T Test

To effectively evaluate medical literature, practicing physicians and medical researchers must understand the impact of statistical tests on research outcomes. Applying inefficient statistics not only increases the need for resources, but more importantly increases the probability of committing a Type I or Type II error. The t-test is one of the most prevalent tests used in the medical field and is the uniformally most powerful unbiased test (UMPU) under normal curve theory. But does it maintain its UMPU properties when assumptions of normality are violated? A Monte Carlo investigation evaluates the comparative power of the independent samples t-test and its nonparametric counterpart, the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum (WRS) test, to violations from population normality, using three commonly occurring distributions and small sample sizes. The t-test was more powerful under relatively symmetric distributions, although the magnitude of the differences was moderate. Under distributions with extreme skews, the WRS held large power advantages. When distributions consist of heavier tails or extreme skews, the WRS should be the test of choice. In turn, when population characteristics are unknown, the WRS is recommended, based on the magnitude of these power differences in extreme skews, and the modest variation in symmetric distributions. J CLIN EPIDEMIOL 52;3:229-235, 1999.

E-learning is now emerging as the advance paradigm for higher education. The present study was conducted for measuring the attitude of university students towards e-learning in West Bengal by taking 308 University level students from four Universities namely Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Jadavpur University, Visva-Bharati and Gourbanga University. The survey method has been adopted for the present study and stratified random sampling technique has been used in selecting the samples. A well-designed questionnaire, developed by the Investigators has used to collect primary data. The result revealed that students' have high attitude towards elearning and their attitude scores did not differ significantly with their personal variables such as, gender, stream of study and residence.

The Mann-Whitney U test, which is also known as the Wilcoxon rank sum test, tests for differences between two groups on a single, ordinal variable with no specific distribution (Mann & Whitney, 1947; Wilcoxon, 1945). In contrast, the independent samples t-test, which is also a test of two groups, requires the single variable to be measured at the interval or ratio level, rather than the ordinal level, and to be normally distributed. We accordingly refer to the Mann-Whitney U test as the nonparametric version of the parametric t-test. Both ...

It is a conceptual paper that takes at in-depth look at the origins, pros and cons of Six Sigma and describes how it relates to some of the other quality initiatives in industry. DMAIC strategy of Six Sigma is briefly explained and realised the significance of analysis phase, specifically. Various prospects have been formulated to understand the reason of failure of Six Sigma particularly in SMEs and it has been found that doing 'wrong analysis' is one of the major reasons in them. It highlights the analysis phase and proposed a more applicable form for classification of analytical tools as far as their industrial applications are concerned. A road map for short listing the relevant analytical tool has been carpeted especially for students, people working in industry and professional statisticians. A case study in a medium scale non-ferrous foundry has been conducted which has validated the suggested approach successfully. It is based on utilising an integrated advantage of both quantitative and qualitative tools extensively for producing significant results quickly in real industrial environments.

Burnout is a negative situation that occurs triggered by chronic stress and leading to a reduction in
the individual's cynicism and personal accomplishment. Education, which has significant effects
on all stages of human life, may be exposed to situations that may pose barriers to success such as
burnout. Graduate students studying the problems they experienced were particularly dissertation
period, although in this case they caused the collapse spiritually may affect negatively their
success. Especially as natural sciences, production, intensive research and projects works, are
some of the problems identified which the students face during their research. In this study, the
Maslach Burnout Inventory was employed in analysing the data which was obtained from 241
students in Turkey; frequency analysis, factor analysis and t and reliability test analysis were the
analytical tools used. However; male student’s cynicism, in the course of work the students with
emotional burnout and those using cigarette where found to have more fatigue in their livings.

In the age of zero-tolerance, virtual reality and ultramodern technology, the studying of human emotion has become so urgent that it demands our serious concentration for its scientific measurement. This present paper will make a thorough investigation in understanding the deeper interrelations between human emotion and intelligence. This article will also focus the emotional intelligence of secondary school students in relation to their gender and residential background. Emotional intelligence has been measured by applying Mondal's Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEII) consisted with 100 items. 235 samples were randomly selected from the district of Purulia, WB, India. ANOVA and't' test has been applied for the interpretation of the findings. The results reveal that residential place plays a significant role for the enlargement of emotional development whereas gender does not affect the level of Emotional Intelligence.

In this paper in which we address the evaluation of measurement process quality, we mainly focus on the evaluation procedure, as far as it is based on the numerical measurement outcomes. We challenge the approach where the "exact" value of the observed quantity is compared to the error interval obtained from the measurements under test and we propose a procedure where reference measurements are used as "gold standard". To this purpose, we designed a specific t-test procedure for this purpose, explained here. We also describe and discuss a numerical simulation experiment demonstrating the behaviour of our procedure.

To effectively evaluate medical literature, practicing physicians and medical researchers must understand the impact of statistical tests on research outcomes. Applying inefficient statistics not only increases the need for resources, but more importantly increases the probability of committing a Type I or Type II error. The t-test is one of the most prevalent tests used in the medical field and is the uniformally most powerful unbiased test (UMPU) under normal curve theory. But does it maintain its UMPU properties when assumptions of normality are violated? A Monte Carlo investigation evaluates the comparative power of the independent samples t-test and its nonparametric counterpart, the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum (WRS) test, to violations from population normality, using three commonly occurring distributions and small sample sizes. The t-test was more powerful under relatively symmetric distributions, although the magnitude of the differences was moderate. Under distributions with extreme skews, the WRS held large power advantages. When distributions consist of heavier tails or extreme skews, the WRS should be the test of choice. In turn, when population characteristics are unknown, the WRS is recommended, based on the magnitude of these power differences in extreme skews, and the modest variation in symmetric distributions. J CLIN EPIDEMIOL 52;3:229-235, 1999.

The aim of this study was to studying in the level of delivery satisfaction (DS), the effect of personal factors and service quality (SQ) on delivery satisfaction in online shopping with the empirical data. The quantitative research was used in this study by survey research that was used collect sample data from 92 Ramkhamhaeng University lecturers. The data analyses were conducted by t-Test, One Way ANOVA and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA). The results showed that Ramkhamhaeng University lecturers have highest satisfaction. And most of personal factors and service quality factors have effect on delivery satisfaction. Moreover, the results found that the 3 factors of service quality such as tangibles factor, assurance factor and empathy factor have effect on satisfaction (Sig.=0.05) except for the reliability factor and responsiveness factor have not effect on delivery satisfaction.

The research of this paper held in PT. XYZ, a state-owned company. The businesses of this company consisting of leasing land and building for plants and logistics services to support, such as forwarding and warehousing. Like any other industry, property industry faces uncertainties in running the business. Problem arises from investors who are unable to perform their obligations, in form of account receivables to PT.XYZ. There are 2 types of investors in PT. XYZ that need to be focused on this project, property service companies and logistics service companies.

Further evidence on efficiency of Bahrain Bourse: A high challenge for other industries The purpose of the present study is to provide further evidence of the weak form efficiency of the Bahrain Bourse. The research methodology is based on daily closing index values of the Bahrain Bourse from 2011 to 2015 in order to test the efficiency of the stock market while runs test, Autocorrelation Function, and advance tools such as ARCH and GARCH models and Hurst Index to provide further evidence of the weak form efficiency of the Bahrain stock market. For instance, a volatile and inefficient stock market has a negative impact on textile and apparel industry in the Kingdom of Bahrain, which is one of the most prosperous and attractive industries in the country. The empirical results revealed that Bahrain stock market does not follow normal distribution and the successive price changes are not independent. Further, ARCH effect is significant and indicative of a time-varying conditional volatility. There is an arbitrage opportunity and extreme mispricing in the Bahrain stock market as indicated by the GARCH (1, 1) model. The results of the Hurst exponent also confirm the inefficiency of the market. The results of these tests are consistent indicating that the Bahrain stock market is inefficient.

Motivation can be changed significantly in dependence on meeting human needs, life situations, internal and external environment, etc. It is caused by different factors which affect motivation in different ways. These factors do not act separately but they are a part of mutually connected network of specific relations. In the paper we show the possibility of the impact of age, education and seniority on the motivation of employees. The level of employee motivation and employee performance can be influenced by means of their detailed knowledge.

This contribution deals with the construction of environmental indicators, serving investors for the assessment of complex performance of companies in accordance with social and corporate governance indicators, the so-called ESG performance indicators. The research project "Construction of Methods for Multifactor Assessment of Company Complex Performance in Selected Sectors", solved by the team of authors has been introduced. In recent years, investment managers have preferred the importance of ESG indicators showing long-term sustainable performance of those companies in which they have invested their financial resources. The objective of presented contribution is the proposal of environmental indicators, i.e. key ESG performance indicators. Environmental indicators are used not only for decision-making, but also for determination of sustainable value. A number of successive steps have been taken to construct environmental indicators and a combination of various statistical methods has been employed. An empirical analysis of environmental performance indicators for the companies operating in the processing industry according to CZ-NACE has been carried out on the basis of the analysis of sources, suggested by international organisations and voluntary environmental instruments. Environmental performance indicators, facilitating investors to decide on their investment activities and forming the part of key ESG-performance indicators, represent expected results of the empirical research.

Employee productivity, organizational citizenship, employee loyalty, efficiency etc. totally depend on job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is an important indicator of how employees adjust about their jobs. The purpose of this study is to fit some mathematical models to percentages of employees' job satisfaction (PEJS) for men, women and both sexes. For this, the secondary data are used. Quasi Newton Method is employed to fit these mathematical models using the software STATISTICA. Moreover, t-test, F-test and cross validity prediction power (CVPP) are used to check the accuracy as well as validation of the model. In this study, it is seen that these PEJS for men, women and both sexes are showing U-shaped pattern in accordance with age. It is also found that PEJS is increasing with age after age 30 years. And it is seen that the PEJS for women is comparatively higher than that of men at every age group. Furthermore, it is found that PEJS for men, women and both sexes follow second degree polynomial models. These models are well fitted in accordance with t-test, F-test and CVPP. The stabilities of these models are more than 96.9%.

The aim of this paper is to consider the problem of unreliable statistical inference caused by the presence of statistical misspecification, and discuss the merits of alternative ways to address the problem like invoking generic robustness results or/and using nonparametric inference. For simplicity the discussion focuses on the t-test for hypotheses concerning the mean in the context of the simple Normal model, with the misspecification coming in the form of Markov Dependence (MD). By deriving explicitly the nominal and actual error probabilities, it is shown that the presence of MD turns the t-test into an unreliable procedure. It is argued that invoking traditional robustness arguments can often be very misleading and, in general, this strategy does not address the unreliability of inference problem, even if one were to use the actual error probabilities. A more appropriate strategy is to respecify the original statistical model to account for the misspecification, and test the hypotheses of interest using an inference procedure that is optimal in the context of the respecified model. It is shown that the presence of MD gives rise to the Autoregression (AR(1)) as the respecified model, and one can test the original hypotheses concerning the mean. The optimal t-test in the context of the AR(1) is shown to be related but different from the original and the modified t-tests.

Passive samplers with polyurethane disks (PUF) were applied in the determination of the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air in six residential areas in the Philippines during four simultaneous sampling periods. The uptake profiles of PAHs were determined at one site during one sampling period. Most of the PAHs that were detected in air at concentrations that were significantly higher than their analytical detection limits exhibited a linear uptake trend on the PUF disk. The linear uptake profiles of some high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were not established and this is attributed to the low concentration of the compounds in air in the gaseous phase. The retention concentrations of phenanthrene-d-10 were determined after depuration in four sampling sites during two sampling periods. The sampling rate for phenanthrene-d-10 was calculated at the linear phase of the uptake using the k A derived from depuration experiments and the relationship of k A and sampling rate which was established in a previous passive sampling study. The average sampling rate obtained for phenanthrene d-10 (2.9470.69 m 3 d À1 ) was applied for derivation of the concentrations of the PAHs in the field samples.

This paper examines long-term price overreactions in various financial markets (commodities, US stock market and FOREX). First, a number of statistical tests are carried out for overreactions as a statistical phenomenon. Second, a trading robot approach is applied to test the profitability of two alternative strategies, one based on the classical overreaction anomaly, the other on a so-called "inertia anomaly". Both weekly and monthly data are used. Evidence of anomalies is found predominantly in the case of weekly data. In the majority of cases strategies based on overreaction anomalies are not profitable, and therefore the latter cannot be seen as inconsistent with the EMH.

This paper focused on the Knowledge Management (KM) processes at the Faculty of Industrial Information Technology (FIIT), Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL). The processes of KM studied here are Knowledge Capturing, Organizing, Refining and Transferring. KM has become an important to the organization, as it combines both the tacit and explicit knowledge from the expertise in that particular organization. Among academicians, knowledge sharing is crucial, and the KM processes should be practiced to ensure the knowledge sharing take place. The study was conducted at FIIT and academicians at FIIT are used as population. There are two groups of academicians responded to the questionnaires: academicians who served in the year 2006; and academicians who served in 2008. Statistical analysis was conducted to the data gathered and collected from the questionnaires. Using the t-Test, the study had concluded that the processes of KM do exist at FIIT; and the study can significantly prove tha...

The aim of this study was to identify the opinions of administrators and teachers about the knowledge management process in primary, secondary and high schools. The population of the study was teachers who work in primary, secondary and high schools in Kocaeli, Izmit. The sample of the study was 270 teachers that were randomly selected. The Knowledge Management Process in Schools Scale that was developed by the researcher was used to collect data. The reliability rate of the scale is 0.96 Cronbach Alpha. The Knowledge Management Process in Schools Scale's Descriptive Factor Analysis results revealed that the scale was comprised of six factors. These factors were: obtaining knowledge; using knowledge; learning knowledge; sharing knowledge; evaluating knowledge; and administrative support. The results of the study revealed that administrative support played an important role in the knowledge management process, and the participants' opinions varied according to their years in service, age and gender.

This paper presents the end results of a project conducted to study the effectiveness of e-learning through the use of handheld electronic gadgets. The study utilized an experimental study design in which sampled students were divided into two groups: control and treatment. The treatment group was facilitated and supported to ensure that all the content was available and accessible on a Learning Management System (LMS). The lesson module of MOODLE LMS was utilized to ensure weekly release of content. Navigation to the following week's content was conditioned on accumulated score based on learners' responses to presentation-related questions which appeared on every page. From the analysis of project results and particularly the performance of the students, it is demonstrated that m-learning addressed the alarming cramming problem of examinations. In addition, m-learning allowed for location shifting with students able to learn from diverse physical locations using different p...

The performance of the pseudo-median based procedure is examined in terms of controlling Type I error for a two independent groups test. The procedure is a modification of the one-sample Wilcoxon statistic using the pseudo-median of differences between group values as the central measure of location. The proposed procedure was shown to have good control of Type I error rates under the study conditions regardless of distribution type.

The processes of KM studied here are Knowledge Capturing, Organizing, Refining and Transferring. KM has become an important to the organization, as it combines both the tacit and explicit knowledge from the expertise in that particular organization. Among academicians, knowledge sharing is crucial, and the KM processes should be practiced to ensure the knowledge sharing take place. The study was conducted at FIIT and academicians at FIIT are used as population. There are two groups of academicians responded to the questionnaires: academicians who served in the year 2006; and academicians who served in 2008. Statistical analysis was conducted to the data gathered and collected from the questionnaires. Using the t-Test, the study had concluded that the processes of KM do exist at FIIT; and the study can significantly prove that all academicians do practice the processes of KM.

Pretest is a measurement tool used in evaluating the performance of students on any subject knowledge. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether students can perform better in their studies throughout the learning process in the classroom. In particular, the pre-test and post-test are used as a diagnostic and developmental tool for improving teaching and learning in mathematical courses. The sample of this study consists of First Semester Engineering students at the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). The relationship between these tests is also investigated. The pretest and post-test results have revealed that several topics are in need of due attention.

The main purpose of the study is to identify the symptoms of stress, strategies for coping with stress, and absenteeism among Slovenian middle management. The survey covered 211 middle-level managers employed in large and medium-sized enterprises in Slovenia. The data was collected by using two questionnaires. The first questionnaire was used in order to determine stress coping strategies (questionnaire of coping with stress CRI). The second questionnaire was used to identify stress loads and symptoms of stress among managers. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 17.0, which showed that managers who use problem-focused coping strategies are significantly less absent from work and experience lower levels of stress than managers who use emotion-focused stress coping strategies. Based on the results of the analysis, suggestions are outlined for more problem-focused approaches of stress coping strategies in Slovenian large and medium-sized enterprises.

This study compares conventional Soxhlet extraction and analytical scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for their yields in extracting of hydrocarbons from arid-land plant Euphorbia macroclada. The plant material was firstly sequentially extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide, modified with 10% methanol (v/v) in the optimum conditions that is a pressure of 400atm and a temperature of 50 degrees C and then it was sonicated in methylene chloride for an additional 4h. E. macroclada was secondly extracted by using a Soxhlet apparatus at 30 degrees C for 8h in methylene chloride. The validated SFE was then compared to the extraction yield of E. macroclada with a Soxhlet extraction by using the Student's t-test at the 95% confidence level. All of extracts were fractionated with silica-gel in a glass column to get better hydrocarbon yields. Thus, the highest hydrocarbons yield from E. macroclada was achieved with SFE (5.8%) when it compared with Soxhlet extractions (1.1%). Gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed to determine the quantitative hydrocarbons from plant material. The greatest quantitative hydrocarbon recovery from GC was obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extract (0.6mgg(-1)).

Course designs for Basic English Writing classes vary from one course to another. The objective of this study was to investigate the semantic misinterpretation of English words found in the English compositions written by native-Chinese-speaking undergraduate students and to overcome if such a barrier occurred in the process of writing. First, this study made use of both linguistic and literary theories in an attempt of exemplifying the existence of the translation and semantic misinterpretation adopted by undergraduate students when writing in English. This hypothesis could be proved by the detached relation between the sign and the referent, or in Saussure's terminology, between the signifier and the signified, in particular in translating from Chinese into English. This study included an experimental course structure, which consisted of some feasible teaching methods. These methods were applied to Basic English Writing classes investigated in the present study. They were dictionary-consulting activities, team discussions (brainstorming as a team), sentence-making activities in which signal words were used, and team writing activities, in order to improve the student's writing skills and his or her vocabulary size. Test instruments included a pretest (pre-class questionnaires) and a posttest (a midterm writing test). Targeted students were Chinese non-English majors taking Basic English Writing (BEW) classes. The students in the treatment group performed better in the posttest than those in the control group. Moreover, the students, who failed to get into the habit of consulting English dictionaries, did not perform better than those consistently consulting English dictionaries. It seems that the experimental course structure may facilitate university students' learning of how to write in English.

The characterization and grading of glioma tumors, via image derived features, for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response has been an active research area in medical image computing. This paper presents a novel method for automatic detection and classification of glioma from conventional T2 weighted MR images. Automatic detection of the tumor was established using newly developed method called Adaptive Gray level Algebraic set Segmentation Algorithm (AGASA).Statistical Features were extracted from the detected tumor texture using first order statistics and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) based second order statistical methods. Statistical significance of the features was determined by t-test and its corresponding p- value. A decision system was developed for the grade detection of glioma using these selected features and its p- value. The detection performance of the decision system was validated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The diagnosis and...

The Australasian Journal of TechnologyEducation is a peer refereed journal, and provides a forum for scholarly discussion on topics relating to technology education. Submissions are welcomed relating to the primary, secondary and higher education sectors, initial teacher education and continuous professional development, and general research about Technology Education. Contributions to the ongoing research debate are encouraged from any country. The expectation is that the Journal will publish articles at the leading edge of development of the subject area.

Microarray data analysis typically consists in identifying a list of differentially 1 expressed genes (DEG), i.e., the genes that are differentially expressed between two 2 experimental conditions. Variance shrinkage methods have been considered a better choice 3 than the standard t-test for selecting the DEG because they correct the dependence of the 4 error with the expression level. This dependence is mainly caused by errors in background 5 correction which affects more severely genes with low expression values. Here, we propose 6 a new method for identifying the DEG that overcome this issue and does not require 7 background correction or variance shrinkage. Unlike current methods, our methodology is 8 easy to understand and to implement. It consists of applying the standard t-test directly on the 9 normalized intensity data, which is possible because the probe intensity is linear dependent 10 with the gene expression level and because the t-test is scale-and location-invariant. This 11 methodology considerably improves the sensitivity and robustness of the list of DEG when 12 compared to the t-test applied to preprocessed data and to the most widely used shrinkage 13 methods, SAM and LIMMA. Our approach is useful especially when the genes of interest 14 have small differences in expression and therefore get ignored by standard variance shrinkage 15 methods.

The growing size and number of the medical images necessitated the use of computers to facilitate processing and analysis. In medical world, diagnostic imaging is an invaluable and important tool for early detection of diseases. In this project, we propose a novel classification method in low dose computed tomography scans. In the proposed system, first, the images are preprocessed and features are extracted. Second, for feature selection, t test method is applied. This selects the significant features. These features were optimized and the resultant set was used for classification of lung nodules into four categories: juxtapleural, well-circumscribed, vascularized and pleural-tail, based on the extracted information. Finally, Decision trees classifier are utilized for classification and overall detection performance is evaluated. The system has been tested with a number of real Computed Tomography lung images and has achieved satisfactory results in classifying the lung diseases. The results show that the proposed method achieves higher classification performance than traditional methods.

Abstract—This paper focused on the Knowledge Management (KM) processes at the Faculty of Industrial Information Technology (FIIT), Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL). The processes of KM studied here are Knowledge Capturing, Organizing, Refining and Transferring. KM ...

In this paper in which we address the evaluation of measurement process quality, we mainly focus on the evaluation procedure, as far as it is based on the numerical measurement outcomes. We challenge the approach where the "exact" value of the observed quantity is compared to the error interval obtained from the measurements under test and we propose a procedure where reference measurements are used as "gold standard". To this purpose, we designed a specific t-test procedure for this purpose, explained here. We also describe and discuss a numerical simulation experiment demonstrating the behaviour of our procedure.

ABSTRACT In this study we investigate effect of physical exercise habit of students at Kocaeli University. Depending upon our aim, we have used qualitative research method. According to the purposive sampling and typical-purposive sampling procedures, four departments’ students, namely Mathematics, Chemistry, History and Archeology, at Faculty of Arts and Sciences were selected. 170 students in the sampling were questioned. The data obtained were then analyzed by using SPSS program. Descriptive statistical methods and inferential statistical methods such as t-test and one way ANOVA were used to analyze the research data. The results will be discussed hoping that this study can be useful to understand the relation between physical exercise habit and school success.

This paper reports on the influence of waiving the GMAT requirement on academic performance as measured by grade-point-average at graduation for 833 University of Hartford MBA students who graduated between 2003 and 2009. In seeking to better understand what factors might be influencing graduation GPA, we examined a variety of traditional attributes. In addition, we examined the potential influence of GMAT Waivers on graduation GPA because there was some thought that students who waived this test might have lower graduation GPAs than those who took the examination. The results of this study indicated that the most important factor for determining MBA graduation GPA was an individual’s undergraduate GPA, with higher undergraduate GPAs being associated with higher MBA graduation GPAs. Marginally significant differences in graduation GPA were also found based on the number of credits waived at entry into the MBA program, with more credits being waived contributing to a higher graduatio...

In the context of a general regression model in which some regression coefficients are of interest and others are purely nuisance parameters, we derive the density function of a maximal invariant statistic with the aim of testing for the inclusion of regressors (either linear or non-linear) in linear or semi-linear models. This allows the construction of the locally best invariant test, which in two important cases is equivalent to the one-sided t test for a regression coefficient in an artificial linear regression model.

In this paper, we present a knee cartilage assessment technique to differentiate those in different osteoarthritis grades. We construct atlas for each grade and each atlas represents an average size of cartilage thickness. We build the atlas using manual segmentation of patellar cartilage following groupwise registration. We assign thickness value at the voxels in bone-cartilage interface in ahead. The thickness atlas is used for t-test to see how our method is accurate. T-test result shows our method finds significant difference between osteoarthritis grade 0 and 4 with p less than 0.001.

HDI is the most common index which is used in measuring the development of a nation. Life expectancy, literacy rate and per capita income are the main components of Human Development Index (HDI). Health, standard of living and education are the main aspects it covers. The subsequent topic this paper covers is Non-performing Assets (NPA) or Bad Loans. These NPAs are caused due to an improper structure of lending and a lack of application of suitable technology in the process. The loan taking capability of the masses is influenced by another factor called Economic Inequality, which is the difference between individuals or populations in terms of income, wealth and assets. We will observe the effect of health, education and standard of living of a country on NPAs of Banks of that country which in turn affects the interest rates levied on loans, thereby swaying the loan taking capacity of the people. In our research we analyse the NPAs of top 2 banks of 15 developing nations and 14 deve...

The aims of the research are to know: 1) differences of  reading comprehension achievement through PQRST, and 2) how big the influences of independent variables to dependent variable. Method used in the research is the non-equivalent control group design. The findings show that there is a significant difference in term of reading comprehension  achievement between experimental and control group. To know the differences of reading comprehension achievement  between experimental and control group, t-test is applied. To know how big the influences of independent variables to the dependent  variable, the two tailed regression analysis is used. The contributions of independent variables, t-test and group, ara significant (0.000), meanwhile the contribution of Gender variable is not significant (0.166) to dependent variable.

Finding reliable, meaningful patterns in data with high numbers of attributes can be extremely difficult. Feature selection helps us to decide what attributes or combination of attributes are most important for finding these patterns. In this chapter, we study feature selection methods for building classification models from high-throughput genomic (microarray) and proteomic (mass spectrometry) data sets. Thousands of feature candidates must be analyzed, compared and combined in such data sets. We describe the basics of four different approaches used for feature selection and illustrate their effects on an MS cancer proteomic data set. The closing discussion provides assistance in performing an analysis in high-dimensional genomic and proteomic data.

We consider the standard linear regression model with all standard assumptions, except that the disturbances are not white noise, but distributed N(0, ()) where (0)"I L. Our interest lies in testing linear restrictions using the usual F-statistic based on OLS residuals. We are not interested in "nding out whether "0 or not. Instead we want to "nd out what the e!ect is of possibly nonzero on the F-statistic itself. We propose a sensitivity statistic for this purpose, discuss its distribution, and obtain a practical and easy-to-use decision rule to decide whether the F-test is sensitive or not to covariance misspeci"cation when is close to zero. Some "nite and asymptotic properties of are studied, as well as its behaviour in the special case of an AR(1) process near the unit root.

Many of the leading retail chains in the country have their outlets in Kerala. The success of retail chain largely depends on how customers are satisfied with the outlet. For satisfying the customer, the parties in the supply chain viz., supplier, retailer and transporters have to perform their activities with proper communication and collaboration among them. This study is aimed at understanding the perception of the retailers and suppliers about their transporters. The study was descriptive and the primary data is collected from samples of 126 and 28 for retailers and suppliers respectively using multistage sampling. The questionnaire used Likert scales for collecting expectations and opinions on performances. The gaps between the expectations and performances are calculated and tests are conducted to identify significant gaps. It was found that Big Bazaar is most satified with the transporters than other retail outlets and the suppliers of non-perishable products are more satified with transporters than suppliers of perishable products.