito dalla prima scossa sismica, la destinazione era al suo topos turistico: quasi tutti i settori pastorali-agricoli erano stati o completamente assorbiti dall’industria dei viaggi o erano fortemente complementari ad essa. Infatti, fino a quel giorno il 68% delle attività economiche castellucciane dipendeva direttamente dalle entrate monetarie del settore dei viaggi, mentre il restante 32% poteva contare sulla ricchezza indiretta o indotta proveniente da questa industria. Va da sé che, quando Castelluccio di Norcia venne distrutto dalla scossa del 30 ottobre 2016, insieme ai suoi edifici e alla sua storia crollarono anche l’economia e i flussi turistici. Questo è il secondo punto focale di questi elaborato, e cioè l’analisi degli impatti sismici sui flussi turistici in questa località. Dal 2010 ad oggi la storia turistica di Castelluccio è stata contraddistinta da 3 fasi: - quella ante-sismica, che coincide con una crescita della domanda e dell’offerta; - quella dell’anno del sisma, caratterizzata da danni turistico-economici contenuti e in cui si ha una piccola contrazione dei flussi; - quella post-sismica, caratterizzata da danni turistico-economici gravi dove i flussi turistici sono quasi inesistenti e dove le entrate monetarie sono scarse se non assenti. Partendo dal secondo punto elencato, quando la prima scossa ha colpito il paese i danni turistico-economici sono stati essenzialmente due: quelli correlati alla fuga turistica e alla successiva cancellazione delle prenotazioni da parte degli imprenditori locali. Tutto questo comportò un crollo della domanda e delle presenze, per il 2016, pari rispettivamente al 22% e al 32%, e una perdita economica minima pari a 36 mila euro. Lo scenario economico diventa più cupo con la scossa del 30 ottobre, i cui effetti sono tutt’ora visibili e tangibili. Per quanto riguarda il 2017, questa era la situazione in cui versava l’offerta turistica locale: l’82,2% delle strutture ricettive, il 95% dei ristoranti, il 71% delle attività agricole essenziali o connesse, e il 50% delle attività di leisure erano (e sono) inagibili. In termini economici questo significa una perdita annua oltre il milione e mezzo di euro lordi. Dal lato della domanda, vi è stato un crollo degli arrivi pari al 94% rispetto al 2016 (anno in cui vi era già stato un calo del -22% rispetto al 2015). La motivazione a queste cifre negative è da rintracciare, in primo luogo, nell’inagibilità delle strutture ricettive e alla conseguente mancanza di posti-letto, e in secondo luogo, al limitato numero di giorni lavorativi delle strutture, che sono stati 90. Secondo i 150 individui che hanno visitato Castelluccio nel primo anno post-sisma (2017), tra le maggiori problematiche turistiche figurano la chiusura delle strade, la mancanza di sicurezza, il ridotto numero dei posti-letto, la presenza delle macerie e la mancanza di un’area attrezzata per camper e roulotte. È su questi punti e su altri che si sono sviluppate le proposte per la ripartenza e la riqualificazione del settore in questo piccolo borgo che ha vinto il titolo di “piccolo Tibet Italiano”. Infatti, il terzo e ultimo obiettivo di questo elaborato è stato quello di tracciare 13 linee-guida di breve, medio e lungo termine che mitighino le criticità individuate nel ante e post sisma, e avanzino idee utili a sviluppare le opportunità non sfruttate.

Bodrum küçük bir yüzölçümüne sahip olmakla birlikte önemli bir turizm merkezidir. Ancak Bodrum turizmi bugünkü haline gelene kadar uzun bir süreçten geçmiştir. 1962’de su altı kalıntılarını incelemeye gelen turist grubu Bodrum’da turizmin başlamasına vesile olmuştur. Yerli halk tarafından benimsenen turistler zaman içerisinde Bodrum’da önemli bir geçim kaynağı haline gelmiş ve böylece turizm Bodrum’un ekonomik yapısında bir kaldıraç görevi üstlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada Bodrum turizminin gelişimi (1960 ve 2000)  dönemin olaylarına tanıklık etmiş kişilerle yapılan görüşmeler ve alan yazın taraması ile araştırılması amaçlan-mıştır.  Elde edilen bilgiler kronolojik bir şekilde aktarılırken turizm hareketleri 1960-2000 tarih aralığında sınırlandırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak ilk başladığı yıllarda küçük bir sahil kasaba-sında butik işletmelerin açılmasıyla ortaya çıkan turizm hareketinin 2000’li yıllara gelindiğin-de yabancı yatırımcıların ve büyük işletmeleri kontrolüne geçtiği belirlenmiştir.

Tourism is more frequently referred to as the world's biggest and fastest growing industry. Together with this trend, the importance of visitor perception and the visitor decision-making process has been increasingly analysed and is considered a significant factor in destination attractiveness. An investigation of the impact of destination attributes on frequency of visitors and their intention to return could demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of a destination by assessing its attractiveness level.
This study analyses destination attractiveness and the influence of these attributes on visitors’ perception and decision-making. Information and knowledge about destination attractiveness can assist with development and planning, marketing, and can also improve management of a resort. In other words, the more impressed visitors are with the destination, the greater visitation frequency is expected. However, very few studies have been conducted on visitors’ perception of destination attractiveness for a South African resort. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the current overall perception of visitors to selected resorts near Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa. The study also focused on developing a list of destination attractiveness attributes which influence the visitor decision-making process. Another focus was to determine whether the attractiveness of the resorts affected the visitation level and frequency of visitors to the resorts.
The research was divided into two parts: literature and empirical research. The population of the study included domestic visitors who visited Langleg and Riverton resorts in December 2015. A questionnaire was used to conduct interviews with visitors to the resorts during this peak holiday period.
The results indicate that visitors to selected Kimberley resorts perceive their attributes as being average to poor quality. Despite this, it is evident from results that majority visitors to Langleg and Riverton resorts wish to revisit the resort and would recommend the resort to others.  These outcomes contribute to Sol Plaatje tourism by assisting Kimberley resort managers to identify and satisfy tourists’ needs and to make recommendations on how to improve destination attractiveness at selected Kimberley resorts.

This paper critically examines the potential and use of video blogs or vlogs shared on Facebook for creating a destination image. In particular, it makes an in-depth analysis of the travel vlogs about the Philippines created by popular non-Filipino travel vloggers-Lost LeBlanc, BecomingFilipino, Nas Daily, and Drew Binsky. The data were gathered through a qualitative content and narrative analysis of the user-generated videos posted on the travel vloggers' Facebook accounts. Content and visual analysis of the videos as well as viewer responses support the argument that travel vloggers and their respective vlogs play a key role in creating an online destination image of a place. Stories and images in vlogs vividly create destination images necessary and fundamental for place marketing. Travel vlogs are representations of destination experiences, from which public and private tourism agencies can use in their promotional/marketing agenda.

Travellers are spoilt by holiday choice, and yet will usually only seriously consider a few destinations during the decision process. With thousands of destination marketing organisations (DMOs) competing for attention, places are becoming increasingly substitutable. The study of destination competitiveness is an emerging field, and thesis contributes to an enhanced understanding by addressing three topics that have received relatively little attention in the tourism literature: destination positioning, the context of short break holidays, and domestic travel in New Zealand. A descriptive model of positioning as a source of competitive advantage is developed, and tested through 12 propositions. The destination of interest is Rotorua, which was arguably New Zealand’s first tourist destination. The market of interest is Auckland, which is Rotorua’s largest visitor market. Rotorua’s history is explored to identify factors that may have contributed to the destination’s current image in the Auckland market. A mix of qualitative and quantitative procedures is then utilised to determine Rotorua’s position, relative to a competing set of destinations. Based on an applied research problem, the thesis attempts to bridge the gap between academia and industry by providing useable results and benchmarks for five regional tourism organisations (RTOs). It is proposed that, in New Zealand, the domestic short break market represents a valuable opportunity not explicitly targeted by the competitive set of destinations. Conceptually, the thesis demonstrates the importance of analysing a destination’s competitive position, from the demand perspective, in a travel context; and then the value of comparing this ‘ideal’ position with that projected by the RTO. The thesis concludes Rotorua’s market position in the Auckland short break segment represents a source of comparative advantage, but is not congruent with the current promotional theme, which is being used in all markets. The findings also have implications for destinations beyond the context of the thesis. In particular, a new definition for ‘destination attractiveness’ is proposed, which warrants consideration in the design of future destination positioning analyses.

There are a lot of factors affecting tourists' perceptions of destination. Consumer can form a negative image of the place that his/her favorite movie or series takes part. The aim of this study is to examine the background scenes in foreign movies and series that will possibly affect the image of Turkey badly. For this purpose, 25 foreign movies and series filmed at different times have been examined and the scenes forming negative images in the minds of audience have been determined and rendered.

The study was conducted in various locations in the Andaman Islands. These locations basically included the areas that were visited by the tourist and resided by the local residents who had exposure or knowledge about tourism. Though the tourism development in the islands is in its growing stage, yet the development may have adverse effects on the island's ecosystem and the traditional culture. The study tries to put forward a way to explore the problems faced by the local residents and the visiting tourist in Andaman Islands. Further the study provides adequate remedies to the problems faced by the stakeholders.The study findings will help the policy makers in understanding the problems of the two important stakeholders of the tourism sector.

This study investigates the destination image of Istanbul and compares the perceived images of people from different countries. The research has been applied to a sample of university students in Italy (bachelor, master and doctoral) who are coming from different countries around the world for their studies. A quantitative research has been used by applying a survey with measures derived from the existing research in the field.
The objective of this study is to display the perceptions on Istanbul’s destination image from the point of view of the chosen sample and compare these perceptions according to nationality. With this study, the researchers are looking forward to contribute to the academic literature by projecting perceptions of university students of a multinational sample. It is also aimed to contribute to the further strategies and work on the destination image of Istanbul.

La competición de países, naciones, ciudades y regiones para captar recursos, talento, infraestructuras o eventos, entre otros aspectos, ha provocado el advenimiento de una lucha
renovada por la singularidad, por el reconocimiento y por la diferenciación, por una hegemonía simbólica que cotiza al alza en el contexto de una emergente economía de la identidad. En este escenario, los espacios geográficos ceden sus proyecciones habituales de identidad
territorial a una recién llegada identidad simbólica, gestionada, en parte, mediante la transformación de lugares en marcas. La concreción de algunos fundamentos teóricos y
conceptuales a partir de los cuales determinar una propuesta epistemológica para marcas de territorio resulta ser el objetivo principal del presente trabajo.

In this study, questionnaire was conducted in the
Netherlands in order to measure how Dutch people perceive
tourism destination image (TDI) of Germany and Spain.
Significant differences were identified with Wilcoxon T test
between the countries. Cognitive and affective country image
factors on destination beliefs were measured by correlation
analysis. It was found that affective country image has more
effect on destination beliefs than cognitive country image.
Confirmatory factor and multiple regression analysis results
were shown. Participants were also asked some open ended
questions about tourism image of the mentioned countries and
how/where they gathered information about them. Media and
experiences were found to be important sources of information of a country.