Solanaceae

CITATIONS 4 READS 152 5 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Multidisciplinary approach in the search of new molecules of natural origin with antiparasitic and antitumoral activity, mainly sesquiterpene lactones View project Natural Product Isolation View project Oladipupo A Lawal

Anticholinergic plants of the family Solanaceae have a long history of use as medicines, poisons , and recreational drugs. Though they were the intoxicating substances of choice throughout Europe for centuries, their use for these purposes has declined with the globali-sation of other recreational drugs. The present study sought to examine the level of knowledge surrounding these plants among individuals who had used other hallucinogenic plants or mushrooms in Slovenia. Participants were questioned in regards to the anticholinergic Solanaceae that are known to grow wild in Slovenia: Atropa belladonna L., Datura stramo-nium L., Hyoscyamus niger L., and Scopolia carniolica L. As expected, only a small number of individuals had any substantial knowledge of these plants, and fewer still had used them; some were even unfamiliar with any of these plants. Knowledge of toxicity generally arose from family members, while books and the internet played prominent roles in regards to use knowledge. Knowledge of the plants was vastly varied, with many individuals confusing the plants for others, especially other members of the Solanaceae. Ultimately, a small group of individuals had the largest body of knowledge of these plants, though this was linked with university studies rather than traditional uses. Knowledge of the intoxicating Solanaceae has been largely lost in Slovenia among users of other botanical hallucinogens, likely due to the various dangers their use poses and the undesirable effects they often cause.

In this study, the cytogenetic and oxidative effects of water soluble extracts of two commonly eaten insects, Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) and Oryctes boas (Solanales: Solanaceae), in southwestern Nigeria were evaluated on cultured human blood cells. The extracts were added to the cultures at various concentrations (0-2000 ppm). The chromosome aberration and micronucleus tests were used to find out the DNA and chromosomal damage potentials in vitro by aqueous insect extracts. To assess the oxidative effects of these insect extracts, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were also measured. Our results indicated that these extracts did not show genotoxic effects at the tested concentrations. However, the extracts caused dose-dependent alterations in both TAC and TOS levels. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the studied insects can be consumed safely, but it is necessary to consider the cellular damages that are likely to appear depending on the oxidative stress. We also suggest that this in vitro approach for oxidative and genotoxicity assessments may be useful to compare the potential health risks of edible insects.

Aphis  gossypii  Glover  is  highly  polyphagous  and  is  now  considered  to  consist  of  distinct
phenotypes  and  genotypes,  both  holocyclic  and  anholocyclic,  that  vary  with  respect  to  their
ability to reproduce and food preferences on different host plants. The diversity of its host range
in India includes plants belonging to 569 species under 103 plant families. Plants belonging to
following  families  are  highly  infested: Asteraceae,  Cucurbitaceae,  Fabaceae,  Lamiaceae,
Malvaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae and Solanaceae. There are 11 plant families where more
than 10 species of plants were infested with A. gossypii in India upto 2013, viz. Asteraceae (77
plant species), Lamiaceae  (45 plant species), Fabaceae (35 plant species), Solanaceae (29
plant species), Malvaceae (25 plant species), Cucurbitaceae  (24 plant species), Rosaceae (22
plant species), Polygonaceae (16 plant species), Rubiaceae (14 plant species), Apocynaceae
(12 plant species) and Acanthaceae (11 plant species).

Tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea) is appreciated for its excellent nutritional qualities, being considered a good source of antioxidants compounds, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron, sugars, organic acids, pectins and flavonoids. In this study, were evaluated physical parameters (weight, size, compression strength and humidity) and chemical (degrees Brix, titratable acidity, pH, protein, dietary fiber, ash, minerals and their bioaccesibility, pectin, antioxidants compounds) of the fruit from the Aragua State, Venezuela, as a contribution to stimulate and diversify the consumption of the tree tomato. The characterization showed that the fruits were at the ripening stage for consumption (degrees Brix 10.51, pH 3.5, acidity 0.02 g/100ml and 4.32 Kgf/cm2 compression strength) gave a yield of 74% pulp. The analytical results of the ripped pulp showed a content of 30 Kcal/100 g, dietary fiber (4.10 g/100 g), and minerals such as phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron (3...

The western coast of South America [5-30°S lat] is dominated by desert conditions that form a continuous, hyper-arid belt, broken only by occasional river valleys. The native, non-riparian vegetation of these deserts is largely confined to localities where recurring fogs meet the near-shore terrain. The fogs supply moisture for the development of plant communities here termed lomas formations. The lomas formations range over 3500 km and contain a combined vascular flora of over 1400 species. Individual lomas formations are isolated and endemism is high, reaching over 40% in some localities. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the distribution and origin of the family Solanaceae within the lomas formations. The family is represented by 18 genera and 128 species arrayed in five subfamilies: Cestroideae, Nicotianoideae, Petunioideae, Schizanthoideae, and Solanoideae. Among the genera with endemic species are Exodeconus, Grabowskia, Jaltomata, Leptoglossis, Lycium, Nicotiana, Nolana, Reyesia, Schizanthus, Salpiglossis, and Solanum (including Lycopersicon). No fewer than 90 endemic species are recorded from the lomas formations, and Nolana, with 70 endemic lomas species, stands out as the largest and most wide-ranging genus of the lomas flora and the only genus to be encountered in all lomas formations. Different biogeographic patterns, i.e., autodisjunctions and allodisjunctions, are displayed and these reflect different arrival times and origins for the members of this specialized floristic community. Short-term climatic fluctuations, such as El Niño events, and long-term climatic change associated with glacial cycles have been influential in expansions and contractions in the floras of the Andean Cordillera.

A fracção volátil do tomate, das pêras e das maçãs é constituída por várias centenas de compostos, embora apenas uma parte seja responsável pelo aroma dos frutos, contribuindo assim para a sua qualidade.
As amostras analisadas incluíram tomate da cultivar para indústria Perfect Peel proveniente de campos de ensaio (Vila Franca de Xira, Azambuja), pêras Rocha armazenadas em câmaras da Cooperativa Agrícola do Cadaval (COOPVAL) e maçãs Bravo de Esmolfe provenientes de um pomar comercial situado na zona de Mangualde. Para caracterizar a sua fracção volátil utilizou-se Cromatografia em Fase Gasosa (CG) acoplada a Espectrometria de Massa (EM) e Microextracção em Fase Sólida (MEFS).
A comparação dos perfis cromatográficos obtidos permitiu estabelecer a composição volátil característica das amostras analisadas, bem como salientar diferenças na concentração de certos voláteis. Deste modo, pode-se afirmar que as características sensoriais das amostras serão distintas, pois os compostos que as diferenciam fazem parte dos que mais contribuem para o aroma dos frutos.
Os Ensaios Imunológicos são de fácil aplicação e podem ser utilizados como métodos de rastreio em análise de resíduos de pesticidas em produtos agro-alimentares. Analisaram-se amostras de tomate da cultivar Perfect Peel colhidas em campos experimentais localizados nas zonas de Vila Franca de Xira e de Coruche. Os pesticidas pesquisados foram o Clorpirifos, o Clorpirifos-metilo e o Metalaxil. Utilizou-se para o efeito um kit de Ensaios Imunológicos para Clorpirifos (Clorpirifos-metilo determinado por reacção cruzada) e um kit para Metolacloro (Metalaxil determinado por reacção cruzada), sendo os limites de detecção de aproximadamente 0,1 ppb.
Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as absorvâncias das amostras (medidas num espectrofotómetro) eram superiores às absorvâncias dos padrões usados nos ensaios. De acordo com o funcionamento dos kits, quanto maior for o valor de absorvância medido menor é a concentração de pesticida presente na amostra, portanto o tomate analisado não apresentava resíduos destes pesticidas ou os níveis presentes nas amostras eram inferiores aos limites de detecção.

Palavras-chave: tomate, pêra, maçã, voláteis, aroma, Cromatografia, Microextracção em Fase Sólida, pesticidas, resíduos, Ensaios Imunológicos, qualidade.

Ethnopharmacological relevance
The Norse berserkers were wild warriors of Scandinavia known to enter a trance-like state that allowed them to fight with increased strength and a rage that granted them immunity to many forms of harm in battle. Though many theories have been advanced as to the cause of this state, the most widely believed is that the intoxicating mushroom Amanita muscaria was used.

Aim of the study
The following article underlines the issues with this theory, as well as providing an alternate intoxicant that fits with the reports of berserker behaviour much better: Hyoscyamus niger.

Materials and methods
Literature from a variety of disciplines pertaining to history, toxicology, pharmacology, and botany were compiled to frame and support the argument.

Results
H. niger proved to be a more likely intoxicant used to induce the berserker rage state.

Conclusions
With its anticholinergic tropane alkaloids and symptom profile, H. niger is a much more likely cause of the berserker state than A muscaria. Though there is not enough archaeological and historical evidence to prove or disprove this theory, it provides a novel explanation that is at present the most viable means of understanding the berserkers' trance.

Solanum tuberosum, commonly called as potatoes is one of the most common crop consumed among people. But unknown to many, this plant do contain poison in the form of glycoalkaloid enzymes, particularly solanine which has the highest concentration in the eyes or the sprouts within 3 mm (1/8 inch) of the surface of the potato. This could be fatal when induced

A Brugmansia é considerada o mais forte e tóxico (kepigari) de todos os remédios da farmacopeia matsigenka (SHEPARD, 1998, 2005a). À diferença da ayahuasca, que é tomada frequentemente, em grupos e por curandeiro e/ou paciente, a Brugmansia é tomada raramente, a sós e apenas pelo paciente. O uso frequente de Brugmansia é considerado muito perigoso, e pode levar à morte ou à loucura. A Brugmansia é o último recurso, a autoridade médica máxima reservada para os casos mais drásticos. O xamã, curandeiro ou uma pessoa respeitada da família prepara a poção e tem a responsabilidade de cuidar da pessoa durante o curso da intoxicação. A poção é preparada com muito cuidado, atenção e respeito. O galho da planta é quebrado na mão (não deve ser cortado, pois poderia ofender o espírito da planta) e alguns centímetros do miolo são raspados. O material raspado é fervido na água por algumas horas ou cozido a vapor numa folha de bananeira ou arumã. A poção é preparada num lugar um pouco afastado da casa para evitar contaminação ou impurezas que poderiam matar o paciente. As doses são medidas com muito cuidado em gotas ou pequenas xícaras, pois mesmo o efeito de pequenas doses pode durar de uma noite a três dias. Uma dose excessiva pode deixar a pessoa em estado de alucinação por semanas ou meses, louca para o resto da vida ou mesmo morta...
...
Quando passa o efeito e a pessoa volta para o mundo material, lembra muito pouco de suas experiências no mundo dos espíritos, como um sonho vago. Se os espíritos conseguiram curar o paciente, pouco a pouco começa sua recuperação. Se não, não há mais recurso para salvá-lo, e a pessoa pode morrer. Devido à potência farmacológica dos alcaloides tropânicos, é extremamente perigoso aplicar outros medicamentos durante o período de efeito. Existem relatos sobre pessoas que foram tratadas com outros fármacos biomédicos sem que os familiares avisassem ao profissional de saúde que o paciente estava sob efeito do toé, o que produziu complicações sérias, até fatais. O toé é poderoso, pode revelar maravilhas, em alguns casos é até capaz de produzir milagres. Mas a planta também é ciumenta, brincalhona e traiçoeira, andando tanto no caminho do dia quanto da noite.

Numerous taxa within the Solanaceae family are economically important today, and for New World taxa such as chilies and tomatoes, their histories are particularly well documented. What remains less clear, however, is the extent of nightshade used by the ancient Maya. This article reviews the ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and archeological evidence of some of the major taxa in this large family, as well as providing new archeobotanical evidence in the form of macro- and microbotanical remains from Maya sites in northwestern Petén, Guatemala. This new evidence sheds additional light on the Solanaceae used by the ancient Maya in both domestic and ritual contexts. The absence of certain taxa in this family in the archeobotanical record of this region does not necessarily imply that these were not used in the past. Instead, it indicates that systematic collection of samples needs to be implemented if archeologists are to fully characterize past plant use among the ancient Maya.

With the introduction of cutting-grown Petunia x hybrida plants on the European market, a new potyvirus which showed no serological reaction with antisera against any other potyviruses infecting petunias was discovered. Infected leaves contained flexuous rod-shaped virus particles of 750 – 800 nm in length and inclusion bodies (pinwheel structures) typical for potyviruses in ultrathin leaf sections. The purified coat protein with a Mr of approximately 36 kDa could be detected in Western immunoblots with a specific antibody to the coat protein of the petunia-infecting virus. The 3′ end of the viral genome encompassing the 3′ non-coding region, the coat protein gene, and part of the NIb gene was amplified from infected leaf material by IC/PCR using degenerate and specific primers. Sequences of PCR-generated cDNA clones were compared to other known sequences of potyviruses. Maximum homology of 56% was found in the 3′ non-coding region between the petunia isolate and other potyviruses. A maximum homology of 69% was found between the amino acid sequence of the coat protein of the petunia isolate and corresponding sequences of other potyviruses. These data indicate that the petunia-infecting virus is a previously undescribed potyvirus and the name petunia flower mottle virus (PetFMV) is suggested.

Se describe e ilustra en detalle tres nuevas especies de Iochroma Bentham (Solanaceae) del Norte del Perú. Iochroma barbozae S. Leiva & Deanna es propia de los alrededores de la ciudad de Ayabaca, Departamento Piura, Perú, alrededor de los 2726 m de elevación. Se caracteriza principalmente por la forma y color de la corola, el número de semillas y esclerosomas por baya y el indumento de sus órganos florales. I. ortizianthum S. Leiva & Deanna, presenta (4-) 8-10 flores por nudo, corola blanco-cremoso, glabrescente rodeada por algunos pelos simples transparente externamente, área libre de los filamentos cremoso y glabros, anteras amarillentas sin mucrón apical, arbustos 2,5-3 m de alto, habita entre los 1730-1776 m de elevación e I. rubicalyx S. Leiva & Jara se caracteriza, por las flores (3-) 9-11 en umbelas y dispuestas en las ramas terminales, cáliz tubular rojizo-amarillento externa e interiormente, corola amarillo-intenso externa e interiormente, glabrescente rodeado por algunos pelos simples transparentes cortísimos en el área distal disminuyendo hacia el área basal, área libre de los filamentos blanco-cremosos, glabros, anteras amarillo-verdosas, sin mucrón apical, arbustos (1,5-) 2,5-3,5 m de alto, habita entre los 1430-1791 m de elevación; ambas son propias de la Travesía de Andaloy, (ruta entre San Benito-Yetón), Provincia Contumazá, Dpto. Cajamarca, Perú. Se incluyen datos sobre su distribución geográfica y ecología, fenología, estado actual, nombre popular, usos y sus relaciones con otras especies afines.

The medicinal use of narcotics has a long history, extending back thousands of years, but installations for the ingestion of such substances are rarely preserved. One such installation was found in the Ottoman (fifteenth–seventeenth centuries) levels at Kaman-Kalehöyük, a multi-period settlement mound in central Turkey. Excavations of an Ottoman tandır or ventilated earth-oven have revealed a concentration of charred henbane seeds that suggest the hearth had been used for medicinal fumigation. Henbane smoke was a traditional treatment for relieving toothache and other maladies, but this is the first archaeological evidence for the practice in Asia.

(co-authored with Dr Sachihiro Omura)

Abstract—Interactions with pollinators are thought to play a significant role in determining whether plant species become invasive, and ecologically generalised species are predicted to be more likely to invade than more specialised species. Using published and unpublished data we assessed the floral biology and pollination ecology of the South American native Nicotiana glauca (Solanaceae) which has become a significant invasive of semi-arid parts of the world. In regions where specialised bird pollinators are available, for example hummingbirds in California and sunbirds in South Africa and Israel, N. glauca interacts with these local pollinators and sets seed by both outcrossing and selfing. In areas where there are no such birds, such as the Canary Islands and Greece, abundant viable seed is set by selfing, facilitated by the shorter stigma-anther distance compared to plants in native populations. Surprisingly, in these areas without pollinating birds, the considerable nectar resources are only rarely exploited by other flower visitors such as bees or butterflies, either legitimately or by nectar robbing. We conclude that Nicotiana glauca is a successful invasive species outside of its native range, despite its functionally specialised hummingbird
pollination system, because it has evolved to become more frequently self pollinating in areas where it is introduced. Its invasion success is not predictable from what is known of its interactions with pollinators in its home range.

Key words: Argentina, California, Canary Islands, Greece, hummingbird, invasive species, Israel, mutualism, Peru,
pollination, Solanaceae, South Africa, sunbird

The domestication history of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) has long been debated, with studies unable to narrow down where domestication occurred within a broad region of tropical Asia. The most commonly hypothesized region is India, however China has an equally old written record of eggplant use dating ca. 2000 years before present. Both regions have a high diversity of landraces and populations of putatively wild eggplant: Solanum incanum L. in India and Solanum undatum Lam. in SE Asia. An additional complication is that there is taxonomic confusion regarding the two candidate progenitors. Here, we synthesize historic, morphologic, and molecular data (nrITS sequence and AFLP) to interpret the phylogeographic relationships among candidate progenitors and Asian eggplant landraces in order to test theories of domestication. A minimum of two domestication events is supported: one in India and one in southern China/SE Asia. Results also support separate domestication of S. melongena subsp. ovigerum, a group of morphologically distinct eggplants found in SE Asia, and suggest Asian S. incanum and S. undatum may not be genetically distinct. Routes of the spread of eggplant cultivation throughout Asia are proposed, and evolutionary relationships among allied species are discussed.

Eighty one isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum -like bacteria on triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) medium were collected from different Solanaceae crops (i.e. potato, tomato and pepper plants and potato tubers) at various sites in Ethiopia. Of these, 62 strains were identified as R. solanacearum based on their cultural characteristics on TTC medium, tomato pathogenicity bioassay, carbon source utilisation patterns and a specific PCR-based assay. By Hayward's classification method, based on carbon source utilisation, 19 of the 62 R. solanacearum strains were identified as biovar I and 43 strains were identified as biovar II. The biovar I strains exhibited a high growth rate at high temperatures (37 °C). Whereas the growth rate of biovar II strains was greatest at lower temperatures (22 °C). Biovar I strains had broader host range than biovar II strains, which were limited to potato, tomato, and eggplant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solanacearum biovar I in Ethiopia. The existence of biovar I strains in Ethiopia raises concerns because they have a broader host range than biovar II strains. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Effects of relative humidity, light intensity and photoperiod on growth of 'Ga Jet' and 'TI-155' sweetpotato eultivars, using the nutrient film technique (NFT), have been reported. In this study, the effect of ambient temperature regimes (constant 28°C and diurnal 28:22"C day:night) and different CO2 levels (ambient, 400,1000, and 10 000 I.tL~-400,1000 and 10 000 ppm) on growth of one or both of these cultivars in NFT are reported. For a 24-h photoperiod, no storage roots were produced for either cultivar in NFTwhen sweetpotato plants were grown at a constant temperature of 28"C. For the same photoperiod, when a 28:220C diurnal temperature variation was used, there were still no storage roots for 'TI-155' but the ev. 'Ga Jet' produced 537 g/plant of storage roots. For both a 12-h and 24-h photoperiod, 'Ga Jet' storage root fresh and dry weight tended to be higher with a 28:22"C diurnal temperature variation than with a constant 28"C temperature regime. Preliminary results with both 'Ga Jet' and 'TI-155' cultivars indicate a distinctive diurnal stomatal response for sweetpotato grown in NFT under an ambient CO2 level. The stomatal conductance values observed for 'Ga Jet' at elevated CO2 levels indicated that the difference between the light-and dark-period conductance rates persisted at 400, 1 000, and 10 000 lxl_/L.

Iresine herbstii Hook. (Amaranthaceae) and Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerheim (Solanaceae) are used in the northern Peruvian Andes for magic-therapeutical purposes. The traditional healers use Iresine herbstii with the ritual aim to expel bad spirits from the body. Furthermore, Iresine herbstii was used in association with other plants, such as Trichocereus pachanoi Britt. et Rose, for divination, to diagnose diseases, and to take possession of another identity. Also, species of Brugmansia have been reported to be used during ritual practices for magical and curative purposes. Given the above evidence, the aim of the present study is to evaluate if the central effects of Iresine herbstii and Brugmansia arborea could be associated with interaction with SNC receptors. Two Iresine herbstii extracts (methanolic and aqueous) and one Brugmansia arborea aqueous extract were tested for in vitro affinity on 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2A , 5-HT 2C , D1, D2, ␣ 1 , and ␣ 2 receptors by radioligand binding assays. The biological materials for binding assay (cerebral cortex) were taken from male Sprague-Dawley rats. The extracts affinity for receptors is definite as inhibition percentage of radioligand/receptor binding and measured as the radioactivity of remaining complex radioligand/receptor. The data obtained for Iresine extracts have shown a low affinity for the 5-HT 1A receptor and no affinity for 5-HT 2A receptor. Otherwise the methanolic extract showed affinity for 5-HT 2C receptor (IC 50 : 34.78 g/ml) and for D1 receptor (IC 50 : 19.63 g/ml), instead the Iresine aqueous extract displayed a lower affinity for D1 (48.3% at the maximum concentration tested) and a higher value of affinity for D2 receptors (IC 50 : 32.08 g/ml). The Brugmansia aqueous extract displayed affinity for D1 receptors (IC 50 : 17.68 g/ml), D2 receptors (IC 50 : 15.95 g/ml) and weak affinity for the serotoninergic receptors. None of the three extracts showed relevant affinity to the ␣ 1 , and ␣ 2 receptors. The results of our experiments indicate that Iresine herbstii methanolic extract was able to interact with the central 5-HT 2C and D1 receptors and Iresine herbstii aqueous extract showed affinity for D2 receptors, thus confirming their ritual use. Instead Brugmansia arborea was able to interact only with the central dopamine receptors tested. Parallel studies are currently in progress for evaluating the extracts affinity and active components towards these and other receptor types (GABAergic).

Introduction -Hyoscyamine and scopolamine, anti-cholinergic agents widely used in medicine, are typically obtained from plants grown under natural conditions. Since field cultivation entails certain difficulties (changeable weather, pests, etc.), attempts have been made to develop a plant in vitro culture system as an alternative source for the production of these compounds. During experiments to locate the limiting steps in the biotechnological procedure, it is important to monitor not only the levels of the final products but also the changes in the concentration of their precursors. Objective -To develop a HPTLC method for the separation and quantitation of the main tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine, their respective direct precursors littorine and anisodamine, and cuscohygrine, a product of a parallel biosynthetic pathway that shares a common precursor (N-methyl-Δ 1 -pyrrolium cation) with tropane alkaloids. Methods -Using alkaloid extracts from Atropa baetica hairy roots, different TLC chromatographic systems and developing procedures were investigated. Results -Full separation of all compounds was obtained on HPTLC Si60 F 254 plates preconditioned with mobile phase vapours (chloroform:methanol:acetone:25% ammonia ratios of 75:15:10:1.8, v/v/v/v). The chromatograms were developed twice (at distances of 4.0 and 3.0 cm) in a Camag twin trough chamber and visualised with Dragendorff's reagent. Densitometric detection (l = 190 and 520 nm) was used for quantitative analyses of the different plant samples. Conclusion -This method can be recommended for quantitation of hyoscyamine, scopolamine, anisodamine, littorine and cuscohygrine in different plant material (field grown vs. in vitro cultures).

Coupled gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) using antennae of adult female Manduca sexta was employed to screen for olfactory stimulants present in headspace collections from four species of larval host plants belonging to two families: Solanaceae-Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Capiscum annuum (bell pepper), and Datura wrightii; and Martyniaceae-Proboscidea parviflora. Headspace volatiles were collected from undamaged foliage of potted, living plants. GC-EAD revealed 23 EAD-active compounds, of which 15 were identified by GC-mass spectrometry. Identified compounds included aliphatic, aromatic, and terpenoid compounds bearing a range of functional groups. Nine EAD-active compounds were common to all four host plant species: (Z )-3-hexenyl acetate, nonanal, decanal, phenylacetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol, geranyl acetone, (E)-nerolidol, and one unidentified compound. Behavioral responses of female moths to an eightcomponent synthetic blend of selected tomato headspace volatiles were tested in a laboratory wind tunnel. Females were attracted to the blend. A comparison of responses from antennae of males and females to bell pepper headspace volatiles revealed that males responded to the same suite of volatiles as females, except for (Z )-3-hexenyl benzoate. EAD responses of males also were lower for (Z )and (E)-nerolidol and one unidentified compound. Electroantennogram EAG dose-response curves for the 15 identified EAD-active volatiles were recorded.

Urolithiasis is a common worldwide problem with high recurrence. This review covers twenty three (23) families starting from alphabet S to Z. It includes Solanaceae (12); Zingiberaceae (09); Scrophulariaceae and Urticaceae (08); Verbenaceae (07); Ulmaceae, Valerianaceae and Vitaceae (05); Zygophyllaceae (04); Sapotaceae, Saxifragaceae and Typhaceae (03); Smilacaceae (02); Salicaceae, Salvadoraceae, Santalaceae, Simaroubaceae, Tamaricaceae, Tiliaceae, Theaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Violaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae (01) plant used globally in different countries. Hopefully, this review will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.

Background Since no genome sequences of solanaceous plants have yet been completed, expressed sequence tag (EST) collections represent a reliable tool for broad sampling of Solanaceae transcriptomes, an attractive route for understanding Solanaceae genome functionality and a powerful reference for the structural annotation of emerging Solanaceae genome sequences. Description We describe the SolEST database http://biosrv.cab.unina.it/solestdb which integrates different EST datasets from both cultivated and wild Solanaceae species and from two species of the genus Coffea. Background as well as processed data contained in the database, extensively linked to external related resources, represent an invaluable source of information for these plant families. Two novel features differentiate SolEST from other resources: i) the option of accessing and then visualizing Solanaceae EST/TC alignments along the emerging tomato and potato genome sequences; ii) the opportunity to compare different Solanaceae assemblies generated by diverse research groups in the attempt to address a common complaint in the SOL community. Conclusion Different databases have been established worldwide for collecting Solanaceae ESTs and are related in concept, content and utility to the one presented herein. However, the SolEST database has several distinguishing features that make it appealing for the research community and facilitates a "one-stop shop" for the study of Solanaceae transcriptomes.

The pathogenicity of the Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is dependent on type III effectors (T3Es) that are injected into plant cells by a type III secretion system and interfere with cellular processes to the benefit of the pathogen.

The presence of Solanum rostratum Dunal (Solanaceae) in South America, on the
basis of samples from San Luis (Argentina) and Bogotá (Colombia) is communicated
for the first time. The species is described and illustrated, and biological characteristics
that can promote its spread in local conditions are discussed. It is an annual plant that
reproduces by seeds. It differs from other aculeate wild species of Solanum by their 1-2
pinnatifid leaves, coated with dense and slender spines and stellate hairs, zygomorphic
flowers with bright yellow corolla and a marked heteranthery, with a pollinating, curved
stamen much bigger than the other four, which serve to feed pronubes. This is the first
record for the flora of both countries and South America as a whole. The importance of
their find lies in its huge potential as an invasive, toxic weed.

Solanum erianthum D. Don and Solanum macranthum Dunal (Solanaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine. The leaves act as an abortifacient and in particular to treat leucorrhoea, sores, and skin irritations. This study was undertaken to characterize the volatile constituents of the leaf and fruit essential oils of S. erianthum and S. macranthum; their antimicrobial and in vitro cytotoxic bioassay against human breast and prostate tumor cells. The volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed for their constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microbroth dilution technique while the cytotoxic potentials were evaluated using the Cell Titre 96((R)) AQ(ueous) Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay method. Solanum erianthum essential oils were characterized by the abundance of α-terpinolene (17.8%), α-phellandrene (17.5%), p-cymene (15.7%) and β-pinene (11.7%) in the leaves; α-humulene (23.1%), humulene epoxide II (20.0%), caryophyllene oxide (16.5%), methyl salicylate (11.8%) and β-caryophyllene (10.9%) in the fruits. The leaf oil of S. macranthum consisted of (E)-phytol (29.0%), pentadecanal (28.1%) and pentadecane (7.7%) while the major fruit oil constituents were α-humulene (36.5%), β-caryophyllene (17.8%), ethyl palmitate (9.4%), and methyl salicylate (8.2%). Solanum erianthum leaf volatile oil demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against Hs 578T and PC-3 human breast and prostate tumor cells respectively. In addition, the Solanum essential oils exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (19.5-625 µg/mL) on pathogens employed in the assay. The Solanum essential oils possess strong antimicrobial activity in addition to the potent cytotoxic potential of S. erianthum leaf oil against Hs 578T and PC-3 cells.

Trichomes of twenty two taxa of the genus Solanum, Withania, Petunia, Capsicum, Atropa, Lycopersicon, Cestrum, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Physalis and Nicotiana were examined by using light microscope and photomicroscope. The indumentums shows considerable variations among different species, and therefore, useable characters in de-limitation of species. The study revealed the characters of anatomic interest of leaf and stem epidermal features that have not been previously reported before and has been conducted first time. Size, shape and types of trichomes were measured with considerable variability and the presence of glandular and non-glandular trichomes were observed. Distribution of foliar trichomes emerged as a supportive taxonomic and anatomic tool, which are present in the species mostly are unicellular, bicellular and non-glandular, glandular with bulbous base.

Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard is an important pest of Solanaceae in several countries. Introduced accidentally to Africa, it presently occurs in many countries of that continent. In some of them, it is considered a key pest. The suspected area of origin of this mite is South America. The objective of the present study was to identify phytoseiid mites on solanaceous plants in association with T. evansi in south and southeast Brazil for introduction in the African continent for use in a classic biological control program. Almost 1,400 predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae were collected, on 22 solanaceous species. The Amblyseiinae were the most diverse group in this study. Twenty-three of the species found belong to this subfamily, while only three belong to the Typhlodrominae and two to the Phytoseiinae. The most abundant and most frequent phytoseiid species were Phytoseius guianensis De Leon and Galendromus annectens (De Leon) of the Phytoseiinae and Typhlodrominae, respectively. The most frequent and abundant species of Amblyseiinae was Neoseiulus tunus (De Leon). Phytoseius guianensis and N. tunus were never found in association with T. evansi and G. annectens was found only once in association with it. Two factors suggested Phytoseiulus longipes Evans as the most promising predator found in this study. It could walk very well on tomato leaves infested by T. evansi, without being hampered by the profuse webbing produced by the prey and by the trichomes. In addition, several specimens of both sexes including eggs and nymphs of the predator were found associated with T. evansi on three different plant species and in two different periods of the year, when T. evansi was the only arthropod present on the leaves.

S-heteroallelic pollen (HAP) grains are usually diploid and contain two different S-alleles. Curiously, HAP produced by tetraploids derived from self-incompatible diploids are typically self-compatible. The two different hypotheses previously advanced to explain the compatibility of HAP are the lack of pollen-S expression and the "competition effect" between two pollen-S gene products expressed in a single pollen grain. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we used a previously described dual-specific S(11/13)-RNase, termed HVapb-RNase, which can reject two phenotypically distinct pollen (P(11) and P(13)). Since the HVapb-RNase does not distinguish between the two pollen types (it recognizes both), P(11)P(13) HAP should be incompatible with the HVapb-RNase in spite of the competition effect. We show here that P(11)P(13) HAP is accepted by S(11)S(13) styles, but is rejected by the S(11/13)-RNase, which demonstrates that the pollen-S genes must be expressed in HAP....

Se describe e ilustra en detalle Browallia sandrae S. Leiva, Farruggia & Tepe (Solanaceae) una nueva especie del Departamento Cajamarca, Perú. Browallia sandrae es propia del lugar denominado El Balconcito, ruta El Algarrobal-San Benito, Prov. Contumazá, Dpto. Cajamarca, Perú, entre los 800 y 1000 m de elevación. Se caracteriza principalmente por la disposición de las flores en racimos, el indumento de sus órganos florales, estilo incluso, Cápsula obcónica con pocas semillas 18-26 (-33), negras, coriáceas. Se incluyen datos sobre su distribución geográfica, ecología, situación actual y sus relaciones con otra especie afín.

The stem bark of Discopodium penninervium afforded a withanolide, 6a,7a-epoxy-1-oxo-5a,12a,17a-trihydroxywitha-2,24-dienolide (1) and a coloratane sesquiterpene, 7a,11a-dihydroxy-4(13),8-coloratadien-12,11-olide (4) along with five known compounds, withanone (2), 5a,17b-dihydroxy-6a,7a-epoxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide (3), 7a,11a-dihydroxy-8-drimen-12,11-olide (5), withasomnine (6), and (E,Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid (7). The identity of the compounds was established on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis. All compounds were assessed for inhibition of leukotriene metabolism in an in vitro bioassay using activated human neutrophile granulocytes, and for in vitro cycloxygenase-1 and-2 inhibition from sheep cotyledons and seminal vesicles, respectively. In the leukotriene biosynthesis assay all compounds tested at a concentration of 50 lM exhibited activity with percentage inhibitions ranging from 11.5 to 36.6. The withanolide, 1, displayed a 46.4% inhibition of COX-2 and a 22.9% inhibition of LTB 4 formation at 50 lM concentration. Compounds 4 and 6 inhibited LTB 4 biosynthesis but showed minor inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. The remaining compounds, on the other hand, were found to be inactive on COX enzymes.

The Bedes form one of the largest tribal or indigenous communities in Bangladesh and are popularly known as the boat people or water gypsies because of their preference for living in boats. They travel almost throughout the whole year by boats on the numerous waterways of Bangladesh and earn their livelihood by selling sundry items, performing jugglery acts, catching snakes, and treating village people by the various riversides with their traditional medicinal formulations. Life is hard for the community, and both men and women toil day long. As a result of their strenuous lifestyle, they suffer from various types of pain, and have developed an assortment of formulations for treatment of pain in different parts of the body. Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in all parts of the world including Bangladesh. Although a number of drugs are available to treat pain, including non-steroidal, steroidal, and narcotic drugs, such drugs usually have side-effects like causing bleeding in the stomach over prolonged use (as in the case of rheumatic pain), or can be addictive. Moreover, pain arising from causes like rheumatism has no proper treatment in allopathic medicine. It was the objective of the present study to document the formulations used by the Bede traditional practitioners for pain treatment, for they claim to have used these formulations over centuries with success. Surveys were conducted among a large Bede community, who reside in boats on the Bangshi River by Porabari village of Savar area in Dhaka district of Bangladesh. Interviews of 30 traditional practitioners were conducted with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. It was observed that the Bede practitioners used 53 formulations for treatment of various types of pain, the main ingredient of all formulations being medicinal plants. Out of the 53 formulations, 25 were for treatment of rheumatic pain, either exclusively, or along with other types of body pain. A total of 65 plants belonging to 39 families were used in the formulations. The Fabaceae family provided 7 plants followed by the Solanaceae family with 4 plants. 47 out of the 53 formulations were used topically, 5 formulations were orally administered, and 1 formulation had both topical and oral uses. 8 formulations for treatment of rheumatic pain contained Calotropis gigantea, suggesting that the plant has strong potential for further scientific studies leading to discovery of novel efficacious compounds for rheumatic pain treatment.

The HIV-tuberculosis co-infection has caused an impact on tuberculosis epidemiology all over the world and the efficacies of the therapeutic schemes traditionally prescribed in the treatment of tuberculosis, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide, have decreased due to the appearance of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MDR). This work is part of research on natural antimicrobial agents from plant extracts through bioassay-guided fractionation, by in vitro determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method with Alamar blue oxidation-reduction dye. Crude CHCl3Physalis angulata extracts and physalin-containing fractions displayed antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium malmoense and Mycobacterium intracellulare.

Western Indian Ocean islands (excluding Madagascar) are inhabited by at least five species of the lizard genus Mabuya, for which diversity and inter-island phylogenetic relationships are still unclear, particularly concerning island populations of M. maculilabris, M. comorensis and M. striata. With a comprehensive sampling across the Comoros archipelago and the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba (Tanzania) we use molecular data and previously published sequences of these species to describe genetic variation across their insular range and explore the possible distinction of insular populations of the different species, contributing to the clarification of their status and knowledge of their colonization patterns. We describe patterns of cryptic diversity within M. comorensis, revealing a West to East colonization of the Comoros archipelago and clarify the status of Malagasy populations of this species. Cryptic variation is also observed within M. maculilabris and M. striata, and the status of several continental and island populations discussed. M. sechellensis is shown to be paraphyletic relative to M. wrightii. Available data for all Afro-Malagasy Mabuya reveals additional possible instances of paraphyly within some species but does not allow for further resolution of basal relationships within this group, pointing to rapid and simultaneous divergences within this group and the need for multiple independent markers to recover the history of this group.