Papers by Bikram Jit Singh
Expert Notes, 2024
Water resource management has arisen as a significant worldwide concern in the face of growing po... more Water resource management has arisen as a significant worldwide concern in the face of growing population and climate change. To address this difficulty, technological breakthroughs have paved the path for novel solutions, with Blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) gaining significant attention. This study investigates the effectiveness of combining Blockchain and IoT technologies for smart water resource management, highlighting its potential to transform traditional water management systems. The chapter begins by providing a detailed review of the current water management, emphasizing the limits and inefficiencies of traditional systems. Subsequently, it digs into the core ideas of Blockchain and IoT, laying the groundwork for comprehending their practical implementation. Blockchain's decentralized and unchangeable nature, along with the massive network of interconnected devices offered by IoT, creates a viable foundation for making water resource management more effective and transparent. The use of Blockchain and IoT in smart water management provides various real benefits. First off, it enables real-time data collecting, resulting in more accurate and current insights about water usage trends, quality, and distribution. Secondly, due to its decentralized nature protects data integrity, security, and privacy, reducing the possibility of fraudulent activities and unauthorized changes. Additionally, Blockchain-powered smart contracts can expedite water transfers, increasing responsibility and confidence among parties.
Composting is the natural process of transforming organic wastes, such as leaves and food scraps,... more Composting is the natural process of transforming organic wastes, such as leaves and food scraps, into fertile manure that can enrich the soil with humus, helpful bacteria, and critical plant nutrients, thus enhancing soil fertility and structure. India's soil today is low in organic matter and nutrients, particularly micronutrients. Compost includes 2% nitrogen, 0.5-1.0% phosphorus, around 2% potassium, and trace amounts of all critical micronutrients. Biodegradable weeds, including Parthenium hysterophorus, Solanum nigrum, Calotropis procera, and Trianthema portulacastrum, were degraded using the Bangalore pit compost method. The fresh vegetation of Parthenium, Solanum, Calotropis and Trianthema for making compost were collected from nearby localities of Mullana village from November, 2022 to April 2023. As a result, applying compost to soil increases organic matter and enhances soil fertility, restoring minerals and organic matter lost during harvesting. It also enhances the chemical, physical, and biological qualities of the soil, increasing crop output. Compost increases the soil's water holding capacity, which reduces crop water requirements and irrigation frequency. The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of the compost were measured every 20 days for up to 100 days. The results demonstrate that compost has a high calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content but a lower carbon and nitrogen ratio.
Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 2022
This manuscript tries to encapsulate preliminary data of first 100 days related to COVID-19 disea... more This manuscript tries to encapsulate preliminary data of first 100 days related to COVID-19 disease in India, to bring out insight visualization of the pandemic, so that needed steps can be taken timely, to tap the dynamics of this infectious disease. Matrix plots have been drawn to describe the trend of confirmed deaths and new cases on daily and cumulative basis. Double Exponential Smoothing Model has been fitted on collected data and it additionally forecasted the death trend for next 100 days in India. Case Fatality Rate has been reviewed as critical metric to understand the dynamics of COVID-19 and its dependency has been chalked out with Multi-Regression Model. The prediction model has forecasted more than 4,000 confirmed deaths till the end of July 2020, which can exponentially increase further. Case Fatality Rate of India has risen from 0 to 3.2 within 28 days and should be taken care of, to restrict this pandemic. Moreover, a negative relation of Fatality Rate with Maximum Temperature and Average Humidity has been erupted from the model. Present study observed a quadratic relation with time (Days), which confirmed the COVID-19 as a highly communicable disease and also proved that 'Total Tests Performed' is a serious factor to reduce CFR. It depicts a live forecasting practice with conceivable inferences for planning and decision making. It also implicates behavioral exploration of Case Fatality Rate with respect to some quantitatively important factors, as far as Indian scenario is concerned.
The dissimilar GTAW weld joints between P22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) steel and P91 (9Cr-1Mo)
steel have beco... more The dissimilar GTAW weld joints between P22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) steel and P91 (9Cr-1Mo)
steel have become a common practice in power plants. However, an issue arises after
welding, as the heat affected zone (HAZ) of these dissimilar weld joints often exhibits
high hardness values. This elevated hardness in the HAZ is attributed to the
transformation of austenite to martensite due to the rapid cooling rate during the welding
process. Unfortunately, improper post weld heat treatment (PWHT) can exacerbate the
situation, leading to a significant disparity in hardness between the P91 steel and the weld
metal. Such a discrepancy in hardness can potentially give rise to cracks and failures
during high-temperature operations. Therefore, it is imperative to establish appropriate
post weld heat treatment protocols and cooling conditions in order to minimize the
disparity in hardness.
Slurry pipelines are used to transport solid materials using water for short or long distance. Th... more Slurry pipelines are used to transport solid materials using water for short or long distance. These
pipelines are used in many industrial application involving transportation of coal and disposal of
slurry in thermal power plant. Transportation through slurry pipeline is a safe, pollution free and
reliable method. In the present book, rheological properties of bottom and fly ash are studied to
know the flow behavior of coal ash slurry. The rheological properties of coal ash depend on a
number of factors such as particle size distribution, pH value and settling characteristics. Bottom
and fly ash for the current investigation are collected from the Guru Gobind Singh thermal power
plant, Ropar. Rheometer is used for the shear rate and shear stress variation for the different
concentration of bottom and fly ash slurry. Numerical simulation is performed on the slurry flow
through straight pipe and 90° pipe bend for the evaluation of pressure drop per 100 meter length.
Modeling of Straight pipe and 90° pipe bend is generated in Gambit version 2.2.30 and Fluent
version 6.2.16 is used for the numerical evaluation. Simulation has been performed on various
concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50%), with additive (40% & 50%) for bottom and fly
ash slurries at various flow velocities (10, 20, 30, 32, 40, 41m/s). It is found that pressure drop
increases with increase in flow velocity and concentrations of bottom and fly ash slurries. Triton
X-100 is used to lower the viscosity and pressure drop of slurry.
Rapid growth in road transport is a major source of air pollution especially in urban areas
of c... more Rapid growth in road transport is a major source of air pollution especially in urban areas
of city in developing countries. High traffic congestion on poorly maintained
roads/highways leads to high vehicular emissions and developed poor air quality
problems. Vehicular emissions are of particular concern as generated at ground level and
are a major source of air pollution for nearby residential areas. Therefore, it is important to
control and reduce air pollution from the road transport sector. An efficient and effective
air quality prediction and forecasting tool can help in the management of deteriorated air
quality. The study is focused on vehicular air dispersion modeling and load estimation
along (Indira Chowk to Rampur) the state highway corridor (SH-5) at Ambala
Cantonment. CALINE-4 is a highway dispersion model developed for vehicular air
dispersion modeling. It is user-friendly model and can predict and forecast CO
concentrations.
Industry 4.0, also known as the fourth industrial revolution, refers to the integration of advanc... more Industry 4.0, also known as the fourth industrial revolution, refers to the integration of advanced digital technologies into manufacturing processes to drive innovation, improve efficiency, and enhance product quality (Dos Santos et al., 2021). This transformational approach to manufacturing is driven by the convergence of technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, robotics, and cloud computing (Kumar et al., 2020). The potential of Industry 4.0 to drive economic growth and create jobs has made it a key focus for governments and industry leaders around the world (Bongomin et al., 2020). In India, the government has recognized the importance of Industry 4.0 for the country's economic growth and has taken several initiatives to support its adoption. India has a strong manufacturing sector that contributes significantly to the country's economy, accounting for nearly 15% of its GDP. The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies has the potential to transform India's manufacturing sector, making it more competitive in the global market and driving growth and job creation (Sodhi, 2021). In recent years, several Indian companies have successfully implemented Industry 4.0 technologies, demonstrating the potential of these technologies to drive innovation and enhance productivity (Ustundag and Cevikcan, 2018). However, there are also challenges that need to be addressed to drive the widespread adoption of Industry 4.0 in India, such as the need for reliable infrastructure, a skilled workforce, and a favorable regulatory environment. The world is witnessing the fourth industrial revolution, also known as Industry 4.0, which is the integration of digital technology and advanced manufacturing techniques (Jabbar et al., 2022). India, being one of the largest economies in the world, is slowly adopting Industry 4.0, and there are several opportunities and challenges that come with it. This book chapter will explore the challenges and opportunities for deploying Industry 4.0 technologies in India, as well as the driving factors, case studies, and future prospects for the technology. The chapter will also provide insights into the readiness of India to deploy Industry 4.0 technologies and explore the dire need for 9
This chapter delves into innovative and eco-friendly methods to enhance the properties of metal-b... more This chapter delves into innovative and eco-friendly methods to enhance the properties of metal-based composites while addressing environmental concerns. Metalbased composites are widely used across industries due to their exceptional mechanical properties and versatility. However, traditional manufacturing processes and material choices associated with these composites often lead to significant environmental impact, resource depletion, and waste generation. It explores sustainable approaches to improve the characteristics of metal-based composites, focusing on three main areas: sustainable manufacturing techniques, novel materials and recycling strategies. Additive manufacturing, near-net shape manufacturing, high-pressure torsion, and friction stir processing are examined as greener alternatives to conventional methods, reducing material waste and energy consumption. Additionally, the use of recycled materials, bio-based materials, and nanomaterials as reinforcing agents or matrix materials is investigated to lessen the reliance on nonrenewable resources. In conclusion, this chapter advocates for a paradigm shift in the production and utilization of metal-based composites by embracing sustainable approaches. By adopting eco-friendly manufacturing techniques, utilizing novel materials and implementing recycling strategies, the characteristics of metal-based composites can be enhanced, while minimizing their environmental footprint.
Polymer-based composites or polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) are widely used in various industrie... more Polymer-based composites or polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) are widely used in various industries due to their unique properties such as high strength, low weight, and corrosion resistance. However, there is always a need to improve their characteristics to meet the increasing demands of the market. This review article focuses on sustainable approaches that can be used to enhance the properties of PMCs. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of the latest research in the field of sustainable approaches to improve the characteristics of PMCs. Various approaches such as the use of natural fibers, recycled materials, and bio-based resins are discussed in detail, along with their impact on the environment. The use of advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing is also explored as a sustainable approach to improve the characteristics of PMCs. The review also highlights the importance of balancing sustainability with performance, as well as the need for further research to optimize these sustainable approaches. The potential benefits of sustainable approaches include reduced environmental impact, lower production costs, and increased demand for eco-friendly products. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into sustainable approaches that can be used to enhance the properties of PMCs, while also contributing to a greener and more sustainable future.
This chapter offers a comprehensive exploration of Al-7075 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), highli... more This chapter offers a comprehensive exploration of Al-7075 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), highlighting their significance in industries such as aerospace and automotive, due to their unique blend of strength, lightweight properties, and corrosion resistance. It meticulously details the processing of Al-7075 MMCs, providing a visual flowchart that elucidates the intricate steps involved, offering valuable insights into the techniques and the equipment used. Furthermore, it delves into characterization techniques such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction, pivotal in unveiling the microstructure, phase composition, and crystalline properties of these composites. Techniques like energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are expounded upon, emphasizing their applications and significance. It places significant emphasis on mechanical behavior analysis, covering an array of tests like tensile, hardness, compression, impact, and fatigue testing. It underscores the critical role these tests play in evaluating the strength, ductility, and reliability of Al-7075 MMCs under varying load conditions. At end, the chapter addresses future directions and challenges, emphasizing the need for tailored composite design, improved manufacturing processes, interface engineering, sustainability, and cost-effective production. As Al-7075 MMCs continue to diversify their applications, this review serves as an invaluable resource for researchers, engineers, and materials scientists, enabling them to harness the full potential of these materials to meet the evolving demands of modern engineering.
The production of green hydrogen has emerged as a promising solution to address global energy dem... more The production of green hydrogen has emerged as a promising solution to address global energy demands and environmental concerns. This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of sustainable pathways and technological advancements in green hydrogen production. Emphasizing its significance as a clean energy carrier, the chapter explores the utilization of renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power for electrolysis processes. Various electrolysis methods, including alkaline, PEM, and SOEC, are discussed, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and commercial applications. Addressing challenges, the chapter emphasizes efficient energy storage and grid integration to balance intermittent power supply. Additionally, it explores green hydrogen’s integration with transportation, industry, and power generation for decarbonization goals. Recent technological advancements are examined, focusing on cutting-edge catalysts and materials to enhance electrolyzer performance and sustainability. Emerging technologies like photo-electrochemical and biological hydrogen production present novel alternatives to conventional electrolysis. Economic and policy aspects are explored, covering cost reduction strategies, research investments, and supportive policies. The importance of international collaboration for a sustainable energy transition is emphasized. Overall, this chapter serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals, offering insights into sustainable pathways, technological advancements, and the challenges and opportunities in green hydrogen production.
Quality control plays a pivotal role within the Indian textile sector, guaranteeing the alignment... more Quality control plays a pivotal role within the Indian textile sector, guaranteeing the alignment of products with customer expectations and industry benchmarks. This study delves into the progression of design models for quality control within the Indian textile industry, with the aim of fostering more eco-conscious manufacturing processes. It scrutinizes the constraints associated with initial quality control methods, underscoring the necessity for more all-encompassing and forward-looking models. The investigation assesses an array of pre-existing quality control frameworks, encompassing the likes of International Quality Standards Models, Structured Quality Control Models, Technological Quality Control Models, and Integrated Quality Control Models. Each model is subject to a comprehensive evaluation based on its strengths, constraints, and applicability in the context of the Indian textile industry. Informed by this analysis, the research advocates for the fusion of Lean, Six Sigma, and Industry 4.0 (LSS 4.0) as a potent quality control paradigm for the Indian textile domain. The LSS 4.0 framework harnesses Lean and Six Sigma principles to optimize processes and curtail defects, while seamlessly incorporating Industry 4.0 innovations for real-time monitoring, data analysis, and automation. While acknowledging the sector's limitations and hurdles like resource scarcity and cultural resistance to change, the study underscores the potential gains of adopting the LSS 4.0 model. In essence, the research lays out a roadmap for industry stakeholders, delineating essential steps such as investing in technology, training, and transforming organizational culture to embrace and implement this integrated model. Succinctly put, the research underscores the significance of advancing quality control models within the Indian textile industry to meet evolving market requisites. The proposed LSS 4.0 model introduces a holistic and technologically sophisticated approach to quality control, fostering sustainable expansion, heightened product quality, and enhanced competitiveness within the industry.
Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The compan... more Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.
It is a conceptual paper that takes at in-depth look at the origins, pros and cons of Six Sigma a... more It is a conceptual paper that takes at in-depth look at the origins, pros and cons of Six Sigma and describes how it relates to some of the other quality initiatives in industry. DMAIC strategy of Six Sigma is briefly explained and realised the significance of analysis phase, specifically. Various prospects have been formulated to understand the reason of failure of Six Sigma particularly in SMEs and it has been found that doing 'wrong analysis' is one of the major reasons in them. It highlights the analysis phase and proposed a more applicable form for classification of analytical tools as far as their industrial applications are concerned. A road map for short listing the relevant analytical tool has been carpeted especially for students, people working in industry and professional statisticians. A case study in a medium scale non-ferrous foundry has been conducted which has validated the suggested approach successfully. It is based on utilising an integrated advantage of both quantitative and qualitative tools extensively for producing significant results quickly in real industrial environments.
Tannins, the fourth most abundant plant compounds, comprise condensed and hydrolysable
types. P... more Tannins, the fourth most abundant plant compounds, comprise condensed and hydrolysable
types. Proanthocyanidins are flavan-3-ol polymers, while hydrolysable tannins, categorized as
gallotannins and ellagitannins, form esters of gallic/ellagic acid and poly-ol. Tannin acyl hydro
lase catalyzes hydrolysable tannin breakdown, yielding gallic acid derivatives with antibacterial,
anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic properties. In this study,
we explored hydrolysable tannins in extracts from Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica, fo
cusing on their phenolic and tannin content, as well as enzymatic and biological activities. Quan
titative assessments for Total Phenol Content (TPC), Tannic Acid Content (TAC), and Hy
drolysable Tannin Content (HTC) were carried out with Terminalia chebula displaying maximum
amount of all three i.e. 291.9mg GAE/g DW TPC, 266.7 mgTAE/g DW TAC and 246.6 mg TAE/g
DW HTC. LCMS-MS analysis revealed 8 and 13 gallic acid derivatives from T. bellirica and T.
chebula, respectively after enzymatic hydrolysis. Following enzymatic treatment, the IC50 values
for T. bellirica were slightly higher than T. chebula. The tannase hydrolysed T. chebula demon
strated the highest zone of inhibition against E. coli whereas the un-hydrolysed T. chebula showed
minimal inhibition across all four bacterial cultures under study. The hydrolysed extract of T.
chebula exhibited significant cytotoxicity after a 20-min hydrolysis, demonstrating a substantial
effect with a minimal IC50 value of 83.56 μg/ml against HCT-116 cell line. Our study quantita
tively highlights the enhanced bioactive properties conferred by enzymatic hydrolysis of hy
drolysable tannins and considerable health benefits associated with these compounds.
Humans have used plants as food and medication for a very long time. Due to their lack of side ef... more Humans have used plants as food and medication for a very long time. Due to their lack of side effects, herbal medicines are used by nearly 80% of people in developing nations (Agarwal et al., 2019). Scientists are currently exploring medicinal plants because they are helpful as antimicrobial agents (Rafiq et al., 2021). Herbal plants are also widely used to treat skin infections caused by pathogenic fungi.
Purpose This survey-based study investigates academic stress in relation to somatic symptoms, psy... more Purpose This survey-based study investigates academic stress in relation to somatic symptoms, psychiatric association, demographic and family profile in school going students aged 8-10 years. Design/methodology/approach A well-tested questionnaire was floated among 576 tweens. Critical information about academic stress and its psychiatric association was evaluated. Academic stress was seen at 1.5 levels when recorded in an interval of 1 to 3. Findings Stress symptoms and psychiatric symptoms robustly caused academic stress. Father's education level vis-à-vis mother's education level addressed academic stress prominently. Further, this rare piece of work uncovered the fact that the tweens from low-income families experienced higher academic stress. Grades from previous examinations and previous failures in subjects were inversely related to academic stress. Academic stress is an ignominious termite hollowing the progress ladder of our younger generation as early as primary school children. Originality This paper tried to measure academic stress and regress its relation with other related factors quantitatively, which is rarely seen in the case of tweens. Practical implications Such survey-based research can further provide vital information to child psychiatrists, pediatricians, and concerned government authorities to effectively draft the required welfare schemes and policies, specifically in developing nations such as India.
The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) between P22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) and P91 (9Cr-1Mo) steels are quite c... more The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) between P22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) and P91 (9Cr-1Mo) steels are quite common in
heavy vehicle structures like; railway locomotives and war (or combat) vehicles. After welding, high hardness values of
the Heat-Affected Zones (HAZs) of these dissimilar weld joints are possibly obtained. The uneven hardness in HAZ
comes from the austenite transformation to Martensite, because of highly uncontrolled cooling rates. The considerable
difference in hardness among various zones leads to prior cracking and is bound to failure during high-temperature
operations. Therefore, there is a dire need to establish an appropriate Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) to temper the
dissimilar weld joints for required durability. The study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of
various erupted zones of steel, before and after the application of PWHT. Before and after PWHT, weld zone and HAZ
in P22 and P91 are mechanically tested and metallurgically examined. Further PWHT is tried to be optimised
strategically and statistically, for the least variation in hardness among different zones. So that any failure due to
thermal stresses or strains, during normal running conditions can be avoided.
The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is now commonly being used to join condenser pipes of railway... more The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is now commonly being used to join condenser pipes of railway locomotives, beside boiler and super heater tubes, generally made from dissimilar steel-alloys like P22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) and P91 (9Cr-1Mo). After welding, excessive hardness values of the Heat Affected Zones (HAZs) of those dissimilar weld joints are certainly obtained due to uneven and uncontrolled cooling rates, which resulted in an eruption of abrupt martensitic transformations. This ultimately leads to cracking and failure while operating at elevated temperatures. Therefore, there is a dire need to establish an appropriately optimized post-weld heat treatment process to eliminate this hazardous nuisance. The present work statistically studies the hardness profile of these critical material zones, before and after GTAW.
This paper presents an umbrella review of the existing literature on additive manufacturing (AM) ... more This paper presents an umbrella review of the existing literature on additive manufacturing (AM) in healthcare. The aim of this study was to identify the key findings and gaps in the current state of knowledge on the role of AM in healthcare, the most promising applications of AM in the biomedical sector and the future of AM in healthcare. A systematic search was conducted on Scopus database, resulting in 572 relevant articles, which further include 130 potential review articles on the topic concerned. Necessary descriptive analysis and literature classification has been executed for appropriate findings. The high quality review papers (around 80) having citation more than 10 have next been included in the qualitative review. The findings indicate that AM has significant potential in healthcare, particularly in personalized medicine, surgical planning and prosthetic and implant development. However, there are limitations and gaps in the current literature, including the need for more high-quality studies and standardized reporting of AM techniques and outcomes. The future of AM in healthcare is promising, with opportunities for continued innovation and advancements in technology. The findings of this umbrella review provide insights for researchers, practitioners and policymakers into the current state of knowledge and future directions for AM in healthcare. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on additive manufacturing in healthcare, highlighting the key findings and gaps in the existing literature. The review also identifies several promising applications of additive manufacturing in the biomedical sector, as well as the challenges and opportunities associated with these applications. Finally, the review presents a future research agenda to address the gaps and limitations identified in the existing literature. This umbrella review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in the role of additive manufacturing in healthcare, and provides a foundation for future research in this field.
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Papers by Bikram Jit Singh
steel have become a common practice in power plants. However, an issue arises after
welding, as the heat affected zone (HAZ) of these dissimilar weld joints often exhibits
high hardness values. This elevated hardness in the HAZ is attributed to the
transformation of austenite to martensite due to the rapid cooling rate during the welding
process. Unfortunately, improper post weld heat treatment (PWHT) can exacerbate the
situation, leading to a significant disparity in hardness between the P91 steel and the weld
metal. Such a discrepancy in hardness can potentially give rise to cracks and failures
during high-temperature operations. Therefore, it is imperative to establish appropriate
post weld heat treatment protocols and cooling conditions in order to minimize the
disparity in hardness.
pipelines are used in many industrial application involving transportation of coal and disposal of
slurry in thermal power plant. Transportation through slurry pipeline is a safe, pollution free and
reliable method. In the present book, rheological properties of bottom and fly ash are studied to
know the flow behavior of coal ash slurry. The rheological properties of coal ash depend on a
number of factors such as particle size distribution, pH value and settling characteristics. Bottom
and fly ash for the current investigation are collected from the Guru Gobind Singh thermal power
plant, Ropar. Rheometer is used for the shear rate and shear stress variation for the different
concentration of bottom and fly ash slurry. Numerical simulation is performed on the slurry flow
through straight pipe and 90° pipe bend for the evaluation of pressure drop per 100 meter length.
Modeling of Straight pipe and 90° pipe bend is generated in Gambit version 2.2.30 and Fluent
version 6.2.16 is used for the numerical evaluation. Simulation has been performed on various
concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50%), with additive (40% & 50%) for bottom and fly
ash slurries at various flow velocities (10, 20, 30, 32, 40, 41m/s). It is found that pressure drop
increases with increase in flow velocity and concentrations of bottom and fly ash slurries. Triton
X-100 is used to lower the viscosity and pressure drop of slurry.
of city in developing countries. High traffic congestion on poorly maintained
roads/highways leads to high vehicular emissions and developed poor air quality
problems. Vehicular emissions are of particular concern as generated at ground level and
are a major source of air pollution for nearby residential areas. Therefore, it is important to
control and reduce air pollution from the road transport sector. An efficient and effective
air quality prediction and forecasting tool can help in the management of deteriorated air
quality. The study is focused on vehicular air dispersion modeling and load estimation
along (Indira Chowk to Rampur) the state highway corridor (SH-5) at Ambala
Cantonment. CALINE-4 is a highway dispersion model developed for vehicular air
dispersion modeling. It is user-friendly model and can predict and forecast CO
concentrations.
types. Proanthocyanidins are flavan-3-ol polymers, while hydrolysable tannins, categorized as
gallotannins and ellagitannins, form esters of gallic/ellagic acid and poly-ol. Tannin acyl hydro
lase catalyzes hydrolysable tannin breakdown, yielding gallic acid derivatives with antibacterial,
anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic properties. In this study,
we explored hydrolysable tannins in extracts from Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica, fo
cusing on their phenolic and tannin content, as well as enzymatic and biological activities. Quan
titative assessments for Total Phenol Content (TPC), Tannic Acid Content (TAC), and Hy
drolysable Tannin Content (HTC) were carried out with Terminalia chebula displaying maximum
amount of all three i.e. 291.9mg GAE/g DW TPC, 266.7 mgTAE/g DW TAC and 246.6 mg TAE/g
DW HTC. LCMS-MS analysis revealed 8 and 13 gallic acid derivatives from T. bellirica and T.
chebula, respectively after enzymatic hydrolysis. Following enzymatic treatment, the IC50 values
for T. bellirica were slightly higher than T. chebula. The tannase hydrolysed T. chebula demon
strated the highest zone of inhibition against E. coli whereas the un-hydrolysed T. chebula showed
minimal inhibition across all four bacterial cultures under study. The hydrolysed extract of T.
chebula exhibited significant cytotoxicity after a 20-min hydrolysis, demonstrating a substantial
effect with a minimal IC50 value of 83.56 μg/ml against HCT-116 cell line. Our study quantita
tively highlights the enhanced bioactive properties conferred by enzymatic hydrolysis of hy
drolysable tannins and considerable health benefits associated with these compounds.
heavy vehicle structures like; railway locomotives and war (or combat) vehicles. After welding, high hardness values of
the Heat-Affected Zones (HAZs) of these dissimilar weld joints are possibly obtained. The uneven hardness in HAZ
comes from the austenite transformation to Martensite, because of highly uncontrolled cooling rates. The considerable
difference in hardness among various zones leads to prior cracking and is bound to failure during high-temperature
operations. Therefore, there is a dire need to establish an appropriate Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) to temper the
dissimilar weld joints for required durability. The study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of
various erupted zones of steel, before and after the application of PWHT. Before and after PWHT, weld zone and HAZ
in P22 and P91 are mechanically tested and metallurgically examined. Further PWHT is tried to be optimised
strategically and statistically, for the least variation in hardness among different zones. So that any failure due to
thermal stresses or strains, during normal running conditions can be avoided.
steel have become a common practice in power plants. However, an issue arises after
welding, as the heat affected zone (HAZ) of these dissimilar weld joints often exhibits
high hardness values. This elevated hardness in the HAZ is attributed to the
transformation of austenite to martensite due to the rapid cooling rate during the welding
process. Unfortunately, improper post weld heat treatment (PWHT) can exacerbate the
situation, leading to a significant disparity in hardness between the P91 steel and the weld
metal. Such a discrepancy in hardness can potentially give rise to cracks and failures
during high-temperature operations. Therefore, it is imperative to establish appropriate
post weld heat treatment protocols and cooling conditions in order to minimize the
disparity in hardness.
pipelines are used in many industrial application involving transportation of coal and disposal of
slurry in thermal power plant. Transportation through slurry pipeline is a safe, pollution free and
reliable method. In the present book, rheological properties of bottom and fly ash are studied to
know the flow behavior of coal ash slurry. The rheological properties of coal ash depend on a
number of factors such as particle size distribution, pH value and settling characteristics. Bottom
and fly ash for the current investigation are collected from the Guru Gobind Singh thermal power
plant, Ropar. Rheometer is used for the shear rate and shear stress variation for the different
concentration of bottom and fly ash slurry. Numerical simulation is performed on the slurry flow
through straight pipe and 90° pipe bend for the evaluation of pressure drop per 100 meter length.
Modeling of Straight pipe and 90° pipe bend is generated in Gambit version 2.2.30 and Fluent
version 6.2.16 is used for the numerical evaluation. Simulation has been performed on various
concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50%), with additive (40% & 50%) for bottom and fly
ash slurries at various flow velocities (10, 20, 30, 32, 40, 41m/s). It is found that pressure drop
increases with increase in flow velocity and concentrations of bottom and fly ash slurries. Triton
X-100 is used to lower the viscosity and pressure drop of slurry.
of city in developing countries. High traffic congestion on poorly maintained
roads/highways leads to high vehicular emissions and developed poor air quality
problems. Vehicular emissions are of particular concern as generated at ground level and
are a major source of air pollution for nearby residential areas. Therefore, it is important to
control and reduce air pollution from the road transport sector. An efficient and effective
air quality prediction and forecasting tool can help in the management of deteriorated air
quality. The study is focused on vehicular air dispersion modeling and load estimation
along (Indira Chowk to Rampur) the state highway corridor (SH-5) at Ambala
Cantonment. CALINE-4 is a highway dispersion model developed for vehicular air
dispersion modeling. It is user-friendly model and can predict and forecast CO
concentrations.
types. Proanthocyanidins are flavan-3-ol polymers, while hydrolysable tannins, categorized as
gallotannins and ellagitannins, form esters of gallic/ellagic acid and poly-ol. Tannin acyl hydro
lase catalyzes hydrolysable tannin breakdown, yielding gallic acid derivatives with antibacterial,
anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic properties. In this study,
we explored hydrolysable tannins in extracts from Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica, fo
cusing on their phenolic and tannin content, as well as enzymatic and biological activities. Quan
titative assessments for Total Phenol Content (TPC), Tannic Acid Content (TAC), and Hy
drolysable Tannin Content (HTC) were carried out with Terminalia chebula displaying maximum
amount of all three i.e. 291.9mg GAE/g DW TPC, 266.7 mgTAE/g DW TAC and 246.6 mg TAE/g
DW HTC. LCMS-MS analysis revealed 8 and 13 gallic acid derivatives from T. bellirica and T.
chebula, respectively after enzymatic hydrolysis. Following enzymatic treatment, the IC50 values
for T. bellirica were slightly higher than T. chebula. The tannase hydrolysed T. chebula demon
strated the highest zone of inhibition against E. coli whereas the un-hydrolysed T. chebula showed
minimal inhibition across all four bacterial cultures under study. The hydrolysed extract of T.
chebula exhibited significant cytotoxicity after a 20-min hydrolysis, demonstrating a substantial
effect with a minimal IC50 value of 83.56 μg/ml against HCT-116 cell line. Our study quantita
tively highlights the enhanced bioactive properties conferred by enzymatic hydrolysis of hy
drolysable tannins and considerable health benefits associated with these compounds.
heavy vehicle structures like; railway locomotives and war (or combat) vehicles. After welding, high hardness values of
the Heat-Affected Zones (HAZs) of these dissimilar weld joints are possibly obtained. The uneven hardness in HAZ
comes from the austenite transformation to Martensite, because of highly uncontrolled cooling rates. The considerable
difference in hardness among various zones leads to prior cracking and is bound to failure during high-temperature
operations. Therefore, there is a dire need to establish an appropriate Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) to temper the
dissimilar weld joints for required durability. The study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of
various erupted zones of steel, before and after the application of PWHT. Before and after PWHT, weld zone and HAZ
in P22 and P91 are mechanically tested and metallurgically examined. Further PWHT is tried to be optimised
strategically and statistically, for the least variation in hardness among different zones. So that any failure due to
thermal stresses or strains, during normal running conditions can be avoided.
The study starts with the review of literature related to waste management, various waste management techniques used by manufacturing organizations and LSS implementation in the manufacturing sector. Based on the literature review a questionnaire was developed consisting of around two hundred questions. After completing pre-testing of the questionnaire for face validity and substantive validity, an online and offline survey was conducted in selected manufacturing SME’s in India. Data were collected during the survey and analyzed using SPSS version 21 and Minitab version 18 software. Initially, Cronbach's alpha value of the various segments of the questionnaire was evaluated to ascertain the reliability of the input data collected through the survey. Total points scored (TPS) and Percentage points Scored (PPS) of all seven sections of the questionnaire was calculated in order to check the validity and relevance of the various questions asked in the various sections of the questionnaire. Various waste management techniques implemented in manufacturing SME’s have been compared quantitatively and qualitatively in order to identify the best waste management technique in terms of waste reduction. From the results of the quantitatively and qualitatively analysis, it was identified that LSS is the best waste management strategies out of all major techniques. Compound matrix of all twenty-eight major factors of LSS implementation was prepared and using factor analysis these twenty-eight factors was reduced to for major factors clubbing alike factor as one factor. In the next phase process capability of the ten main aspects of LSS implementation was evaluated and it was found that Define, Measure, Control, 5s, Value Stream Mapping, and Single Flow Unit are significantly affecting the implementation of LSS, at the same time Analysis, Improvement, TPM, and achieving perfections proves to be insignificant during the implementation. In the next part of the data analysis, a Pearson Co-relation matrix was prepared after discriminately testing the available data. Pairs which have found greater than 40% was considered statically significant at 1. The relationship between various factors of LSS and major causes of waste was developed by using canonical correlation analysis. Considering results of all the analytical tools a LSS model was developed in which the DMAIC approach of Six Sigma was reinforced with tools used in Lean Manufacturing for the purpose of achieving an effective approach towards waste management. To validate the proposed LSS model, case studies have been conducted at foundry and auto component manufacturing SME. The selected manufacturing organizations were facing the financial losses due to high scrap rate and reworking of defective products manufactured. In the corrective action for the above-mentioned problems of the organization, it has been recommended to the management that proposed LSS approach should be implemented in the organization in order to reduce the scrap/reworking and to save the raw material.
After the implementation of the LSS model in the organization, a number of parts rejected and a number of parts reworked were reduced significantly. Quality of manufactured products in the organization has also been enhanced after the implementation of the proposed LSS model.
Six Sigma provides a comprehensive strategy to Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve and Control the performance of given industry based on ‘critical to process’ parameters. Six Sigma has originated as a set of practices designed to improve manufacturing processes and to eliminate defects, that’s why its application is subsequently extended to other types of business processes as well. Six Sigma is a concept that eliminates waste or defects by focusing on outputs that are essential to the customer. Basically defects or errors are outcomes of poor process capabilities. Hence the present work tends to use DMAIC approach to enhance process capability indices of given PVC pipe extrusion process. The majority of PVC pipe manufacturing units are small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) with less than 100 employees. Most of the PVC pipe extrusion industries focus on the profit margins only and thereby neglecting corresponding process capabilities, which leads to poor levels of quality at end. So there is a dire need of some comprehensive strategy such as ‘Six Sigma’ for sustaining the processes and to attain breakthrough results among Indian SMEs.
. This Book is about the influence of sensitization on the impact behavior and on microstructure of AISI stainless steel 316L butt weld. In the present study the plates of dimension 500x100x10mm were used, given edge preparation of Single V and Double V. The austenitic SS plates were joined as butt joint by Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW).
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https://www.amazon.com/WELDABILITY-ISSUES-AISI-STAINLESS-STEEL/dp/6203582204/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=bikram+jit+singh&qid=1621491632&sr=8-1