Submarines

On September 18, 1996, Lee Jin Gyu, a South Korean taxi cab driver, was taking a passenger on the Gangneung-Tonghae coastal highway.  A little before one in the morning, the driver noticed a group of men clustered on the side of the highway

Original article at NKNews: http://www.nknews.org/2012/09/this-day-in-the-history-of-the-dprk-2/

—A submarine is a clandestine platform of watercraft for independent operation beneath water. In order to surpass under water she must obey some ground laws specially Archimedes principle with taking consideration of its flexible and economic structure and propulsion systems design. The main purpose of this research is to design and fabricate a prototype submarine to make experimentally available. The need for economic innovative design to ensure smart structure, propulsion, diving system and efficient power system has focused in the implemented prototype. The propulsion and power systems are provided by motor and battery. Depth rating comparison with other resplendent submarine makes the prototype unique in some cases. To submerge hydrostatically this research on designing basically implies Archimedes principle and buoyancy force, where negative buoyancy exerted either by increasing its own weight or decreasing its displacement of water.

In the Asia-Pacific region, submarine forces have continued to grow, though the greatest number are obsolescent diesel-attack submarines based on late-World War II designs posses by China and North Korea (DPRK). About 139 submarines remain in active service; 109 belong to China (PLAN). The range of submarines includes nuclear-powered and diesel-attack designs, the latter the main focus of Southeast Asian navies.

(from the chapter) Begins by providing an overview of techniques employed in the cognitive task analysis of a novel expertise, and known obstacles to these techniques. These obstacles are then discussed in the context of a specific project--Project Nemo. The goal of Project Nemo was to analyze the knowledge and cognitive processes used by submarine approach officers (AOs) as they tried to localize an enemy submarine hiding in deep waters.

The appearance on Russian TV stations Channel One and NTV of the plans for a nuclear torpedo/unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) has prompted much interest among observers.  Among other aspects, its probably salted warhead attracted much attention, the addition of Cobalt-59 ensuring long-lasting radiation designed to render a wide area uninhabitable for years. The July 1948 Baker test in Bikini Atoll illustrated the effects of a shallow underwater explosion. Missile defence experts have noted how, in line with Russian commentary, the system seems to be designed to bypass Western progress in this field. There’s another significant aspect of the possible construction of this weapon: its impact on the international law of the sea.

From this perspective, there are at least three issues that need to be discussed: whether a submarine carrying nuclear torpedoes may carry out innocent passage through another country’s territorial waters, the 1971 treaty banning nuclear weapons on the seabed, and whether a coastal state may restrict the presence of submarines carrying nuclear torpedoes in its EEZ. This paper examines the three.

This article presents new research on the Portuguese Maritime Front during World War One, especially regarding the German submarine war off the Portuguese coast. One subject, in particular, has remained obscure for many contemporary Portuguese historians: the direct and indirect impacts of the German submarine war on the Portuguese economy. In this article, we correlate the material losses provoked by German submarines in the Portuguese Atlantic with fluctuations in maritime commerce during the Great War. This approach sheds new light on how the war at sea affected the economies of peripheral countries like Portugal.

This chapter considers the sinking of Japanese hellships carrying prisoners of war such as the Montevideo Maru and Rakuyo Maru within the wider context of the global war. It discusses international law, efforts by the Red Cross to protect prisoners transported by sea, and the ramifications for POWs - of all sides, in the Atlantic and the Pacific - of the practice of unrestricted submarine warfare in the Second World War.

By the latter half of 1942, the High Command of the German U-Boats (BdU) realised that the “sinking results’’ of the North Atlantic had decreased immensely. The successes of the Allied anti-submarine operations in the North Atlantic precluded the successful employment of the German submarines in said waters. It was realised that the “sinking potential” of the Cape Town - Freetown convoy route, in terms of tonnage, had increased exponentially by the latter half of 1942. This sudden increase was a direct result of the successful German submarine operations in the North Atlantic during 1939-1942. The first German submarine offensive in South African waters during 1942, Operation Eisbär, was aimed at striking a devastating blow to shipping off the South African coast. By the end of December 1942 an estimated 310 864 tons of shipping had been sunk through Operation Eisbär alone. The success of Operation Eisbär led to a further two German submarine offensives being launched by the BdU in South African waters during the remainder of the Second World War, with a number of opportunistic attacks also made by submarines travelling to the Far East. This paper deals with the German Submarine Offensives off the South African Coast between1942 and 1945. It focusses on three key aspects of the maritime war off the South African coast: the maritime threat perception, the Axis maritime strategy in these waters, and the resulting
U-boat offensives.

Measuring the line speed of vehicles detached from a land and moving far from navigation systems is a difficult task. It would be great to have a speed measuring device working as much as possible regardless of location and which is reliable enough. Earth's vehicles, such as cars, ships, airplanes, are equipped with autonomous speedometers. With their help, the speed of movement relative to the environment (land, water, air) is measured. Is it possible to create such a speedometer, for which only the luminiferous medium and energy would be sufficient? It looks like yes. To implement this idea, one can use electromagnetic waves (light), and the fact that light can be entrained by a moving transparent medium.

Os cabos submarinos de fibra óptica e os satélites de comunicações – representação e desconstruções. Curiosamente, e apesar da sua enorme e crescente importância para comunicações contemporâneas de inúmeros tipos, os cabos de fibras ópticas, e sobretudo os cabos submarinos de entre os quais são de sublinhar os que ligam entre si as costas litorais das bacias oceânicas e marítimas – e a partir daí os interiores das massas continentais – não têm nem por sombras recebido a atenção pública e/ou académica que merecem. Como tantas vezes é o caso ao abordarmos questões tecnológicas, as representações espontâneas da importância que lhes atribuímos são enganadoras: talvez em resposta à publicitação das corridas ao espaço encetadas pelo Sputniks soviéticos, no quadro de uma corrida espacial que se prolongou pela Guerra Fria adentro, culiminando com a vitória norte-americana com o seu pico na alunagem do módulo Eagle da Apollo 11, a 20 de Julho de 19692. Uma vitória acompanhada e depois seguida por um número cada vez maior de objectos colocados em órbita para garantir melhores comunicações bem como missões espaciais de todo o tipo que vemos crescer vertiginosamente, levadas a cabo pela Rússia, pelo Japão, pela União Europeia, pela Índia, pela China, entre vários outros, supostamente criando redes físicas de suporte tecnológico que servem de garante para as nossas comunicações. No entanto, esse suporte tecnológico não está no espaço, acima, mas antes nos fundos marítimos e oceânicos. Vários actos relevantes há que falam por si na desconstrução deste mito. Segundo dados, relativos a 2016, fornecidos pela US Federal Communications Commission, apenas 0,37% da capacidade norte-americana para estabelecer comunicações com o exterior depende de satélites. Ou seja, virtualmente toda essa capacidade corre nos cabos submarinos3. No resto do mundo a situação não é muito diferente, com excepção, claro está, para os Estados ditos " encravados " , a saber, sem costa (que também usam cabos de fibra óptica, mas terrestre). Tem sido através deles que passam as comunicações áudio e vídeo de telecoms variados, todo o tipo de operadores móveis, Estados e empresas transnacionais, motores de busca, fornecedores de dados, bancos e banca, i.e. informação e instruções relacionadas com investimentos públicos e privados. Neste artigo abordo a importância da centralidade crescente de Portugal na rede global de cabos, nas suas diversas fases e com as suas dificuldades e vantagens próprias.

It is unusual to share an ERC Grant B1, but it might be useful, particularly for those now trying. That it was chosen does of course not mean that it is a model to follow, since luck is a hugely important factor. Also, comments and suggestions are welcome. For those interested in the topic of this project, here is the abstract:

Few geographical spaces have been more relevant to human life and more intensively theorized than the Mediterranean Sea. Today, this sea poses some of the most pressing challenges and opportunities for European economic, security, and environmental policies. Answers to how to manage the region depend on ideas and perceptions of integration and division of the basin and its peoples. But the Mediterranean as a spatial concept has radically changed in the last 160 years as humans have gained access to its depths, unveiling an underwater world to discover, exploit, and navigate.
The Mediterranean has become a volume. DEEPMED is the first historical account of the discovery of the deep Mediterranean environment. Its main
hypothesis is that science and strategy jointly made the Mediterranean depths into an object of analysis and a political space, which in turn shaped science and strategy in the region. DEEPMED pursues three specific
objectives: 1) identifying the actors and contexts that enabled perceptions and practices of depth in the Med; 2) describing how natural and human time-scales interact in this body of water, and 3) tracking key
conceptual landmarks defining the uniqueness and representativeness of the Mediterranean volume vis à vis the global ocean.
DEEPMED is the first basin-scale step in a novel approach to oceanic history that incorporates analyses of deep and bottom layers of the Sea to gauge the causes and effects of the historical emergence of depth. This
requires an innovative interdisciplinary, transnational and digital methodology. The project identifies overarching trajectories of human engagement with depths from the mid-19th century to the present,
including contrasting timelines and perspectives. The availability of digital tools for creating a database that facilitates geospatial and visual analyses make the project timely. The current security and environmental
Mediterranean crises make it essential.

In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic journey under the sea with the mysterious Captain Nemo aboard his submarine, the Nautilus. Over the course of their fantastical voyage, they encounter the lost city of Atlantis, the South Pole, and the corals of the Red Sea. Along the way, they must battle countless adversaries both human and monstrous. This triumphant work of the imagination shows the limitless possibilities of science and the dark depths of the human mind.

This presentation was made in 2013 at the French Navy School in Brest. It was the Navy chapter of a serie of three symposium on "War & Litterature", the other chapters being dedicated to the Army and the Air Force.
This presentation introduces two French comics - by Brüno & Nicolas Junker - in which the submarine plays a key role. I try to show both the originality and the "clichés" displayed by these comics, and the influence of other media, such as cinema or paintings.

A submarine is capable of executing unsteady maneuvers in six degrees of freedom. The analysis of such motion is very complicated. In order to correctly predict the performance of a submarine during such conditions, there is a need to develop mathematical models and computational tools to investigate the effects. For development of reliable numerical tools, model tests are used to replicate full-scale behavior using scaling formulas. In model testing, the primary requirement to match Reynolds, Froude and Strouhal scale simultaneously presents conflicting demands on the relationship between velocity and characteristic length of the model. The objective of this paper is to satisfy dynamic scaling similarity at every instant of time and mathematically develop a procedure by first principle approach such that the hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on the full scale are correctly represented on the model for the entire range of maneuver. Then from the response equations, scaling formulas are derived to accurately predict the full scale motion from model measurements.

by Daniel Gerald Daly
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
March 1994

ABSTRACT
The problem of Anti-Submarine Warfare early in the next century is examined. Nonacoustic detection methods including magnetic anomaly detection, laser radar, and hydrodynamic detection are examined. A simple analysis of their relative effectiveness is made.

The wreck of the Italian Regia Marina submarine Scirè lies at a depth of 33 meters in Haifa Bay. The Scirè was sunk on 10 August 1942, at a time when Haifa was a harbor of the British Empire. She belonged to the Italian Navy Special Forces unit called X MAS (Decima MAS). This unit was the fiercest enemy of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean and the Scirè was its spearhead. Using innovative underwater warfare in covert operations, the actions of the X MAS, particularly those of the Scirè in Gibraltar and Alexandria, made British harbors unsafe, at least until mid-1943.
This dissertation seeks to examine the main historical questions that still remain unsolved with respect to the final mission and sinking of the Scirè. These questions deal with the purpose and specific objectives of the Scirè in attacking Haifa; the way they fit the general strategy of the Regia Marina in the Mediterranean theater of naval war; her exact plans for the attack and her errors during the approach to the port; how the British discovered her mission and how the battle really took place. More generally, this dissertation will examine the story of the Italian Navy in World War II, and those of X MAS and of the Scirè before the S.L.1 mission against the harbor of Haifa.
The material aspects of the Scirè wreck have been surveyed, studied and documented by divers to obtain information and finds that assisted in reconstructing the primary cause of her sinking. This innovative project is a result of combining archival research with extensive underwater survey of a unique wreck of a World War II submarine, both for the methods and for the subject, since studies of contemporary steel shipwrecks are very recent and rare, especially in the Mediterranean Sea.
Altogether, by combining underwater research and archival studies within a multidisciplinary research context, a wider and more complete picture of this fascinating story has been obtained. This multidisciplinary method has provided an outstanding opportunity to verify the existing data, add more accurate details and significantly enlighten the importance historical military/naval event.
Finally, the study highlighted the importance of the Scirè wreck as a historical monument and the need to protect and manage it, encouraging bilateral agreements between Italy and Israel that meet this need.

This bibliography is a revised and expanded version of Submarine Warfare in the 20th Century, 2002. It is a selected bibliography listing books, periodical articles, and web sites related to submarine and antisubmarine warfare in the 20th century. Some entries have brief annotations taken directly from library cataloger's notes. To ensure a compact citation format, the series statement(s), when present, are in parentheses following the publisher statement and before the pagination. The letters "NPS/DKL," followed by location and call number information, identify the books held by the Naval
Postgraduate School’s Dudley Knox Library. Many of the journal articles are also accessible in the Dudley Knox Library. Consult with the Reference or Interlibrary Loan Department of your local library for advice on obtaining materials of interest to you.

L’invenzione del periscopio per sommergibili è rivendicata da americani, francesi, inglesi e italiani. Il recente ritrovamento dell’archivio di Paolo Triulzi - geniale e poco conosciuto inventore italiano - ha permesso una ricostruzione della priorità italiana nell’invenzione del periscopio, nonché delle vicende concernenti l’invenzione del “Telops Triulzi” e del “Cleptoscopio Russo-Laurenti".

The invention of the periscope for submarines is claimed by the American, French, English, and Italian. The recent discovery of the archive of Paolo Triulzi - brilliant and little known Italian inventor - has allowed a reconstruction of the Italian priority in the invention of the periscope,  and the dispute concerning the invention of the "Telops Triulzi" and the "Cleptoscopio Russo-Laurenti".

It has been seen that a great deal of information about submarine performance, and stability and control, can be obtained from a study of the simplified linear equations, of motion despite the many assumptions that have to be made. In order to use these equations we must have available realistic numerical values for the coefficients of the equations, that is, the derivatives. It would obviously be desirable to be able to determine these derivatives in the early stages of the design so that the necessary predictions could be made to check that the design meets the various requirements laid down. At this early stage chances could easily be made to improve the design if it were found that the requirements were not being met.
A method is described below for calculating the derivatives of single-screw submarines.
It is assumed that the derivatives for the complete submarine can be found by adding the contributions of each of the components (hull, propeller, appendages) and including any interference effects between components.

This article is a first approach to the transformation of the Mediterranean Sea from a surface into a deep volume. I argue that, in contrast to prior periods, the Mediterranean space of the last century-and-a-half has been defined by depth and volume. As such, geopolitics in the Mediterranean became vertical and three-dimensional. Ocean currents, pelagic ecosystems, temperature shifts, and seabed geology, as well as the technologies that allow states and companies to access and operate with these entities, enabled new relationships between knowledge and power. Currents and tem- perature, for instance, determine submarine detectability and thus whether cer- tain routes are feasible or not. As oceanic historians have argued, we need to engage with maritime materiality and nature if we want to unveil how depth matters to human history. Oceans and seas thus emerge as historical actors in regional and world histories, opening new questions as to what constitutes the historical unity and significance of an ocean basin. A semi-enclosed Sea, the Mediterranean is to a great extent defined by its relationships to adjacent seas and oceans. At the same time, its depths of up to 5,000 km and its internal cur- rents (including processes of convection) make it into a “miniature ocean,” pos- ing specific strategic challenges and opportunities. This article aims at showing that the Mediterranean’s topology and nature was key in shaping the ways in which historical actors constituted this Sea into a unit of scientific anal- ysis and military operations.

Il recente ritrovamento dell’archivio di Paolo Triulzi (1860-1945), inventore del periscopio per sommergibili, ha permesso una ricostruzione della vita e delle realizzazioni di questo brillante e poco conosciuto inventore.

The recent discovery of the archive of Paolo Triulzi (1860-1945), inventor of the periscope for submarines, has allowed a reconstruction of the life and achievements of this brilliant and little-known inventor.

By the latter half of 1942, the High Command of the German U-boats (BdU) realised that the ‘sinking results’ of the North Atlantic had decreased immensely. The successes of the Allied anti-submarine operations in the North Atlantic precluded the successful employment of the German submarines in said waters. It was realised that the ‘sinking potential’ of the Cape Town–Freetown convoy route, in terms of tonnage, had increased exponentially by the latter half of 1942. This sudden increase was a direct result of the successful German submarine operations in the North Atlantic during 1939–1942. The first German submarine offensive in South African waters during 1942, Operation Eisbär, was aimed at striking a devastating blow to shipping off the South African coast. By the end of December 1942, an estimated 310 864 tons of shipping had been sunk through Operation Eisbär and the first U-cruiser operation alone. The success of Operation Eisbär led to a further two German submarine offensives being launched by the BdU in South African waters during the remainder of the Second World War, with a number of opportunistic attacks also made by submarines travelling to the Far East. This article has three specific aims. First, to discuss the Union Defence Force’s (UDF) threat perception and operational readiness in terms of the maritime defence of its coast, and the merchant shipping that rounded it, over the period September 1939 to October 1942. Second, to explain the nature and extent of the German submarine operations in South African waters between October 1942 and February 1945. Last, the South African and Allied counter-measures to the German submarine threat off the South African coast will be discussed. By drawing from a myriad of primary archival sources, private and official correspondence, and a host of secondary sources, the background, nature, successes and failures of the German submarine operations, and the South African counter-measures are elucidated.

A Marinha do Brasil busca obter, desde 1979, a capacidade de projetar, construir e operar um
submarino nuclear. O submarino nuclear brasileiro será projetado para utilizar um reator a
água pressurizada, que é o mais empregado em propulsão naval e utilizado também em
usinas termonucleares, inclusive as duas brasileiras. O princípio de funcionamento para
geração de energia de uma instalação em terra e de uma embarcada é o mesmo, porém esta
última apresenta características diferentes, que lhe conferem maior complexidade tecnológica
e elevam os requisitos de segurança frente às terríveis consequências de acidentes nucleares.
Por conseguinte, evidencia-se a necessidade de pessoal altamente capacitado para operar esse
meio naval. A composição e operação de uma instalação propulsora naval permitem
identificar as exigências profissionais requeridas para os seus operadores, seja na questão
técnica como nos requisitos psicossociais e de saúde. Nesse sentido, o pioneirismo da
Marinha norte-americana, traduzida na sistemática introduzida pelo Almirante Rickover,
revela informações de destaque. Além disso, a capacitação de pessoal na área nuclear está
condicionada às imposições da legislação brasileira, o que torna obrigatória a sua análise.
Após esta, é importante verificar como ocorre a capacitação de pessoal das usinas
pertencentes à ELETRONUCLEAR, por se tratar de uma valiosa fonte de consulta, e dos
submarinistas nucleares das Marinhas da França, Estados Unidos da América e Reino Unido,
cujas notáveis experiências estão acima de qualquer questionamento. Por fim, o autor
apresenta uma proposta de capacitação para as primeiras tripulações do submarino nuclear
brasileiro e das que se seguirão, quando estiver consolidado o emprego desse meio naval.

ESCOLA DE GUERRA NAVAL
CMG NELSON NUNES DA ROSA
2011

An illustrated sketch of what we know of the maritime life of William Etienne Jackson (1836-1885), master mariner, captain of George Garrett's experimental submarine Resurgam (1879-80), one-time employee of the National Steam Navigation Company, master of ships based in Singapore and Calcutta, and first mate of the government of Sarawak steamer Rainbow, bought for the first Rajah, Sir James Brooke. Jackson is said to have run away to sea at 12, and his eastern adventures include playing an active part in the notorious 'Battle of Mukah' (1862) against Iranun slave raiders, losing his barque Osprey in the Sulu Sea (1863), and transporting Hajj pilgrims from Singapore to Mecca (in the mid-1860s). Captain Jackson drowned off the coast of Spain when he was only 48, leaving a son of 7 and a widow pregnant with their daughter. His descendants inherited all but a few anecdotes to remember him with, but enough to begin to reconstruct the extraordinary life that is outlined here.