The Low Countries

The musical culture of the Low Countries in the early modern period was a flourishing one, apparent beyond the big cathedrals and monasteries, and reaching down to smaller parish churches. Unfortunately, very few manuscripts containing the music have survived from the period, and what we know rests to a huge extent on six music books preserved from St Peter's Church, Leiden.

In 1127 Charles the Good, count of Flanders, was surrounded by assassins while at prayer and killed by a sword blow to the forehead. His murder upset the fragile balance of power between England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire, giving rise to a bloody civil war while impacting the commercial life of medieval Europe. The eyewitness account by the Flemish cleric Galbert of Bruges of the assassination and the struggle for power that ensued is the only journal to have survived from twelfth century Europe. This new translation by medieval studies expert Jeff Rider greatly improves upon all previous versions, substantially advancing scholarship on the Middle Ages while granting new life and immediacy to Galbert’s well informed and courageously candid narrative.

“Jeff Rider’s new translation remains faithful to the journalistic organization and impulses of The Murder of Charles of Flanders, which enables him to bring out previously obscured elements of the text as well as the concerns that prompted Galbert to write his important chronicle in the first place. This is an outstanding piece of scholarship that all students of the Middle Ages will appreciate.”—Gabrielle M. Spiegel, Johns Hopkins University

“The 1959 translation of Galbert of Bruges by James Bruce Ross set a high bar for replacement, but it was time for one and Jeff Rider is the scholar who understands this crucial 12th-century text most thoroughly and profoundly. His lucid and readable translation rests on a deep foundation of historical and literary scholarship—all of which is made available to the reader. Rider has ensured that this fascinating book will remain central to medieval scholarship and teaching.”—Nancy Partner, McGill University

“More than just superseding the deeply flawed text of James Bruce Ross from 1959, this new translation is a serious contribution to knowledge, enhancing and advancing scholarship on the Middle Ages. Rider’s introduction is learned and thoughtful, adroitly establishing the context of the De Multro. His scholarly apparatus to the translation is wonderful, always detailed and rewarding to read, never descending into numbing pedantry.”— Mark Gregory Pegg, Washington University

"This is truly a splendid work. Users of the old translation by James Bruce Ross (1959) will be delighted by Jeff Rider’s text and adopt it for teaching. Rider’s unique knowledge of the book’s genesis and the historical figures that feature in it offers fresh insights without taking anything away from the pleasure of discovery that will await all readers."—Walter Simons, Dartmouth College

“This new English translation . . . is a triumph of scholarship . . . Essential.”—R. F. Berkhofer III, Choice

Rider’s translation is clear and accessible to students of all levels. The volume includes an in-depth introduction to the author, his complicated political context, and the character of his work, . . . It also boasts a short essay by Marc Ryckaert and James M. Murray on the history and physical features of the city of Bruges in the Middle Ages and copious notes by Rider to the translation itself. . . . The Murder, Betrayal, and Slaughter of the Glorious Charles, Count of Flanders is unlike any other historical text from the twelfth century available in English translation. The author does not fit easily into the medieval tradition of history writing . . . [T]he text is tremendously appealing for the immediacy of its voice and the clarity of its details; it demands our attention because it seems to speak in an idiom that we understand.—Scott G. Bruce, Speculum

The aim of this chapter is to investigate the artistic and architectural exchanges associated with the massive influx of immigrants from the Low Countries during the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries in the specific context of the culture of the gentry and their manor houses.

Whereas tournaments of the late thirteenth century were infused with cross-channel contact, whether in reciprocity of form or in the international composition of the participants involved, by the early fifteenth century, tournament forms in England and the Netherlands had significantly diverged. As has been thoroughly explored by recent historians, English tournaments became increasingly socially exclusive, whilst retaining an international dimension in the interests of diplomacy. However, this essay demonstrates that this development was by no means typical of all late medieval tournaments. The case of the Low Countries demonstrates that the more socially inclusive style tournaments did continue into the fifteenth century, and provided an opportunity for the ducal household and noblemen to come into contact with patrician townspeople and even more diverse urban audiences.

This article explores the significance of writing history for a late medieval Antwerp patrician family. In recent historiography, these families (in this case Van Halmale)  have not received the attention they deserve, in part because their social status is difficult to pin down. Although members of the family Van Halmale had knightly titles and performed deeds of arms on the battlefield and during tournaments, their noble status was not undisputed. Both a chronicle and a tournament diary written by different members of the Van Halmale family reflect the aspirations of a dominant social category in the late medieval towns of Brabant, Flanders, and Holland. Their writings reflect how these men perceived themselves and how they wanted their contemporaries and peers to perceive them. In that sense the writing of history was indeed a means for nobles (and would-be-nobles) to justify (or to claim) their privileged position. Their works helped them to express their identity as powerful aldermen, firmly rooted in an urban environment but with open minds for the world of princes and (inter)national politics.

Prelates, nobles and towns. The composition of the Estates of Brabant in the fifteenth century

Who were the members of the Estates of Brabant and could receive a summons letter for an assembly in the fifteenth century? In this study, I give an overview and an analysis of the composition of this representative institution on the basis of four undated summons lists. Given the importance of these lists for the political-institutional and social history of the Duchy of Brabant, a complete critical edition of the lists is the backbone of this study. Moreover, all listed persons are identified in brief biographical notes. New lists were composed by the ducal chancery on the occasion of major political events when the presence and participation of the (most powerful) representatives of the citizens was required. A closer examination showed that these summons lists were compiled on the occasion of the inauguration of Duke Anthony of Burgundy in 1406, the inauguration of Duke John IV in 1415 and to celebrate the peace concluded between Archduke Maximilian and the rebellious cities of Brabant in August 1489.  These lists, together with the Brabantine part of the convocation list for the Estates General of 1464, offer an overview of the  persons who were considered by their contemporaries as the political representatives of the three Estates: the clergy, the nobility and the Third Estate. This overview is then compared with the attendance at several important meetings of the Estates in the first quarter of the fifteenth century. To make the process of convocation yet more transparent, the lists are followed by a critical edition of some summons letters for the abbot of Park, Engelbert I of Nassau, lord of Breda, and the city of Antwerp.

From the late Middle Ages onwards, many regions of Western Europe experienced heightened levels of inequality in the distribution of land, caused in many cases by the consolidation of property in the hands of various interest groups.What happened to those unfortunate rural groups (often impoverished) who lost their land to wealthier or more powerful interest groups? The aim of this paper is to explore then the demographic and settlement effects of land consolidation on pre-industrial rural communities.In the literature, a common connection has been drawn between land accumulation and strong population decline or stagnation in the countryside. Features associated with this downward demographic trend include high unemployment and a paucity of opportunity for work, impoverishment, settlement collapse, and a general trend of movement (permanent or temporary) towards the city in search of work. However, this outcome was not always inevitable as demonstrated in this paper. In that sense, while land consolidation may in many cases have been the motor which set in motion outward migration towards the cities, depopulation could have been avoided or limited within certain pre-industrial societies; as some societies may have been inherently more resilient than others. Thus, in this paper, a basic hypothesis is tested that land consolidation may have had a divergent impact on population trends in the countryside, which was closely dependant on the arrangement of rural societies themselves. Here two cases of peasant expropriation, land consolidation and a transition to a rural economy dominated by large farms are contrasted, and the divergent impact on population trends is analysed. In other words, this paper considers the capacity of different rural economies to maintain and retain its labouring (and now landless) population – a test performed by comparing two historical cases in the Northern part of the Low Countries.

Jeroen Reyniers, 'The Iconography of Emperor Augustus with the Tiburtine Sibyl in the Low Countries. An Overview', in: Marco Cavalieri, Pierre Assenmaker, Mattia Cavagna, David Engels (ed.), Augustus Through the Ages: Receptions, Readings and Appropriations of the Historical Figure of the First Roman Emperor, Collection Latomus, Brussels, 2022, p. 209-236.

This paper studies the interaction between clerical and lay English Catholics on the Continent in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In contrast with Protestant exiles, who established separate exile churches, Catholic expatriates did not create churches specifically for the exiled laity. Catholics abroad did nonetheless get support from the religious convents, colleges, and monasteries, where they received some pastoral care, and liturgical nourishment. How this interaction gained particular features in the context of expatriate Catholics is discussed in three cases which are attributed great importance in Counter-Reformation Catholicism: sodalities, preaching, and saint veneration.

By presenting a Catholic case of confessional mobility, this essay contributes to scholarship on early modern exiles, which is dominated by work on Protestant migration. It also speaks to the study of the Catholic Reformation, by examining how this was shaped in a situation of mobility. In both cases, and more generally, it nuances the study of institutional and localised confessional lives. The evidence discussed in this article suggests that much of the exiles devotional and liturgical lives, and their sense of belonging, is to be found in informal networks and communal understanding, rather than in focused clear-cut institutions. This has bearing upon the records that have been created and passed on to this day, and their visibility in historical research.

On 8 December 2017, Prof.Dr. Jeroen Stumpel gave his valedictory lecture at Utrecht University. To thank and honour him a Festschrift was prepared. The project in which I am participating under his supervision treats the illusionism, esp. the rendering of material properties, in seventeenth-century still-life painting. As regards the depiction of food, Willem Beurs (author of the treatise 'The big world painted small') argues it should look appetising. For the Festschrift article I turned this around: it is not about painted peaches that look edible (juicy and tasty even), but it discusses statuettes, artistically made from more or less edible materials, that were dished out for dessert or decoration.

In this article I analyse the highest echelon of the knighthood in the duchy of Brabant: the bannerets. Traditionally the bannerets (baanrotsen in Dutch) played a prominent political and military role in the duchy of Brabant. They derived their prestige from their lordships containing high jurisdiction which were held in fief from the duke of Brabant. With the annual income of these lordships they were supposed to be able to pay for their own company on a military campaign. Their military leadership was symbolized by special square banners which were carried on the battlefield and during tournaments. In the fifteenth century changes were about to take place in the military field but the Brabantine bannerets seemed not yet to be affected by the ‘modernization’ of the princely army in which they were prominent leaders.

The Low Countries once contained many sculptures from the late Gothic and Renaissance period in a variety of materials, sizes, and qualities, and for both indoor and outdoor purposes. During outrages of iconoclasm and other phenomena, stone and wood sculptures were lost as were metal sculptures, possibly to a greater degree proportionally. Despite the current paucity of physical evidence, the Low Countries supported an extraordinary group of artisans specialised in the casting of metal sculpture. My contribution concerns metal sculpture in the Low Countries in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Brass sculpture workshops acquired a prestigious position during the 1450's with Guillaume Lefèvre in Tournai and Jacques de Gérines in Brussels. On a level of elaboration equalling sculptural works by orfèvres, these specialised dinandiers produced monumental sculptures for courtyards and sepulchres as well as for liturgical purposes. This practice lasted until c.1550, when bronze sculpture was introduced by Leone Leoni and continued by Jacques Jonghelinck in Brussels. This paper covers the most important artists, art works, and developments in monumental metal sculpture of the 15th and 16th centuries in the Low Countries.

The book contains the proceedings of the International Conference on Medieval Copper Alloys Production, held at Dinant and Namur on 15, 16 and 17 May 2014. The conference was organised by the Service public de Wallonie (Belgium) and the Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (France). The proceedings include 34 original contributions presented by archaeologists, historians, conservators, art historians, and other specialists, including metallurgists and chemists. Collectively, they show the great diversity of approaches being taken to elaborate the multiple themes associated with copper and its alloys in the material culture of medieval and post-medieval Europe. In the late Middle Ages, there was a gradual increase in the use of copper and its alloys for making everyday objects, whether for dress accessories, such as belt buckles or small decorative studs, or in kitchens and houses where the metal became a cauldron, ewer, basin, or lavabo. In contrast to these common objects fabricated in serial or mass production, were the exceptional, discrete objects satisfying the needs of the aristocracy and liturgy. Such made-to-order masterpieces might include aquamanilia, candelabra, or lecterns. Additionally, copper alloys were used for more colossal works of art such as columns, doors, baptisteries, fountains, funeral monuments and, of course, bells. Copper was equally sought in artisanal contexts, for artillery, for musical instruments, and for coinage. In exploring such a vast subject from multiple points of view, this volume will be of interest not only to archaeologist, but also to those involved in the history of techniques, art history, economic history, and social history. It is aimed both at an informed public and to those simply curious about the history of the Middle Ages in Europe.

The parallel between Hungary and the Low Countries casts new light on a theory which has long been accepted as an axiom by Hungarian military history and which says that the Hungarian military system after the defeat at Mohács reached its new form as a result of the particular border wars inside the country during the fight against the Turks.
This new “one-sided” organisation was built on light cavalry and light infantry, and as such, it became unable to “modern”, “European”, “regular” warfare. However, this paper argues that the examples from the war theatre in the Low Countries show that similar situations
evoke quite similar effects in 16th century warfare, were it be about the “backward” Hungary of the “developed” Low Countries.
Paradoxically, the leaders of the anti-Catholic and anti-Habsburg revolt starting in the Low Countries in 1567 faced surprisingly similar strategic challenges, both at the outbreak of the revolt and later, during the independence war of the Protestant provinces, as the Austrian Habsburg government and the Hungarian leaders in Hungary in the war against the Ottoman Empire.
The changes in 16th–17th century warfare, often called as “military revolution”, made the role of different light cavalry formations very important all over Europe, exactly because of the renewed appreciation of fortifications and sieges. At the same time, the importance of hand guns also increased, for these guns could be excellently used not only in big battles but during the sieges of fortifications and in guerrilla-warfare, a fight which allows much more individual freedom.

A very rare intact silver ring from the Viking Age recently had been found in the borough of Buren. Cees-Jan van de Pol detected the ring with his metal detector.
On the same location also a piece of melted silver in the form of a drop was found together with a silver coin from the 10th century in the clay ground of the Betuwe.

Why in the pre-industrial period were some settlements resilient and stable over the long term while other settlements were vulnerable to crisis? Indeed, what made certain human habitations more prone to decline or even total collapse, than others? All pre-industrial societies had to face certain challenges: exogenous environmental hazards such as earthquakes or plagues, economic or political hazards from ‘outside’ such as warfare or expropriation of property, or hazards of their own-making such as soil erosion or subsistence crises. How then can we explain why some societies were able to overcome or negate these problems, while other societies proved susceptible to failure, as settlements contracted, stagnated, were abandoned, or even disappeared entirely?
This book has been stimulated by the questions and hypotheses put forward by a recent ‘disaster studies’ literature - in particular, by placing the intrinsic arrangement of societies at the forefront of the explanatory framework. Essentially it is suggested that the resilience or vulnerability of habitation has less to do with exogenous crises themselves, but on endogenous societal responses which dictate: (a) the extent of destruction caused by crises and the capacity for society to protect itself; and (b) the capacity to create a sufficient recovery. By empirically testing the explanatory framework on a number of societies between the Middle Ages and the nineteenth century in England, the Low Countries, and Italy, it is ultimately argued in this book that rather than the protective functions of the state or the market, or the implementation of technological innovation or capital investment, the most resilient human habitations in the pre-industrial period were those than displayed an equitable distribution of property and a well-balanced distribution of power between social interest groups. Equitable distributions of power and property were the underlying conditions in pre-industrial societies that allowed 'favourable' institutions to emerge with high rates of participation down the social hierarchy, giving people the freedom and room to choose their own fate - not necessarily reliant on one coping strategy but with the capacity to combine many different ones in search of optimum resilience.

Depuis de nombreuses années, l’étude de la mémoire collective a constitué un des centres d’intérêt majeurs dans le domaine des sciences sociales. Depuis que Pierre Nora a lancé son projet fondateur concernant les « lieux de mémoire », cette approche s’est avérée très utile pour l’analyse des identités collectives, de la réception des événements du passé et de l’utilisation de l’Histoire à des fins politiques.

Ce volume réexamine l’idéologie bourguignonne de l’État, telle qu’elle a été invoquée par de nombreux chercheurs au cours des dernières décennies, en l’envisageant à travers le prisme de la mémoire collective. Un premier axe de réflexion est consacré à la production de mythes, à l’élaboration de « lieux de mémoire » et à l’utilisation (voire à l’abus) des références historiques par les ducs de Bourgogne de la Maison de Valois, leurs historiographes officiels et leurs alliés. Le renforcement du pouvoir ducal rencontra souvent l’opposition déterminée de communautés urbaines, de noblesses régionales et même de princes étrangers. Dans un autre axe de réflexion, une attention particulière a été portée sur les limites d’une possible idéologie bourguignonne. Cette réalité est saisie par un intérêt aux traditions d’origines externes à la cour ducale et à la mémoire entretenue pour la défense d’intérêts particularistes. Un troisième axe a pour objet les différents vecteurs et médias de la mémoire, leur élaboration et leur réception. La mémoire ne peut devenir collective que lorsqu’elle est partagée. Pour cela, tout un arsenal de moyens de diffusion peut être mis en oeuvre, allant de l’architecture à la littérature, des emblèmes politique à la liturgie, des arts visuels à la musique, etc. En outre, cet axe porte aussi sur la question de la communication entre les producteurs de ces médias et leur public.

En dernier lieu, certaines contributions examinent « la mémoire de la Bourgogne », en évoquant l’héritage de la Bourgogne en Europe et le rôle de la période bourguignonne dans l’historiographie et d'autres médias du XIXe et XXe siècles.

This motet is the second "Salve Regina" motet composed by Alexander Agricola.
For a recording and score-video of Salve Regina II see here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoQLA3BXvQs

For a transcription of his first Salve Regina see here:
https://www.academia.edu/21795600/Alexander_Agricola_Salve_Regina_I_Brussels_Bibliotheque_Royale_MS_9126_fol._138v-143r_
For a recording and score-video of Salve Regina I see here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3B-j3fUbqc

"Salve Regina II" is not only based off the classical "Salve Regina" (solemn tone) chant. The tenor of this piece is derived from Walter Frye's (d. 1474?) Marian motet, "Ave Regina".

For information and a video-score on Frye's motet see the link here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH43f-yd9oA
For a transcription see here:
https://www.academia.edu/31933857/Walter_Frye_-_Ave_Regina_tenor_for_Agricola_Salve_Regina_II_-_Full_Score.pdf

________________________


Ave Regina (Latin text):

Ave Regina coelorum mater Regis angelorum.
O Maria flos virginum velut rosa, velut lilium.
Funde preces ad filium pro salute fidelium.
O Maria flos virginum velut rosa, velut lilium.


Hail Queen (English translation):

Hail, Queen of heaven, Mother of the King of angels.
O Mary, flower of virgins, like the rose, like the lily.
Pour out prayers to the Son for the salvation of the faithful.
O Mary, flower of virgins, like the rose, like the lily.

________________________


Salve Regina (Latin text):

Salve, Regina, Mater misericordiæ,
vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, salve.
Ad te clamamus exsules filii Hevæ,
Ad te suspiramus, gementes et flentes
in hac lacrimarum valle.
Eia, ergo, advocata nostra, illos tuos
misericordes oculos ad nos converte;
Et Jesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui,
nobis post hoc exsilium ostende.
O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria.


Hail, holy Queen (English translation):

Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
Our life, our sweetness and our hope.
To you do we cry,
Poor banished children of Eve;
To you do we send up our sighs,
Mourning and weeping in this valley of tears.
Turn then, most gracious advocate,
Your eyes of mercy toward us;
And after this our exile,
Show us the blessed fruit of your womb, Jesus.
O clement, O loving,
O sweet Virgin Mary.

This contribution discusses the deposition of jewellery in an Early Iron Age cremation burial (6th century BC) found at Nijmegen, at the location Zuiderveld (Waalsprong). Most striking are parts of two nearly complete, but broken bronze torcs, one of which is of the scharflappiger Wendelring type, the other of the simple twisted type. Furthermore, small fragments of three bronze rings, an iron pin (supposed Kropfnadel) and probably an iron bracelet were deposited among the cremation remains. Interesting in this case is that the Wendelring had been worn on the pyre, while the simple twisted torc definitely had not been worn. As broken and strongly deformed objects (by the fire and/or by deliberately bending and breaking) they were combined with the bone ashes, and put into the ground for eternity, just like the deformed body of the deceased. Providing the cremation grave with deformed and fragmented jewellery seems to be an expression of the ‘costume of death’, as is known from inhumation graves such as those of the Hunsrück-Eifel-Kultur (HEK) in Germany. These types of jewellery (hair-rings, ear-rings, torcs, bracelets and ankle-rings) are especially known to have been worn by deceased women in the HEK-area. The jewellery types, which are only rarely found in Early Iron Age graves south of the Lower Rhine, may express a common elite-tradition.

Pierre Bayle's Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, a landmark in intellectual history, is a curious text. Originally intended as a collection of all errors, it became an encyclopedia of everything, enfolding rampantly growing footnotes that commented on every imaginable topic. Instead of looking at Bayle's theoretical statements in the Dictionnaire, I explore Bayle's writing practice, his critical method and his practice of forming judgments. A close study of the textual, paratextual and contextual characteristics of the first entry of the Dictionnaire (the entry "Abaris") allows me to find out how Bayle made up his mind at every stage during a contemporaneous controversy on divination. In this way, we are able to see Bayle's mind in action while he is judging the contradictory information he receives and the to-and-fro movement of changing opinions he is confronted with. Th is examination yields new insights to Bayle's practical attitudes towards key issues in his oeuvre, including scepticism, rationalism, superstition and tolerance. At the same time, the article clarifies how Bayle was involved in the Republic of Letters and how he related to his local context in Rotterdam.

In this article (in Dutch) the use of turf is discussed on the basis of several archaeological, historical and ethnographical examples, including Icelandic turf houses, Scottish blackhouses and well-built Dutch ‘plaggenhutten’. The examples show a great variety in turf usage and demonstrate that turf needs to be seen as a versatile and suitable raw (building) material. This is of particular interest to researchers in the Dutch terp region, where turf-walled longhouses are known to have existed in the Early Medieval period. In addition to turf’s negative image, research is also hampered by the material’s poor archaeological visibility. This may well have restricted the amount of data collected through previous excavations. Points of particular interest are outlined for the benefit of future research.

In this article I examine how Belgian “concentration” schools, schools with heavy concentrations of non–European Union, typically Muslim, immigrants, challenge educators and policy makers. To situate this challenge properly, I will consider the broader Belgian social and political context, including regional governmental responses to the perceived “problem” of concentration schools, the role of parental involvement, and the expectations of teachers. These considerations will clarify the structural arrangements that exist prior to any assessment of Muslim children per se.

What do we really know about the 1/3 gros au lion, or tiers de gros, of Flanders, said to have been struck for Louis of Nevers (1322-1346) or Louis of Male (1346-1384)?
To date, not a single author has managed to correctly and accurately describe the fractional leeuwengroot coins of 14th century Flanders.
This paper is an attempt to rectify that situation.

Alain Henton et Yves Créteur (Inrap Nord-Picardie). La guerre de succession d'Espagne (1701-1714) vue...d'avion. Retranchements de sièges et de mouvements de troupes mis en évidence sur ortho-photographies aériennes de haute altitude en Nord - Pas-de-Calais. Nouvelles perspectives de recherche.

Perhaps Walter Frye's most famous piece, "Ave Regina" was a significant work during the early Renaissance. Its idiomatic english style (called Contenance Angloise) helped ignite the transition to tertian polyphony in Burgundy during the first half of the 15th century.

Frye's "Ave Regina" appears in 13 difference sources, (only one of which is English), demonstrating its staggering popularity on the continent. Surpassing his two other widely popular shorter works, "Tout a par moy and "So ys emprentid", Ave regina also appears with notation in three paintings from the period. Frye's "Ave Regina" is quoted by musical theorists and rearranged and plagiarized by later composers. Its tenor was borrowed by Obrecht for a motet and mass of the same title; Alexander Agricola in turn borrowed Obrecht’s borrowed tenor as the basis for his Salve Regina II.

It is in ballade form and may have originated with an English text. Whatever its original form however, Frye’s "Ave regina" played an important part in establishing the taste for the song-motet in Burgundy during the 15th century.

For a recording and score-video of Frye's "Ave Regina" see here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH43f-yd9oA
____________________

Ave Regina (Latin text):
Ave Regina coelorum mater Regis angelorum.
O Maria flos virginum velut rosa, velut lilium.
Funde preces ad filium pro salute fidelium.
O Maria flos virginum velut rosa, velut lilium.

Hail Queen (English translation)
Hail, Queen of heaven, Mother of the King of angels.
O Mary, flower of virgins, like the rose, like the lily.
Pour out prayers to the Son for the salvation of the faithful.
O Mary, flower of virgins, like the rose, like the lily.