Protein

Nutrition for the athletes is the main thing, so they can keep up with training and stay focus and improve their performance. Athletes should be aware of their daily nutritional needs, so they can maintain nutrients balance that match their efforts and boost the immune system. If the energy requirement doesn't match the effort, the athlete will suffer from a lot of things like:-Losing lean body tissue because the body will use it as fuel.-Loss of strength and endurance.-Dysfunction of the immune system which will lead to a lot of health problems.-Deficiency in vitamins and minerals. Calories requirements differ from a sport to another.

The complement inhibitors C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and factor H (FH) both consist of complement control protein (CCP) domains. Here we examined the secondary structure of both proteins by circular dichroism and Fourier-transform infrared technique at temperatures ranging from 30°C-90°C. We found that predominantly ␤-sheet structure of both proteins was stable up to 70°C, and that a reversible conformational change toward ␣-helix was apparent at temperatures ranging from 70°C to 90°C. The ability of both proteins to inhibit complement was not impaired after incubation at 95°C, exposure to extreme pH conditions, and storage at room temperature for several months. Similar remarkable stability was previously observed for vaccinia virus control protein (VCP), which is also composed of CCP domains; it therefore seems to be a general property of CCP-containing proteins. A typical CCP domain has a hydrophobic core, which is wrapped in ␤-sheets and stabilized by two disulphide bridges. How the CCP domains tolerate harsh conditions is unclear, but it could be due to a combination of high content of prolines, hydrophobic residues, and the presence of two disulphide bridges within each domain. These findings are of interest because CCP-containing complement inhibitors have been proposed as clinical agents to be used to control unwanted complement activation that contributes to many diseases.

The native conformation of host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP C ) is metastable. As a result of a post-translational event, PrP C can convert to the scrapie form (PrP Sc ), which emerges as the essential constituent of infectious prions. Despite thorough research, the mechanism underlying this conformational transition remains unknown. However, several studies have highlighted the importance of the N-terminal region spanning residues 90-154 in PrP folding. In order to understand why PrP folds into two different conformational states exhibiting distinct secondary and tertiary structure, and to gain insight into the involvement of this particular region in PrP transconformation, we studied the pressure-induced unfolding/ refolding of recombinant Syrian hamster PrP expanding from residues 90-231, and compared it with heat unfolding. By using two intrinsic fluorescent variants of this protein (Y150W and F141W), conformational changes confined to the 132-160 segment were monitored. Multiple conformational states of the Trp variants, characterized by their spectroscopic properties (fluorescence and UV absorbance in the fourth derivative mode), were achieved by tuning the experimental conditions of pressure and temperature. Further insight into unexplored conformational states of the prion protein, likely to mimic the in vivo structural change, was obtained from pressure-assisted cold unfolding. Furthermore, salt-induced conformational changes suggested a structural stabilizing role of Tyr150 and Phe141 residues, slowing down the conversion to a ␤-sheet form. Article and publication are at http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi/doi/ 10.1110/ps.04989405. Protein Science (2005), 14:956-967.

Tripodal peptide analogues were designed on the basis of the phosphotyrosine binding pocket of the Src SH2 domain and assayed for their ability to bind to fluorescein-labeled phosphopeptides. Fluorescence polarization assays showed that a number of amphipathic linear peptide analogues (LPAs), such as LPA4, bind to fluorescein-labeled GpYEEI (F-GpYEEI). LPA4 was evaluated for potential application in cellular delivery of phosphopeptides. Fluorescence microimaging cellular uptake studies with fluorescein-attached LPA4 (F-LPA4) alone or with the mixture of LPA4 and F-GpYEEI in BT-20 cells showed dramatic increase of the fluorescence intensity in cytosol of cells, indicating that LPA4 can function as a delivery tool of F-GpYEEI across the cell membrane. Fluorescent flow cytometry studies showed the cellular uptake of F-LPA4 in an energy-independent pathway and confirmed the cellular uptake of F-GpYEEI in the presence of LPA4. These studies suggest that amphipathic tripodal peptide analo...

The emergence, in recent years, of microbial resistance to commonly used antibiotics has aroused a search for new naturally occurring bactericidal and fungicidal agents that may have clinical utility. In the present study, three new antimicrobial peptides were purified from the electrical-stimulated skin secretion of the South American frog Leptodactylus ocellatus by reversed-phase chromatographic procedures. Ocellatin 1 ( 1 GVVDILKGAG-KDLLAHLVG ISEKV 25 -CONH 2 ), ocellatin 2 ( 1 GVVDILKGAGKDLLAHLVGKISEKV 25 -CONH 2 ) and ocellatin 3 ( 1 GVLDILKNAAKNILAHAAEQI 21 -CONH 2 ) are structurally related peptides. These peptides present hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes and are also active against Escherichia coli. Ocellatins exhibit significant sequence similarity to other amphibian antimicrobial peptides, mainly to brevinin 2ED from Rana esculenta.

Background: Recombinant DNA technologies have played a pivotal role in the elucidation of structure-function relationships in hemoglobin (Hb) and other globin proteins. Here we describe the development of a plasmid expression system to synthesize recombinant Hbs in Escherichia coli, and we describe a protocol for expressing Hbs with low intrinsic solubilities. Since the aand b-chain Hbs of different species span a broad range of solubilities, experimental protocols that have been optimized for expressing recombinant human HbA may often prove unsuitable for the recombinant expression of wildtype and mutant Hbs of other species. Methodology/Principal Findings: As a test case for our expression system, we produced recombinant Hbs of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), a species that has been the subject of research on mechanisms of Hb adaptation to hypoxia. By experimentally assessing the combined effects of induction temperature, induction time and E. coli expression strain on the solubility of recombinant deer mouse Hbs, we identified combinations of expression conditions that greatly enhanced the yield of recombinant protein and which also increased the efficiency of post-translational modifications.

The C-terminal oligomerization domain of chicken cartilage matrix protein is a trimeric coiled coil comprised of three identical 43-residue chains. NMR spectra of the protein show equivalent magnetic environments for each monomer, indicating a parallel coiled coil structure with complete threefold symmetry. Sequence-specific assignments for *H-, "N-, and I3C-NMR resonances have been obtained from 2D 'H NOESY and TOCSY spectra, and from 3D HNCA, I5N NOESY-HSQC, and HCCH-TOCSY spectra. A stretch of a-helix encompassing five heptad repeats (35 residues) has been identified from intra-chain HN-HN and HN-Ha NOE connectivities, 3J~~~o coupling constants, and chemical shift indices. The a-helix begins immediately downstream of inter-chain disulfide bonds between residues Cys zyxw 5 and Cys 7, and extends to near the C-terminus of the molecule. The threefold symmetry of the molecule is maintained when the inter-chain disulfide bonds that flank the N-terminus of the coiled coil are reduced. Residues Ile 21 through Glu 36 show conserved chemical shifts and NOE connectivities, as well as strong protection from solvent exchange in the oxidized and reduced forms of the protein. By contrast, residues Ile 10 through Val 17 show pronounced chemical shift differences between the oxidized and reduced protein. Strong chemical exchange NOES between HN resonances and water indicate solvent exchange on time scales faster than 10 s, and suggests a dynamic fraying of the N-terminus of the coiled coil upon reduction of the disulfide bonds. Possible roles for the disulfide crosslinks of the oligomerization domain in the function of cartilage matrix protein are proposed.

Background data: The covid-19 pandemic led to an enforcement of lockdown throughout the

country which led to closure of supply of non-vegetarian foods.

Objective: The study was conducted for assessment of consumption of Non-Vegetarian foods during lockdown period in females aged 20-40 years of Muslim Community.

Methodology: An online google form questionnaire consisting of FFQ was circulated among 100 respondents and data was collected.

Results: The results obtained were that there was reduced availability of non-vegetarian foods during lockdown period where meat, fish were least available. Some people avoided Non-Vegetarian foods consumption due to fear of Covid-19 which further led to sudden decrease in the chicken, meat and fish consumption (p=0.001). This dietary changes led to increase consumption of protein source vegetarian foods such as pulses, legumes, milk and milk products during lockdown period (p= 0.002), although nuts and oilseeds consumption was decreased. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of participants were also improved during lockdown period (p=0.306) as many people transformed into normal BMI category. The participants self-reported that they developed health problems such as joint pain, muscle pain, fatigue, skin problems, hair fall, bone related issue and decreased immunity. Also decreased haemoglobin levels, Vitamin B12, Iron, Calcium and Vitamin D deficiency. These health issues developed may be because of decreased protein intake during lockdown period.

Conclusion: Awareness must be created among participants about the protein rich vegetarian sources and the ways to increase its bioavailability so as to mitigate health issues.

Peptides that bind either U1 small nuclear RNA (U1 snRNA) or the anticodon stem and loop of yeast tRNA(Phe) (tRNA(ACPhe)) were selected from a random-sequence, 15-amino acid bacteriophage display library. An experimental system, including an affinity selection method, was designed to identify primary RNA-binding peptide sequences without bias to known amino acid sequences and without incorporating nonspecific binding of the anionic RNA backbone. Nitrocellulose binding assays were used to evaluate the binding of RNA by peptide-displaying bacteriophage. Amino acid sequences of RNA-binding bacteriophage were determined from the foreign insert DNA sequences, and peptides corresponding to the RNA-binding bacteriophage inserts were chemically synthesized. Peptide affinities for the RNAs (Kd approximately 0.1-5.0 microM) were analyzed successfully using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies. These methodologies demonstrate the feasibility of rapidly identifying, isolating, and...

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of four different media based hydroponics on plant growth, yield and nutritional values at Biochemistry laboratory of Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Bangladesh during November 2014 to April 2015. Tomato plants were grown in closed soilless system where Hoagland solution as nutrient solution and jute fiber, cotton (jhut), coconut husk as substrate. Among four types of media, the media composed with Hoagland solution and jute fiber showed good impact on growth and nutritional values than the other three media (media of Hoagland solution with coconut husk, Hoagland solution with cotton and only Hoagland solution. It was revealed that the highest plant height, yield, vitamin C, fruit protein, fat and fiber content of all were related to media combination of jute fiber and Hoagland solution. Among all the verities, the highest plant height (106 cm), yield (5.3 kg plant-1), fruit Vitamin C content (64.54 mg 100 g-1), fruit protein (17.67 %), fat (5.2%) and fiber (7.9%) content was recorded from Patharkuchi tomato variety.

CASK, which belongs to the family of membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins, is recognized as a multidomain scaffolding protein highly expressed in the mammalian nervous system. MAGUK proteins generally target to neuronal synapses and regulate trafficking, targeting, and signaling of ion channels. However, CASK is a unique MAGUK protein in several respects. It not only plays a role in synaptic protein targeting but also contributes to neural development and regulation of gene expression. Several CASK-interacting proteins have been identified from yeast two-hybrid screening and biochemical isolation. These proteins, whose interactions with CASK are reviewed here, include the Parkinson’s disease molecule parkin, the adhesion molecule neurexin, syndecans, calcium channel proteins, the cytoplasmic adaptor protein Mint1, Veli/mLIN-7/MALS, SAP97, caskin and CIP98, transcription factor Tbr-1, and nucleosome assembly protein CINAP. More important, CASK may form different complexes with different binding partners and perform different functions. Among these interactions, CASK, Tbr-1, and CINAP can form a transcriptional complex regulating gene expression. Reelin and NMDAR subunit 2b (NR2b) genes have been identified as Tbr-1 target genes. Reelin is critical for neural development. NR2b is an important subunit of NMDAR, which plays important roles in neural function and neurological diseases. Regulation of reelin and NR2b expression suggests the potential roles of the Tbr-1-CASK-CINAP complex in neural activity, development, and disease. The functions of these CASK protein complexes are also discussed in detail in this review.

Spatial confinement in nanoporous media affects the structure, thermodynamics and mobility of molecular soft matter often markedly. This article reviews thermodynamic equilibrium phenomena, such as physisorption, capillary condensation, crystallisation, self-diffusion, and structural phase transitions as well as selected aspects of the emerging field of spatially confined, non-equilibrium physics, i.e. the rheology of liquids, capillarity-driven flow phenomena, and imbibition front broadening in nanoporous materials. The observations in the nanoscale systems are related to the corresponding bulk phenomenologies. The complexity of the confined molecular species is varied from simple building blocks, like noble gas atoms, normal alkanes and alcohols to liquid crystals, polymers, ionic liquids, proteins and water. Mostly, experiments with mesoporous solids of alumina, gold, carbon, silica, and silicon with pore diameters ranging from a few up to 50 nm are presented. The observed peculiarities of nanopore-confined condensed matter are also discussed with regard to applications.
A particular emphasis is put on texture formation upon crystallisation in nanoporous media, a topic both of high fundamental interest and of increasing nanotechnological importance, e.g. for the synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid materials by melt infiltration, the usage of nanoporous solids in crystal nucleation or in template-assisted electrochemical deposition of nano structures.

The protein quality of 11 null and 2 tofu soybean genotypes were determined from their total protein content, their amino acid composition, and their glycinin and b-conglycinin contents. There were highly significant differences (P < 0.001) in their total storage proteins, and amino acid contents. Total protein among these genotypes ranged from 33 to 37%, with arginine being the third highest amino acid (7.4-10.9 g/100 g protein) followed by glutamic and aspartic acids. Methionine accounted for only 1.6-2.4 g/ 100 g of protein. All genotypes contained a good balance of essential amino acids (EAA 9 ), ranging from 43.5 to 47.3% of the total protein, limited only in methionine and possibly threonine and valine. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic (2-DE) reference maps, using narrow range immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips, revealed unique differences in the proteome, and subunit expression of glycinin and b-conglycinin, among these null genotypes, which can then be correlated with their protein quality. Out of a total of 111 basic (pH 6-11), and 223 acidic (pH 4-7) protein spots separated by 2-DE, 41 soybean storage protein spots were excised, and identified by liquid chromatography on-line with electro spray LCQ DecaXP tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). These methods will enable accurate evaluation of protein quality in soybeans, based on their protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score, assessment of the genetic variability of soybean genotypes, and serve as very effective tools for assisting plant breeders in their selection of high quality soybean varieties.

Sardinella aurita, Sarpa salpa, and Sepia officinalis were studied. Significant seasonal variations were observed in the amounts of moisture, lipid, protein, and ash between species. Viscera protein content undergoes large fluctuations. This tendency is different from results observed for the edible parts or for the whole body of many marine species. Ash content also showed significant differences. Lipid contents varied with seasons, in a proportionally inverse manner to water contents. Fatty acid composition showed significant differences from October to December. Interestingly, the highest total omega-3 contents were comparable to many commercial marine fish oils.

Whole grain products are recommended for healthy diets as being recognized sources of dietary fiber and antioxidant substances. In the present study, four cereals including barley, pearl millet, rye and sorghum which are adapted to the growing conditions in the United Arab Emirates were evaluated in terms of their composition of dietary fiber, resistant starch, minerals and total phenols and antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity was evaluated on the basis of scavenging capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH Å ) radicals and 2,2 0 -azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate] (ABTS Å+ radical cations). The adapted grains exhibited better nutritional quality compared to commercial hard and soft wheat flours, the main ingredients in grain-based food products. They were significantly rich in resistant starch, soluble and insoluble dietary fibers, minerals and antioxidants. Barley had the highest levels of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, and zinc, and the second highest content of iron following millet. Sorghum was exceptionally high in antioxidant activities followed by millet and barley. The antioxidant properties of the three grains were comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene. The nutritional data suggest that the selected grains, particularly barley and sorghum, hold promise as healthy food ingredients.

A Couette Cell device was employed to provide proof of concept for the production of structured meat analogues by application of simple shear flow and heat to a 31 wt% Soy Protein Isolate (SPI)–Wheat Gluten (WG) dispersion. Three relevant process parameters (temperature, time and rotation rate) were varied over a range of realistic values (90–110 C, 5–25 min and 5–50 RPM, respectively). Layer- or fibre-structured products with high stress and strain anisotropy indices have been demonstrated. Fibrousness is favoured at temperatures over 90 C and under 100 C, whereas the role of process time and rotation rate is not critical. Simultaneous application of simple shear and heat is the key to obtaining structured plant protein-based products. The Couette Cell concept is scalable and can enable continuous operation. On this ground, it appears as a realistic option for production of meat analogues at commercial scale.

The phylogenetics development of genus is regularly described as the consequence of random mutations and expected choice, which gives rise to the perception of phylogenetic trees. The big quantity of soaring excellence sequence data accessible has ended the rebuilding of phylogenetic trees as of sequence data achievable. In this work COX gene is taken from NCBI P22437.1 as a protein with its accession number. The Clustal approach is a influential and admired alternative for create phylogenetic trees as of sequence data, no limit in the size of the trees, which can be constructed. The aim of work is speed up tree reconstruction by construction use of preceding information. Here put forward a new heuristic for incorporating a phylogenetic tree for protein datasets are converted to DNA datasets and construct the phylogenetic tree for analogous data set. In this work we implement the proposed Clustal for multiple alignments. The experiments performed show, which incorporating prior knowledge leads to a significant speed up, if large amounts are included.

Chocolate is a unique flavoured food used in our society for more than 2000 years. From the fresh aroma to the brownish colour and the melting sensation that is felt in mouth after consumption makes it most likely food that is passed on, on occasion, loved by kids and making it one of the most major product of food industry. This research tries to put a glimpse on positive impacts as well as toxic impact of chocolate consumption by estimating various parameters about nutrients such as protein, fat, sugar, caffeine and antioxidant contents. Certain other parameters like pH and conductance are also observed. The chocolate samples used in this research are three of types that is dark, milk and white. These are collected from a variety of sources like retail market, home-made brands, cacao chocolate, organic chocolate and lastly pure form of ingredients (cocoa powder, cacao powder and cocoa butter /Theobroma oil). Results are obtained for all 14 samples, individual result of nutrient parameter will help the consumer to understand the parameter better and focus on comparison of one particular parameter in variety of chocolate. This results from the research states that dark chocolate is the most preferable and nutrient rich as compared to other chocolates. Cacao chocolate and organic chocolates can at times be a more preferable due to their nutrient value. Therefore, it is important to choose chocolates wisely as health should not be compromised because of taste.

It has become customary to conceptualize the living cell as an intricate piece of machinery, different to a man-made machine only in terms of its superior complexity. This familiar understanding grounds the conviction that a cell's organization can be explained reductionistically, as well as the idea that its molecular pathways can be construed as deterministic circuits. The machine conception of the cell owes a great deal of its success to the methods traditionally used in molecular biology. However, the recent introduction of novel experimental techniques capable of tracking individual molecules within cells in real time is leading to the rapid accumulation of data that are inconsistent with an engineering view of the cell. This paper examines four major domains of current research in which the challenges to the machine conception of the cell are particularly pronounced: cellular architecture, protein complexes, in-tracellular transport, and cellular behaviour. It argues that a new theoretical understanding of the cell is emerging from the study of these phenomena which emphasizes the dynamic, self-organizing nature of its constitution, the fluidity and plasticity of its components, and the stochasticity and non-linearity of its underlying processes.

tein is used in several areas such as clinical analysis, food science and technology, biochemistry, protein chemistry, physiology. Five spectrophotometric methods are mostly used: biuret, Lowry, Bradford, Smith and UV absorption. In this review a general overview of these methods is presented (interferences, applications); other methodologies are also discussed.

Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai tanggal 6-24 Juni 2013 di Laboraturium Teknologi Hasil Ternak Universitas Jendral Soedirman Purwokerto. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh dosis penambahan arang aktif terhadap kandungan protein dan bau perengus pada susu kambing pasteurisasi. Materi penelitian yang digunakan susu kambing segar sebanyak 9,5 liter dari eksperimental farm Fakultas Peternakan UNSOED dan arang aktif sebanyak 570 g. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan lima perlakuan dan masingmasing perlakuan diulang 7 kali. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah R0 arang aktif 0 g per 200 ml, R1 arang aktif 6 g per 200 ml, R2 arang aktif 12 g per 200 ml, R3 arang aktif 18 g per 200 ml dan R4 arang aktif 24 g per 200 ml. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis variansi dan dilanjutkan Uji Orthogonal Polinominal. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian arang aktif menurunkan kadar protein susu kambing pasteurisasi (P<0,01) dan bau susu kambing pasteurisasi berkurang (P<0,01). Hasil Uji Orthogonal Polinominal menunjukan bahwa makin meningkat level arang aktif, kadar protein susu kambing pasteurisasi makin turun mengikuti persamaan Y = 4.7625 -0.0541x (r = 0.97). Kesimpulan dosis penggunaan arang aktif 18 g per 200 ml susu kambing dapat menghilangkan bau perengus dan penurunan proteinnya terkecil.

Protein merupakan suatu polipeptida yang memiliki struktur primer, sekunder, tersier dan kuartener. Penentuan konsentrasi protein merupakan proses yang rutin digunakan dalam kerja Biokimia. Ada beberapa metode yang biasa digunakan dalam rangka penentuan konsentrasi preotein, yaitu metode Biuret, Lowry, dan lain sebagainya. Masing-masing metode mempunyai kekurangan dan kelebihan. Pemilihan metode yang terbaik dan tepat untuk suatu pengukuran bergantung pada beberapa faktor seperti misalnya, banyaknya material atau sampel yang tersedia, waktu yang tersedia untuk melakukan pengukuran, alat spektrofotometri yang tersedia (VIS atau UV). 3 BAB II PEMBAHASAN 2.1 Penggolongan Protein Protein dapat dibeda-bedakan berdasarkan komposisi kimia, bentuk, atau fungsi biologisnya. 1. Berdasarkan Komposisi Kimia Berdasarkan komposisi kimianya, protein dibedakan atas protein sederhana dan protein konjugasi. Protein sederhana hanya teriri atas asam amino, dan tidak ada gugus kimia lain. Bagian yang bukan asam amino dari protein konjugasi disebut gugus prostetik. Protein konjugasi digolongkan berdasarkan jenis gugus prostetiknya. Beberapa diantaranya: Biasanya gugus prostetik pada protein memegang peranan penting di dalam fungsi biologisnya.

Protein merupakan salah satu nutrisi penting yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh karena fungsi utamanya sebagai zat pembangun tubuh. Dalam fungsinya tersebut, protein sebagai penyusun dari seluruh sel tubuh akan terus membangun jaringan tubuh selama fase pertumbuhan. Selain itu protein juga sebagai penyusun dari berbagai enzim dan hormon yang dibutuhkan tubuh dalam pengaturan metabolisme sehari-hari. Protein juga berfungsi untuk pertahanan tubuh yaitu fungsinya sebagai pembentuk antibodi atau immunoglobulin serta memperbaiki sel tubuh yang rusak.

Granola is the nutritious product prepared with a different level of cereals, chickpeas, nuts, and raisins because they are the valuable source of protein and can be used as a complementary protein source of each other. The products were analyzed for nutritional quality, texture, and sensory attributes. Moisture content was same in all bars. The product is having a high concentration of oats, puffed rice, nuts and chickpea show maximum level of calories (421.88 kcal) with a high percentage of crude protein (12.51%), fat (10.4%), ash (1.51%), and crude fiber (3.45%) content. A significant amount of minerals was present in all the treatments especially magnesium. Formulation D with 15 % level of each ingredient like puffed rice, chickpea, nuts and oat flakes have a rich amount of protein and fats and is a good source of calories. Highest mean score regarding all sensory attributes was given to formulation D and C for their nutty and crunchy taste. To some extent, all these bars provide energy and basic nutrients to the consumer.

Tamamen doğal, yenilikçi, sürdürülebilir gıda üretim tekniklerini bünyesinde barındıran bütünleşik yaşam alanı projesi BostanKent...
MultiPonik tekniklerle tarım, hayvancılık, mikrobiyolojik organik kimyasallar ve protein üretim çiftlikleri.

ABSTRAK Amoxicillin merupakan salah satu antibiotik yang umum dan banyak dipakai oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, sediaan yang banyak tersedia di pasaran hanyalah sediaan per oral dan apabila dibutuhkan dalam dosis besar maka digunakan injeksi. Namun, banyak pasien yang memiliki kesulitan ketika mengkonsumsi obat oral maupun menginjeksi obat dengan jarum suntik yang menimbulkan rasa tidak nyaman setelah pemakaian. Oleh karena itu, pada review ini diperkenalkan metode penghantaran obat secara transdermal menggunakan plester microneedle. Tujuan review ini untuk memberikan informasi mengenai fabrikasi plester microneedle polimer, kemudahan pemakaian, dan manfaatnya agar kemudian dapat diaplikasikan sebagai metode penghantaran antibiotik yang lebih efektif dibanding metode lain. Data hasil diperoleh dari jurnal yang sudah terpublikasi baik dari jurnal internasional maupun nasional. Jurnal yang digunakan sebanyak 43,75% dipublikasi diatas tahun 2015 (5 tahun yang lalu), 53,125% di bawah 5 tahun yang lalu (2011-2015), dan 3,125% dipublikasi di tahun 2010 (10 tahun yang lalu). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa plester microneedle memiliki kemampuan mengenkapsulasi biomolekul dengan baik dan nilai bioavailabilitasnya tinggi serta lebih efektif dibandingkan metode transdermal lainnya. Selain itu, penggunaannya sangat praktis, efisien, dan mudah untuk masyarakat. Namun, produk plester yang diperkaya antibiotik ini belum banyak dijual di pasaran sehingga plester microneedle ini merupakan prospek yang baik untuk dikembangkan dengan memperkaya kandungan biofarmasi yang lainnya, seperti antigen, vaksin, hormon, maupun biomolekul lainnya. Kata Kunci : Plester Microneedle Polimer, Amoxicillin, Metode Transdermal.


ABSTRACT Amoxicillin is one of the common antibiotics and widely used by Indonesian people. However, the only products that available on the market are oral preparations and when large doses are needed, the injection is used. However, many patients have difficulties when taking oral drugs or injecting drugs with needles which cause discomfort after use. Therefore, in this review, a transdermal drug delivery method using microneedle patch is introduced. The goal of this review is to inform about how to fabricate polymer microneedle patch, the ease of the use and the advantages that can be applied as an effective method to deliver antibiotics rather than other methods. The result obtained from journals that have been published both from international and national jou rnals. The journals used were 43.75% published above 2015 (5 years ago), 53.125% more than 5 years ago (2011-2015) and 3.125% published in 2010 (10 years ago). The data indicate that the microneedle patch has the ability to encapsulate biomolecules very well, has a high bioavailability value and is more effective than other transdermal methods. In addition, its use is very practical, efficient and easy for the community. However, this antibiotic-enriched microneedle patch product is not yet widely sold in the market. Thus, this microneedle patch is a good prospect to be developed by enriching other biopharmaceutical ingredients such as antigens, vaccines, hormones, and other biomolecules.

We conduct this study to study risk factors of protein energy malnutrition Among Children Under Five years .This study was conducted in Nyala Locality in south Darfur State in Sudan. Cross-sectional descriptive study to measure the Prevalence of protein energy malnutrition. This study designed to cover (n=402 child).

In this era of competition, Quality is Imp factor. Quality by Design (QbD) refers to a new approach to product development. It is a modern approach for the quality of pharmaceuticals. It ensures that the quality of pharmaceutical products, safety and efficacy. It also gives a comparison between product quality by end-product testing and product quality by QbD. In this review article, steps of QbD startup plans are included. The principle of quality has been identified by the ICH guidelines.Q8-Pharmaceutical development, Q9-Pharmaceutical risk management, Q10-Pharmaceutical quality system. The aim of Pharmaceutical development is to design a quality product and manufacturing process. During the designing and development of production QbD, a company needs some elements, which are described briefly. For the Implementation of QbD, various tools are needed to be used, which have been described briefly. This paper discusses the pharmaceutical QbD and describes how it can be used to develop the pharmaceutical product.

Resistance Exercise (RE) is a widely practiced activity both in leisure time and in training periods for competitive athletes. Recent advanced in molecular biology and muscle physiology has elucidated some of the mechanisms that regulate muscle growth. As a result of these biochemical advances, an increased number of supplements claiming to enhance adaptations to Resistance exercise have become available. Essentially, the aim of these supplements is to influence protein synthesis and therefore gradual protein accretion leading to increased muscle size and strength. The aim of this review is to discuss the most commonly consumed supplements associated with RE and make recommendations with regards to timing, volume and combinations of supplementations.

Dewasa ini, berbagai persoalan mengenai lingkungan banyak bermunculan seiring bertambahnya jumlah populasi manusia, seperti halnya penggunaan pestisida untuk memusnahkan serangga yang dianggap mengganggu. Pestisida mengandung bahan kimia yang sulit, bahkan tidak bisa terdegradasi secara alami oleh tanah. Oleh karena itu, bahan-bahan alami sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi dampak yang ditimbulkan bagi lingkungan. Salah satu bahan alami yang bisa digunakan adalah isolat bakteri.

NAMA : NOVIA NIM : 1610716120005 KELOMPOK : V (LIMA) ASISTEN : MUHAMMAD HABIBIE KEMENTERIAN RISET TEKNOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI UNIVERSITAS LAMBUNG MANGKURAT FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN BANJARBARU 2017 KATA PENGANTAR Dengan memanjatkan puji dan syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan karunia-Nya maka praktikan dapat menyelesaikan laporan ini sesuai dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan. Pada kesempatan ini praktikan mengucapkan terimakasih yang sebesarbesarnya kepada para Dosen dan Asisten yang telah meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing dan memberikan petunjuk kepada praktikan dalam melaksanakan kegiatan praktikan serta semua pihak baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung yang telah membantu dalam penyelesaian laporan ini. Praktikan menyadari bahwa dalam penulisan laporan ini masih banyak terdapat kesalahan dan kekurangan baik dalam penulisan maupun isinya, oleh kerena itu praktikan mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun demi kesempurnaan laporan ini. Akhir kata praktikan berharap agar laporan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi semua. Khilaf dan keterbatasan praktikan dalam penulisan agar dimaklumi karena kekurangan berasal dari praktikan sendiri dan segala kesempurnaan berasal dari Allah SWT.

Hidrolisis protein merupakan proses pemutusan ikatan peptida dari protein menjadi komponen-komponen yang lebih kecil seperti pepton, peptida dan asam amino. Hidrolisis ikatan peptida akan menyebabkan beberapa perubahan pada protein, yaitu meningkatkan kelarutan karena bertambahnya kandungan NH 3 + dan COOdan berkurangnya berat molekul protein atau polipeptida, serta rusaknya struktur globular protein.

Modern society has brought with it many comforts and conveniences, yet when it comes to the United States’ health and nutrition, the advancements haven’t always been positive for your overall health. Doing things better, cheaper and faster may work well for manufacturing microprocessors but it doesn’t work well with the mind, body or spirit. The invention of factory farming, refined and processed pre-packaged food and fast food has come at a high price – your health. You can find your own way to good health by learning the basics of holistic health including what is safe and what is dangerous in modern food. With knowledge comes the empowerment to debunk misnomers from food and nutrition studies born out of conflicts of interest and to see through devious marketing from large food and beverage manufacturers focused only on one thing (and it’s not your health.) Consuming a diet filled with the “food like stuff” that has become a basic of today’s Standard American Diet (SAD), results in excess weight, illness, dis-ease and mental fog from the dangerous components of our food.

As an unique individual, biochemically and spiritually, it’s important to find what works best for you. When you know the basics, you can seek out and find what foods, including amounts and combinations, work best for your individual body. It’s vital to experiment to find the right combination of food, exercise and spiritual nurturing so you not only feel great, you are the best, most dazzling version of you. Empowerment through knowledge will allow you to find your own way to a life of vibrant health and a trim, healthy body. Awareness of good nutrition is freedom from fad diets, counting calories and points, reading unhelpful nutritional labels and from confusion over misleading nutritional information in the media. Changing what you know and the way you eat and treat your mind, body and spirit will transform your life.

KEMENTERIAN RISET, TEKNOLOGI, DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN PURWOKERTO 2016 BAB I. PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Pangan merupakan kebutuhan pokok manusia sebagai sumber zat gizi yang penting bagi tubuh. Berbagai zat gizi dalam bahan pangan dapat dikelompokkan kedalam golongan makronutrien seperti air, karbohidrat, protein dan lemak; serta golongan mikronutrien seperti vitamin, mineral dan senyawa lain. Analisis pangan diartikan sebagai upaya pengukuran dan pengukuran kandungan zat gizi dalam pangan. Hasil pengukuran tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan antara lain untuk menentukan komposisi zat gizi bahan pangan, menentukan kualitas bahan pangan, menentukan adanya bahan ikutan/tambahan dalam makanan, juga untuk mendeteksi terjadinya perubahan selama penanganan dan pengolahan bahan pangan (Legowo dan Nurwantoro, 2004). Cara analisis yang dilakukan pada bahan pangan tertentu berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya tergantung jenis bahan pangan, zat yang akan dianalisis, jenis analisis (kuantitatif/kualitatif), serta tingkat ketelitian yang diinginkan. Senyawa dalam bahan pangan yang sering dianalisis diantaranya adalah protein. Analisis protein dapat dilakukan dengan dua metode, yaitu secara kualitatif dan secara kuantitatif. Analisis protein secara kualitatif yaitu terdiri dari reaksi Xantoprotein, reaksi Hopkins-Cole, reaksi Millon, reaksi Nitroprusida, dan reaksi Sakaguchi. Sedangkan, analisis protein secara kuantitatif dapat dilakukan dengan metode Kjeldahl, metode titrasi formol, metode Lowry, metode Biuret, dan metode spektrofotometri UV (Poedjiadi dan Titin, 2009). Salah satu metode analisis protein yang dipelajari dan digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah metode Lowry. B. Tujuan 1. Mengetahui dan memahami cara analisis protein terlarut dengan metode Lowry. 2. Memahami pengaruh jenis bahan terhadap protein terlarut.