Social Software

Numerous empirical studies analyse evolving open source software (OSS) projects, and try to estimate the activity and effort in these projects. Most of these studies, however, only focus on a limited set of artefacts, being source code and defect data. In our research, we extend the analysis by also taking into account mailing list information. The main goal of this article is to find evidence for the Pareto principle in this context, by studying how the activity of developers and users involved in OSS projects is distributed: it appears that most of the activity is carried out by a small group of people. Following the GQM paradigm, we provide evidence for this principle. We selected a range of metrics used in economy to measure inequality in distribution of wealth, and adapted these metrics to assess how OSS project activity is distributed. Regardless of whether we analyse version repositories, bug trackers, or mailing lists, and for all three projects we studied, it turns out that the distribution of activity is highly imbalanced.

Este trabajo aborda a la fraternidad ciudadana como una cualidad específica de relación humana que es posible de hacer florecer o inducir por medio del diseño de cierta infraestructura social capaz de permitir espacios democráticos y creativos para la conversación y que  generen una memoria colectiva. El abordaje epistemológico para esta propuesta viene del metadiseño, enfocándose en el software social y proponiendo ciertos criterios fundamentales que garanticen un sentido democrático de igualdad y reversibilidad, así como principios de co-creación que permitan la emergencia de temas relevantes a comunidades específicas y que sea capaz de propender a cursos de acción.

Se justifica la validez de este enfoque desde 3 problemáticas fundamentales: (i) La vertiginosa democratización de los medios productivos que, en virtud de la digitalización, ha permitido el acceso a géneros discursivos anteriormente vedados (como cine, video, animación, broadcasting, publicación, diseño tipográfico, etc.) (ii) La homogenización traída por el soporte digital de Internet como último medio con la capacidad de albergar en él a todos los géneros anteriores, favoreciendo en concepto de "protocolos estándares y universales" (patrocinados por la W3C) para el desarrollo distribuido de aplicaciones, servicios y contenidos y, por último (iii) la llamada “paradoja occidental” del deterioro del capital social en las sociedades desarrolladas que viene acompañada por una crisis de la representatividad de los partidos políticos que trae, en cambio una tendencia a la des-intermediación, a la distribución de pequeños liderazgos situados localmente generando una imagen aparentemente acéfala pero con una mayor resilencia gracias a las plataformas de software social; como la reciente primavera árabe y el 15M.

Dentro de este modo del diseño, se incluye la complejidad de la co-creación en la definición misma de la infraestructura, así como de las dinámicas internas de ella, queriendo instaurar un género discursivo de naturaleza cívico-político. Se plantea que este espacio debe ser de naturaleza maleable para que, desde ahí, se proyecte cierta “maleabilidad del mundo” que puede ser abordado fraternalmente desde la colaboración.

La propuesta de MediaFranca, lejos de ser una promesa idealista para la participación cívico-política del público, se apoya pragmáticamente en las dinámicas del software social para fortalecer la colectividad dentro de mecanismos deliberativos respecto de los espacios en que se insertan. El sentido investigativo de la propuesta apunta al modo en que el diseño puede ser adaptivo y evolutivo (como soft control) y cual es la nueva ética que de aquí se desprende para el diseñador.

eLearning is a term broadly used to describe the process of learning with the use of informational technologies and tools, usually through a web page. Nowadays it is hard to speak about eLearning without implicitly including an eLearning management system and new informational technologies. A learning management system (LMS or LCMS) is used to deliver educational material and manage interaction between students and tutors. LMSs can be open source, commercial or developed in-house by the universities. Tools like audio/ video conferencing, streaming, podcasting, social software, RSS feeds, can be incorporated into the LMS or can be subsequently added to the learning system as individual modules. This present paper seeks to establish the current state of eLearning technologies, both worldwide as well as in Romania.

... potential malware, and the number of such websites has increased by around 190,0000 since 2008 (see Google's Safe Browsing ... We used the Windows command Ipconfig/displaydns to display the contents of the DNS resolver cache after pinging the domain ... View Within Article. ...

It is very well collected project on Cloud Computing. no need to wandering on internet to search about Cloud computing, Just download it. thanxx
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The theme of the software that we have been developing is a combination of Mobile Solutions and Leveraging Geo data and Maps to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful to a wider and better extent. Our project is a mobile application that allows the user to download and install street maps of a particular city, state or country depending on his current needs from a site .The downloaded maps can be browsed offline by the user and the user can download new maps or update the existing ones whenever he feels the need to do so. The downloaded maps will be dynamic giving the user the feel as if he is browsing the maps online. The user's current location will be shown on the map using the cell tower info that is provided by all the cell network providers thus making the application usage completely independent of internet service. The downloaded maps will not be like some image of a street map but like a fully functional and active map that allows the user to search for a particular place like some mall, or some spot for tourist interest by just speaking the name of the place which will be processed by the speech recognition system which is a great feature of our application specially useful for people who don't know how to read or write in English .The result produced by the application will be a shortest by road route to the place which will be highlighted on the map ,the distance and the estimate cost of reaching there by a cab or a bus service, any transportation means like a bus stand or a taxi stand in the close vicinity of the users current location will be highlighted in the map. The cursor on the map indicating the user's current location will move along with the user as he travels thus providing him real time information of his location.

In this research-in-progress, we review the literature on an emerging new type of information systems: social information systems. Social information systems are information systems based on social technologies and open collaboration. The paper provides categories defining social information systems and a framework for existing and future research in this field of study.

Software development paradigms help a software developer to select appropriate strategies to develop software projects. They include various methods, procedures, and tools to describe and define the software development life cycle (SDLC). The waterfall and iterative models are two useful development paradigms, which have been used by various software developers in the last decades. This paper proposes a new software development methodology, called waterative model, which applies an integration of the waterfall and iterative development paradigms. In this model, the iterative model is embedded into the waterfall model to use the advantages of both models as an integrated one. It, in the most cases, is appropriate for large software products that need a long-term period of time for the development process. Experimental results demonstrate that the customer satisfaction score could be high by using the proposed model in various software projects.

In recent years, the usage of virtual worlds for educational purposes has increased. In this paper, we focus specifically on virtual campuses, i.e. virtual worlds representing real educational institutions that use the metaphor of a university and provide users with a range of different tools for learning. Based on the results of a case study that we have performed, this paper provides a set of requirements for a virtual campus. Following the requirements, we present the design of a virtual campus representing our university. Among the associated tools and resources we introduce an innovative educational recourse 'Collaborative Virtual Workshop', based on the principles of social software.

Abstract. Despite the extreme diversity of Web applications, one can find similarities among them. This paper proposes an answer to the question of knowing whether it is possible to conceptually represent different Web applications in a common manner such that they can generically be integrated in other Web applications. The 3A model developed at EPFL in the framework of the European PALETTE project is used to generalize the visual and functional properties of Web applications. A Web 2.0 personal learning environment based on the ...

This paper analyzes several features of virtual learning environments. These tools are basic for new models of education because their basic idea is to reduce the number of hours face-to-face in the classroom and to promote remote individual work. This is the main purpose of the new European models given by the Bologna process. Four studies have been made. First of them, shows level of popularity of each environment according number of entrances in two web searchers. From this previous study, we have chosen the most popular environments and we will give the details of their features and main differences between them. We are going analyze existing environments to create online learning communities and so, promoting online learning. Next, we will show a study this type of educational social software. This study involves a questionnaire to some lecturers of our university, Polytechnic University of Valencia. Our analysis presents most important results. Then, we have studied the virtual learning environments used in the Spanish universities. It will show us which of them are more used in Spain. Finally in the last part of the paper, we will show a performance evaluation of the two main environments.

This paper outlines the concept of produsage as a model of describing today's emerging user-led content creation environments. Produsage overcomes some of the systemic problems associated with translating industrial-age ideas of content production into an informational-age, social software, Web 2.0 environment. Instead, it offers new ways of understanding the collaborative content creation and development practices found in contemporary informational environments.

The growing phenomenon of Social Software seems to provide an opportunity to complement the top-down approach based on central knowledge repositories with tools that are simpler, smarter and more flexible. This article in- cludes a brief description of the main categories of Social Software - weblogs, wikis and social networking sites - fol- lowed by an analysis of their utilisation in relation to the five core Knowledge Management activities of the Knowledge Management taxonomy proposed by Despres & Chauvel in 1999. Examples that illustrate the support Social Software could provide for knowledge management are presented. Finally, some of the problems that hinder the usage of Social Software tools, together with some of the latest developments and trends in the field are mentioned.

The possibility of developing more interactive and innovative applications allowed users interact with each other and have a primary role as producers of content-these systems are called social software. This paper examines the definition of the concept of social software with its design process and structure. We introduce the social software honeycomb, a framework built to help in understanding social software. Based on an analysis of an inclusive social network we revisit this framework discussing its elements, ...

In this research-in-progress, we review the literature on an emerging new type of information systems: social information systems. Social information systems are information systems based on social technologies and open collaboration. The paper provides categories defining social information systems and a framework for existing and future research in this field of study.

The move towards offering product-service systems (PSS) requires the involvement of stakeholders from heterogeneous functions or companies with knowledge of the different stages of the life cycle. This challenges the way in which organizations create, share, and manage knowledge across functional and corporate boundaries. The management and reuse of knowledge within the cross-functional teams are still enormous tasks, especially when dealing with semi- structured or unstructured information, as well as with informal and tacit knowledge.
The purpose is to explore how a lightweight collaborative approach can support knowledge sharing in cross-functional collaboration in the context of product-service system development. Through an empirical analysis of the knowledge management practices within cross-functional collaborative teams in the aerospace supply chain, this thesis describes the knowledge-related problems in light of the implementation of a PSS paradigm and explores how lightweight collaborative technologies can enable knowledge sharing in boundary-crossing collaborative working environments. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology whose empirical findings are based on two industrial case studies. Data have primarily been generated through interviews, focus group meetings, and survey questionnaires.
The research work outlines the limitations of current knowledge management systems in capturing, managing, and reusing cross-functional knowledge in PSS development in terms of knowledge sharing, pointing to lightweight collaborative technologies as a key knowledge-sharing enabler for PSS development. Furthermore, the study elaborates upon the opportunities and challenges embedded in the lightweight concept by using SWOT analysis as well the development of several scenarios in which social, bottom-up technologies are applied in an engineering context. This approach results in the identification of promising areas for the significant impact of PSS development, such as in identifying new product opportunities, locating the right capabilities in the organization, and capturing the design intent and design rationale. These areas eventually highlight the features and requirements for effective lightweight knowledge sharing in PSS development efforts.
The research work introduces Web 2.0/social software applications and methods as a bottom-up and lightweight collaborative approach for knowledge sharing in PSS development. First, the study determines that these technologies can enhance knowledge sharing by providing empowering opportunities and dynamic way of interactions for knowledge workers. Second, these technologies can improve teams’ capabilities by exploiting the network of connections through the collective creation and maintenance of shared knowledge assets with a common understanding. Such improvements will eventually enhance decision making and sense making in a global, virtual, and cross-functional team setting. Finally-and most importantly- these technologies can amplify access to individual tacit knowledge, thereby ensuring continuous organizational learning.
This research work is particularly significant as the adoption of a Web 2.0/social approach in engineering collaboration is still not eminent. The thesis outlines several issues that have to be addressed from both methodological and technological perspectives before pursuing the wide adoption of lightweight tools in the areas identified.

Purpose: Commercial businesses claim social software features are a particularly powerful source of motivation that can be leveraged in many ways in order to drive user adoption of wearable technology. In that regard, the aim of this dissertation was to identify and evaluate the relationship between social software features and user adoption of wearable technology. The conceptual model devised was based upon an existing study that designed and tested a technology acceptance model (TAM) for smart watches. In order to investigate the role of social software perceived critical mass and subjective norm were added to the original TAM for smart wearables as potential predictors of user behaviour.
Methodology: An online survey assessed the proposed determinants of smart fitness trackers (Fitbit) adoption.  Principal components factor analysis was performed to test the construct validity. Indicators were checked for internal reliability using Cronbach’s α. The hypothesised relationships were tested using standard multiple regression analysis. Standard multiple regression analysis was also conducted to compare the model’s overall predictive fit of the original TAM for smart wearables to the extended TAM for smart wearables. Principal components factor analysis and multiple regression were conducted on collected data (n=88) using the “SPSS Statistics 20” software.
Findings: Results confirmed all the proposed relationships stemming from the original TAM for smart wearables. However, the proposed effects of perceived critical mass and subjective norm on perceived usefulness and consequently on user adoption were different than expected. Subjective norm was confirmed to exert a positive effect on perceived usefulness (B=0.004), however, the effect was minimal. Perceived critical mass was, similarly, found out to exert only a minimal effect on perceived usefulness, but the direction of this effect was negative (B=-0.015). Therefore, the proposed positive relationship between perceived critical mass and perceived usefulness and consequently user adoption was not confirmed. Adding perceived critical mass and subjective norm to the original TAM for smart wearables increased R2 for only 0.1%, thus extended TAM explained individual acceptance of smart wearables only slightly better than the original TAM did.
Implications: The results, although inexpressive, did indicate that in order to increase sales of smart fitness trackers businesses should built their marketing strategies on accentuating the ease of use of these devices and not their social software features, as it is widely believed.
Originality/Value:  Although businesses strongly bet on social connections as a potent means for encouraging sustained user engagement, empirical studies of the relationship between social software features and user adoption of wearable technology are non-existent. This dissertation was one of the first scholarly attempts to include social influence factors into a prediction of smart wearables usage model, with implications for the adoption of future wearable technology.

Key Words: social software, user adoption, wearable technology, technology acceptance model (TAM), Fitbit.

Sociability is considered to be important to the success of social software. The goal of the current study is to identify factors that affect the users' perception of the sociability of social software and to examine the impact of sociability on the users' attitude and behavior intentions. In a pilot study, 35 web users were interviewed to gain understanding of how they use social software to supplement their social life and to explore the possible factors that influence the users' utilization of social software. In the first study, a questionnaire was developed, and 163 valid responses were collected. From the factor analysis results, seven important factors for social software design emerged, which accounts for 63.3% of the total variance. In the second study, 246 participants were asked to evaluate one of ten popular social applications with respect to the seven factors, their perceived sociability, and their attitudes and intention regarding the use of the applications. Results show that sociability is influenced by social climate, benefits and purposes, people, interaction richness, self-presentation, and support for formal interaction. System competency is not a sociability factor, but it significantly influences the user's experience. Sociability and system competency, when combined, can predict 43% of users' attitude towards social software and 51% of their intentions to use social software.

In the emerging digital landscape of the Web 2.0 era, where social software tools like blogs, wikis and podcasts provide instant connectivity, promises of engagement and community building, there is a need to rethink models for teaching and learning. In this paper, the authors argue that outmoded didactic models, which place emphasis on the delivery of information by an instructor and/or from a textbook, may need to be replaced in order for student-centred learning to come to fruition. Currently, e-learning pedagogies at ...

Забардаст Месуд Баба оглы
СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОБРАЗА ЖИЗНИ
( В СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНЫХ РЕГИОНАХ ИРАНА)
РЕЗЮМЕ
В ХХ – ХХI веках глобализационные процессы, находящиеся в центре внимания мировой политики и общественности, приобрели новые черты. Как известно, определенная цивилизация имеет определенные культурные устои и общественные основания: цивильное мировоззрение и историческая практика опираются на интеллектуальную интеграцию групп. Глобализационные процессы новейшего времени приводят к формированию как рассеянного мышления, так и  нового образа жизни. В этом смысле  диссертационное исследование представляет актуальность.
            Основной целью диссертации является исследование происходящих изменений в образе жизни людей традиционного иранского общества. Диссертационная работа состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения и списка использованной литературы. В первой главе изучены теоретико-методо¬логические основы и понятийный аппарат исследования, сделан анализ взглядов восточных и западных мыслителей, связанных с образом жизни. Теория “средних уровней” Р.Мертона была выбрана как методологическая основа исследования, и для обоснования этой позиции была представлена интерпретация функционалистического подхода. Вторая глава диссертации посвящена исследованию некоторых особенностей образа жизни иранского общества в современное время. В этой главе изучено влияние глобализационных процессов на иранское общество, их традиции и обряды, которые до сих пор являются основной частью образа жизни людей этой страны. Третий параграф этой главы диссертационной работы связан с эмпирическими исследованиями. В этом параграфе проведен сравнительно-статистический анализ современного развития иранского общества, и представлены обобщения эмпирического исследования, проведенного в северо-западных регионах Ирана. В Заключении работы высказываются выводы, предложения и рекомендации автора по поводу разрабатываемой темы. Həyat tərzi, Sosial problem

Als Tim O’Reilly 2005 vor allem für Entwickler internetbasierter Software einen Artikel veröffentlichte, in dem er eine „nächste Version“ des Internet mit dem Neologismus Web 2.0 beschrieb, fasste er aus technisch-ökonomischer Perspektive die paradigmatische Veränderung von Internetangeboten seit der Mitte dieses Jahrzehnts zusammen. Von der vormals sehr angebotsorientierten Nutzung der Möglichkeiten des Internet, in der Anbieter die Nutzer als passive Konsumenten von Inhalten, die von einigen Wenigen zur Verfügung gestellt werden, sehen, verschiebt sich nun der Fokus auf die aktive, partizipative Gestaltung der Inhalte durch die Nutzer selbst. Ob dies tatsächlich einem paradigmatischen Wandel in der Kultur des Internet bedeutet oder nun lediglich ein medienwirksames Buzzword gefunden wurde, das kontinuierliche, kulturelle Aneignungsprozesse sozialer Gruppen subsumiert, kann kritisch hinterfragt werden. Nicht von der Hand zu weisen sind jedoch die Zunahme und Verbreitung neuer Vernetzungsplattformen und Kooperationstools im Internet, sowie rasant steigende Nutzer- und Aktivitätszahlen von Präsentations- und Vernetzungsplattformen wie XING, facebook, YouTube und der Einsatz von Wikis und Weblogs in verschiedenen Kontexten.
Die Nutzung dieser Social Software und deren spezifischen Kommunikationskanälen geschieht jedoch nicht ohne tiefgreifende Veränderungen im privaten als auch im beruflichen Leben. Auf jeder Online-Plattform, mit jedem Kooperationstool und in jedem Skype-Telefonat wird durch Kommunikation auch ein Teil der eigenen Identität preisgegeben. Dabei wird der bewusste Umgang mit der Darstellung von Identität, das Identitätsmanagement, immer bedeutsamer. Ich möchte in dieser Arbeit darlegen, wie sich das Identitätsmanagement durch Social Software im Web 2.0 verändert. Dazu zeige ich die verschiedenen Arten von Social Software auf, die sich herausgebildet haben und biete eine Charakterisierung dieser an. Da der Großteil der Social Software-Tools auch zur Koordinierung und Zusammenarbeit (nicht nur im beruflichen) genutzt wird, untersu- che ich zunächst deren Einsatzmöglichkeiten zur Kooperation. Ich lege einige Merkmale der Veränderung durch computervermittelte Kommunikation dar, um schließlich sowohl technisch generierte, als auch sozial produzierte Folgen auf das Identitätsmanagement aufzuzeigen.

The growing adoption of social web technologies such as social software (SSW) in online configuration environments has enabled the possibility of supporting configurator users in interacting digitally with real people while they are shopping for customized products. Previous research has identified that online sales configurators (OSCs) are currently connected to SSW with different modalities to provide configurator users with a variety of options to digitally interact with real people. Enriching the configuration environment with social-interaction tools has engendered the phenomenon of social-product customization. Recent studies considered the social product-customization by investigating the impact that community feedback and social comparisons has on configurator user. However, the OSCs users' need to interact with different referents during their configuration process, and whether the SSW-OSCs connections respond to this need are still unsearched. To address this gap, the present study explores (a) whether users experience the need to interact with different referents while shopping via OSCs and (b) which interaction modalities users are looking for. By considering 943 configuration experiences from 189 users of 378 OSCs for various consumer goods, the present study finds that the need for social interaction by OSC users is highly relevant. Moreover, OSC users perceive the need to interact with different referents during different stages of the configuration process, and, depending on the referent with whom they wish to interact, they are interested in different interaction modalities in terms of how and where those interactions take place. These findings imply that mass customizers may leverage their customers' need to interact with real people while shopping online via OSCs in order to better engage their actual and potential customers.

This paper examines some of the initiatives that aim to teach programming skills at all levels in education to those for who would otherwise find it hard, due to nothing other than a lack of knowledge and opportunity within their education system, to gain an entry point into these skills. It also examines what can be learned from ‘hacker’ culture. It does not cover formal computer science education but focuses on the interwoven histories of computer programming and education, and their impressive output. The abstract was submitted before government minister Michael Gove proposed promising changes to UK ICT education, the idea being to liberate educators from an ICT that teaches little more than the use of proprietary applications such as Excel or Powerpoint, and begins to draw on some of the creative solutions that have been under continuous and often connected development since the late 1960s.

This study investigates the environmental conservation costs of the local authorities in Kenya by analyzing the data collected from 90 of these local authorities. The population of the study is the 175 local authorities in Kenya. A sample of 90 local authorities has been used. Both statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17 and Excel have been used to determine the level of environmental conservation costs in the studied local authorities. The results indicated that there was a wide use of environmental conservation costs among the local authorities. The study provides preliminary evidence on environmental conservation costs used by local authorities in Kenya. Further research is suggested to explore the possible motivating factors among different local authorities' degree of application and level of environmental costs in different activities.

The most well-known social software applications are weblogs, wikis, social networking sites and instant messaging. Social networking at a high level is described as the convergence of technologies that make it possible for individuals to easily communicate, share information, and form new communities online. But the big question today is not what social networking is, but rather what it means for businesses. During the fast growth of social media and software, social networks are forcing companies to increase activities in their traditional CRM systems. These popular websites could be a great approach for companies and customers to improve their communications by applying them in computers and mobile devices. Through the social networks the way, which the company uses in its marketing, is changed. Business can take benefit through applying Social network marketing in order to cooperate with companies to achieve their goals. One of the most important advantages of Internet based application is creating an interactive contact between stakeholders that enable businesses to get feedback directly from their customers. In parallel companies can gain benefits through social marketing: they can achieve a better understanding of the customer needs and then they can build effective relationships with customers. Although social marketing is a common concept in business, there is a few numbers of people aware of its effective role in marketing. Social Marketing is a known term but not all the people know what it is exactly and what are the opportunities and risks from it. Social network marketing can be very advantageous for businesses. This paper intends to find how social software can be used to improve the marketing and to survey how social software can be used effectively in enterprises. The main focus would be on opportunities and risks in companies used social network in their marketing.

In recent years, the usage of virtual worlds for educational purposes has increased. In this paper, we focus specifically on virtual campuses, i.e. virtual worlds representing real educational institutions that use the metaphor of a university and provide users with a range of different tools for learning. Based on the results of a case study that we have performed, this paper provides a set of requirements for a virtual campus. Following the requirements, we present the design of a virtual campus representing our university. Among the associated tools and resources we introduce an innovative educational recourse 'Collaborative Virtual Workshop', based on the principles of social software.

In this paper we present myPIM -a graphical information management system that provides user workflow requirements in research and teaching/learning context mainly by providing a user's bookmark archive, file archive and the possibility to exchange information with colleagues.

Social networking and communications tools have become widely used in entertainment and social applications and there is growing interest in their use in formal education applications. Distance education and especially those types that are based on self-paced programming models may be the biggest beneficiaries of the use of these new tools to provide previously unavailable capacity for student-student and student-teacher interaction. However, little is known about students' interest, expectation and expertise using these tools. In this study the results of an online questionnaire (n=967) completed by undergraduate students enrolled in self-paced distance education programming are presented. The paper concludes that these students have very diverse views and experiences -however a majority are interested in using these tools to enhance their learning experiences. We also describe the relationship between expertise and expectation -the greater use and experience of learners, the more they expect and desire to have educational social software used in their formal education programming.

¿Puede el Diseño ayudar a transformar la creciente conectividad de las redes sociales en una mayor socialización de la ciudadanía, en una mayor participación cívica, otorgándole al público un mayor poder y volviendo más nítidos los propósitos implícitos en tal colaboración?
¿Podemos, desde el diseño, desbanalizar las plataformas actuales de interacción para inyectarles un propósito cívico, de inclusión
participativa y deliberación democrática?

This book proposes a system for analysis of a society run by media logics. Apparent is that 'being' -the entity remaining 'outside' of media -is confronted by a 'societal' space in which 'others' together form the social dimension differentiating between 'self' and 'other'. The movement in our minds that sets our selves apart from such others is continually changing without 'being' noticing it. 'Being', then, is not actually there.

Airborne software is invisible and intangible, it can have a significant impact on the safety of the aircraft. However, it cannot be exhaustively tested, and can only be assured through a structured, process, activity, and objective-based approach. This paper studied the similarities and differences of software review policies of the four selected National Airworthiness Authorities (NAAs) by using a comparative approach and analysed the general certification basis of specific regulation clauses from the International Civil Aviation Organization Conventions to each contracting States' regulations by a traceability method. Then analyzed the development processes and objectives applicable to different software levels based on RTCA/DO-178C. Identified 82 technical focus points based on each airborne software development subprocess, then created a Process Technology Coverage matrix to demonstrate the technical focuses of each process. Developed an objective-oriented top-down and bottom-up sampling strategy for the 4 software Stage of Involvement reviews by taking into account the frequency and depth of involvement. Finally, created the Technology Objective Coverage matrix, which can support the reviewers to perform the efficient risk-based SOI reviews by considering the identified technical points, thus to ensure the safety of the aircraft from the software assurance perspective.