Social Acceptance

This article examines attempts to negotiate a perceived residual dominance of settler populations in South Africa and Zimbabwe by means of developmental and cultural policies deemed necessary to restore sovereignty to Africans. Indigenisation has become a preferred strategy for reconstructing post-colonial states in Africa: indigenisation of the economy as part of a Third Chimurenga in Zimbabwe and Black Economic Empowerment in the sociocultural context of Ubuntu in South Africa. These are issues arising from the regional legacy of contested and uneven transitions to majority rule. Identifying how governments frame the "settler problem", and politicise space in doing so, is crucial for understanding post-colonial politics. Indigenisation in Zimbabwe allows the government to maintain a network of patronage and official rhetoric, and is highly divisive and exclusivist although couched in terms of reclaiming African values and sovereignty. Revival of Ubuntu as a cultural value system in South Africa facilitates a more positive approach to indigenisation, although Black Economic Empowerment displays elitist tendencies and cultural transformation remains controversial and elusive. The perceived need to anchor policy in socially acceptable (i.e., ostensibly indigenous/traditional) contexts has become a prominent feature of post-colonial politics and is indicative of an indigenous turn in Southern African politics.

Bu çalışmada, XIX. yüzyıl sonunda zorunlu göçe; 1923 yılında Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında yapılan antlaşma gereğince de mübadeleye tabi tutulan Giritli Müslümanların iskân edildikleri yeni topraklarında karşılaştıkları uyum sorunu üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu anlamda özellikle sosyokültürel hayatta uyumu zorlaştıran dil meselesi üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Nitekim Girit’te gündelik hayatta yaygın olarak Rumca konuşan Müslümanlar, Türkçeyi çok az bildiklerinden veya hiç bilmediklerinden yeni topraklarında kendilerini ifade etmekte güçlük çekmişlerdir. Bu durum onların, görevlilerle ve özellikle de yeni komşularıyla sorun yaşamalarına neden olmuştur. Girit’te “Türkler dışarı!” sözlerine muhatap olurlarken, yeni topraklarında “yarım gâvur”, “gâvur tohumu!” gibi sözlerle itham edilmişlerdir. Bu süreçte toplumsal kabulün, sosyal bütünleşmenin sağlanamaması onlar için şartları daha da zorlaştırmıştır. Neticede bu çalışmayla hem zorunlu göç döneminde hem de mübadele sürecinde gelen Giritli Müslümanların karşılaştıkları dil sorununun, uyum sürecinde toplumsal kabul üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Bunu yaparken de arşiv belgeleri, kaynak eserler, gazeteler, seyahatnameler, hatıratlar, edebi metinler ve araştırma eserler kullanılmıştır.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como principal objectivo examinar a relação entre o grau de função motora real de crianças com Paralisia Cerebral, com idades entre os 4 e 9 anos, e a percepção de competência física percebida das mesmas e de seus pais relativamente a elas. Foram utilizadas as versões portuguesas da Dutch Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for children with Cerebral Palsy-EPPCASCPPp-a 81 crianças e seus pais, e da Gross Motor Function Measure (versão de 66 itens)-TMFM-66-às crianças. Da aplicação do TMFM-66 resultou a divisão das crianças em três grupos de diferente comprometimento motor. A análise dos valores médios relativos à EPPCASCPCp (subescala de competência física), atribuídos pelas crianças e seus pais, permitiu constatar que, de uma forma geral, independentemente do seu comprometimento motor, aquelas apresentavam valores de percepção de competência elevados. Verificouse também que a avaliação que as crianças faziam da sua competência física fora sempre superior à atribuída pelos seus pais, e que os valores médios de competência física percepcionados por ambos, decresciam à medida que aumentava o grau de comprometimento motor avaliado pela TMFM-66. As correlações entre a função motora e a competência física percebida foram moderadas sendo superiores no caso da avaliação por parte dos pais (r=0,621) comparativamente à percepção manifestada pelas crianças (r=0,503). Estes resultados sugerem a adequação da utilização da EPPCASCPCp, como indicador indirecto para avaliação de função motora em crianças com paralisia cerebral.

This paper contributes to the limited literature of monetary valuation of the effects of natural hazards. In particular, we focus on natural hazards caused by climate change and measure willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid relevant environmental and health risks in coastal environments. We also allow short, medium and long term for the effects of mitigation measures, in order to investigate differences and/or similarities in people's WTP for these different time horizons. A choice experiment is used and implemented in Stantander, Spain, a coastal region that faces a number of significant challenges due to climate change: (a) vulnerability to marine dynamics, with effects on its beaches (and their role as focal locations for social and touristic activities) as well as built environment and businesses, (b) loss of marine biodiversity and (c) increase in exposure to medusas and other dangerous and alien species present on the beaches, which result to restriction of bathing activities due to health risks. Finally, the empirical results from this paper provide useful insights with regards to the development of optimal (economically efficient, socially acceptable and environmentally sound) risk insurance schemes against extreme natural hazards.

This study examined aggressive, depressed, and aggressive-depressed children's peer relations from the children's own and from their peers' perspective. Participants were 819 fourth through sixth graders (50.2% girls) who were assessed twice during the same school year. Measures included children's aggression and depression, self-rated and peer-rated social acceptance, number of reciprocal friends, and self-rated and friend-rated friendship quality. Analyses revealed different patterns, depending on the perspective considered. Depression but not aggression was significantly related to difficulties with the peer group and with dyadic friends from the children's own perspective, whereas the opposite pattern was found according to the peers' view. The co-occurrence of aggression and depression entailed significant difficulties with peers regardless of perspective. The implications of these results for the links between children's aggression and depression and their interpersonal relationships are discussed.

The success of an intelligent sensor environment is mainly determined by the extent to which it is adopted by users. In order to understand how the adoption process works and when it is likely to be successful, we developed a general adoption model and applied it to the four main categories. Based on four case studies, we developed and tested questionnaires that contribute as an instrument for evaluating existing sensor environments, or during the design phase. It turns out that each specific type of intelligent sensor environment has its own adoption issues.

& The element of surprise, a necessary condition for the experience of humor, often derives from the fact that the alternative interpretation/resolution offered by the punch line of a joke is physically or socially forbidden. Children's humor typifies violation of physical norms, whereas adult humor typically pushes the boundaries of social norms. Excess norm violation, to the point of offending, can attenuate the experience of humor/mirth. To examine the neural basis of regulation of affective experience of humor by social norms, we scanned 16 normal subjects while they viewed a series of cartoons that varied in funniness and social acceptability. Behavioral results indicated two separate groups of subjects, those who found the cartoons less offensive and those who found

We present a novel method for calculating the opportunity costs to fishers from their displacement by the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). We used a fishing community in Kubulau District, Fiji to demonstrate this method. We modelled opportunity costs as a function of food fish abundance and probability of catch, based on gear type and market value of species. Count models (including Poisson, negative binomial and two zero-inflated models) were used to predict spatial abundance of preferred target fish species and were validated against field surveys. A profit model was used to investigate the effect of restricted access to transport on costs to fishers. Spatial distributions of fish within the three most frequently sighted food fish families (Acanthuridae, Lutjanidae, Scaridae) varied, with greatest densities of Lutjanidae and Acanthuridae on barrier forereefs and greatest densities of Scaridae on submerged reefs. Modelled opportunity cost indicated that highest costs to fishers arise from restricting access to the barrier forereefs. We included our opportunity cost model in Marxan, a decision support tool used for MPA design, to examine potential MPA configurations for Kubulau District, Fiji Islands. We identified optimum areas for protection in Kubulau with: (a) the current MPA network locked in place; and (b) a clean-slate approach. Our method of modelling opportunity cost gives an unbiased estimate for multiple gear types in a marine environment and can be applied to other regions using existing species data.

The purpose of this study was to gain a clearer understanding of the pattern of video game and internet use among college students and to examine how electronic leisure was related to risk behaviors (i.e., drinking, drug use, sex), perceptions of the self (i.e., self worth and social acceptance), and relationships with others (i.e., relationship quality with parents and friends). Participants included 813 undergraduate students (500 young women, 313 young men, M age = 20, SD = 1.87) who were mainly European American (79%), unmarried (100%) and living outside their parents' home (90%). Results suggested that (a) video game use was linked to negative outcomes for men and women, (b) different patterns of video game and internet use existed for men and women and (c) there were different relations to risk behaviors, feelings about the self, and relationship quality based on the type of internet use, and based on gender. The discussion focuses on the implications of electronic leisure on the overall health and development of young people as they transition to adulthood.

Since its inception in 1988, the SAREprogram has sponsored hundreds of projects to exploreand apply economically viable, environmentally sound,and socially acceptable farming systems. Recognizingthat researchers often collaborated with producers andthat producer interest in sustainable agriculture wasincreasing, SARE's North-Central Region began directlyfunding farmers and ranchers in 1992 to test their ownideas on sustainable agriculture. The present articleis based on data from

A "microdose clinical trial" (microdosing) is one kind of early phase exploratory clinical trial, administering the compound at doses estimated to have no pharmacological or toxicological effects, aimed at screening candidates for further clinical development. This article's objective is to clarify the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of such an exploratory minimum-risk human trial. The definition and non-clinical study requirements for microdosing have been harmonized among the European Union (EU), United States (US), and Japan. Being conducted according to these regulations, microdosing seems to be ethically well justified in terms of respect for persons, beneficence, justice, human dignity, and animal welfare. Three big projects have been demonstrating the predictability of therapeutic dose pharmacokinetics from microdosing. The article offers suggestions as how microdosing can become a more useful and socially accepted strategy.

The paper reports on the results from the EURENDEL project supported by the EU Fifth Framework Programme. EurEnDel is the first Europe-wide Delphi survey on the energy sector. With a time horizon of 2030 it provides information on long-term developments of energy technologies. In addition to this technology-push perspective, a normative, social-pull perspective has been included in order to identify demands on the future energy system. The paper concludes with research policy recommendations, which derive from the comparison of the technological trends with the societal demands.

Adolescence is a period of development particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol use, with recent studies underscoring alcohol's effects on adolescent brain development. Despite the alarming rates and consequences of adolescent alcohol use, gifted adolescents are often overlooked as being at risk for early alcohol use. Although gifted adolescents may possess protective factors that likely inhibit the use of alcohol, some gifted youth may be vulnerable to initiating alcohol use during adolescence as experimenting with alcohol may be one way gifted youth choose to compensate for the social price (whether real or perceived) of their academic talents. To address the dearth of research on alcohol use among gifted adolescents the current study (a) examined the extent to which gifted adolescents use alcohol relative to their nongifted peers and (b) examined the adjustment profile of gifted adolescents who had tried alcohol relative to nongifted adolescents who tried alcohol as well as gifted and nongifted abstainers. More than 300 students in seventh grade (42.5% gifted) participated in the present study. Results indicated gifted students have, in fact, tried alcohol at rates that do not differ from nongifted students. Although trying alcohol was generally associated with negative adjustment, giftedness served as a moderating factor such that gifted students who had tried alcohol were less at risk than their nongifted peers. However, evidence also suggests that gifted adolescents who tried alcohol may be a part of a peer context that promotes substance use, which may place these youth at risk for adjustment difficulties in the future.

The purpose of this study was to explore how recursive processing of meaningful language, expressed through resonant relationships, generates the neural architecture that is integral to the process of becoming an authentic servant-leader. Meaningful language does not sit in an isolated silo or echo silently in a vacuum; rather, it is intricately intertwined with the relational occurrences of everyday life. It plays a significant role in the formation and transformation of a person’s mind, brain, thoughts, behaviors, and identity.  The principles underlying the power of meaningful language, resonant relationships, and interpersonal neurobiology provide neuroscientific substantiation that changes in physical, mental, and emotional behavior can become indelible actualities in the identity formation of an authentic servant-leader.
Keywords: interpersonal neurobiology, resonant relationships, languaging, servant-leadership, mind-brain connection, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, mindful awareness, leadership

In this study I investigated the development of body satisfaction among women rugby players, cricketers, and netballers. I also sought to assess the impact of sport participation on both athletic and "feminine" identity. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 rugby players, 10 cricketers, and 10 netballers. The interviews focused on the experience of playing sport and the impact sport had made on respondents' perceptions of their bodies. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore the interview data it was found that, although sport participation did lead to positive perceptions of their bodies, this effect was transient. Once placed in a social environment body satisfaction decreased, and women's perceptions of their bodies changed because of a perceived demand to conform to socially accepted and expected norms of (heterosexual) physical attractiveness. Fear of being perceived as lesbian and the perceived naturalness of body concern were also identified.

cadre de l'évaluation environnementale stratégique sur les gaz de schiste menée au Québec, nous avons tenté de défricher un front de l'interdisciplinarité, en rappelant l'importance des lieux (comme triptyque acteurs/espace/temps) et de l'action collective dans le processus d'acceptabilité sociale. Dans le prolongement d'une définition complexe de l'acceptabilité sociale, nous nous concentrons ici sur le processus microsocial de coordination, d'interprétation sociale et de fabrication du sens attaché à un objet. Trois méthodologies différentes permettent ainsi de saisir une « photographie » des rationalités contextualisées en présence dans les débats, une « radiographie » de leurs rapports avec certains facteurs macro-structurels et un « film » naissant des jeux d'acteurs dans un territoire particulier. En conclusion, les acteurs territoriaux ont, dans une telle situation inédite et incertaine, de réelles marges de manoeuvre pour influer sur un processus plus ouvert et interactif qu'il n'y paraît.

Dogs have had a long association with humans and are believed to be the first domesticated animal species. Many breeds of dog exist today which vary considerably in physical appearance and temperament. These differences have arisen primarily from selective pressures imposed by humans to create dogs suitable for various working roles. Nowadays, however, few breeds undertake the work they were once bred for; rather dogs are kept primarily as companions. With differing lifestyles and an increase in urban living it is necessary to identify what constitutes an ideal dog in the present day. This study identifies the characteristics important to the Australian public in their “ideal dog”. To determine this, 877 participants (79.8% female) aged 18–82 years (mean = 34.3, SD = 14.5) were surveyed. A number of behavioural and physical characteristics were identified as important to Australians. These included dogs being medium sized, short haired, de-sexed, safe with children, fully housetrained, friendly, obedient and healthy. Participants also wanted their ideal dog to come when called, not to escape from their property, to enjoy being petted and to display affection to their owners. Desirable behavioural characteristics were grouped using Principal Component Analysis into five factors, labelled calm/compliant, sociable/healthy, energetic/faithful/protective, socially acceptable, and non-aggressive. Together these accounted for 45.7% of the total variance. Independent-samples t-tests revealed significant differences in importance of the components for men versus women, dog owners versus non-owners and whether participants lived with children or not. Women preferred a dog who is calm/compliant [t(870) = −2.33, P = 0.02], sociable/healthy [t(870) = −2.57, P = 0.01] and non-aggressive [t(870) = −2.67, P = 0.008] while men preferred a dog which is energetic/faithful/protective [t(870) = 3.09, P = 0.002]. Overall, however there were also many commonalities. Breeding animals able to tolerate the stresses and demands of today's requirements, training them to behave appropriately, and educating pet dog owners about the characteristics of different dogs and the need for realistic expectations about dog behaviour is likely to help reduce the incidence of problem behaviours, such as separation anxiety, destructiveness and aggression. It is also likely to increase owner satisfaction and reduce the number of dogs relinquished to shelters.

Few research studies focus on how the use of assistive technologies is affected by social interaction among people. We present an interview study of 20 individuals to determine how assistive technology use is affected by social and professional contexts and interactions. We found that specific assistive devices sometimes marked their users as having disabilities; that functional access took priority over feeling self-conscious when using assistive technologies; and that two misperceptions pervaded assistive technology use: (1) that assistive devices could functionally eliminate a disability, and (2) that people with disabilities would be helpless without their devices. Our findings provide further evidence that accessibility should be built into mainstream technologies. When this is not feasible, assistive devices should incorporate cutting edge technologies and strive to be designed for social acceptability, a new design approach we propose here.

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have spurred the development of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, several of which produce a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction products containing sulfates and sulfites, and coal fly ash. Presently FGD by-product materials are treated as solid wastes and must be landfilled. However, landfill sites are becoming more scarce and tipping fees are constantly increasing. It is, therefore, highly desirable to find beneficial reuses for these materials provided the environmental impacts are minimal and socially acceptable. Phase 1 results of a 4 and 1/2 year study to demonstrate large volume beneficial uses of FGD by-products are reported. The purpose of the Phase 1 portion of the project was to characterize the chemical, physical, mineralogical and engineering properties of the FGD by-product materials obtained from various FGD technologies being developed in the state of Ohio. Phase 1 also involved the collection of baseline economic data related to the beneficial reuse of these FGD materials. A total of 58 samples were collected and analyzed. Our results indicated the chemical composition of the FGD by-product materials were dominated by Ca, S, AI, and Si although the specific composition varies from one sample to another. Many of the elements regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reside primarily in the fly ash. The presence of excess sorbent and reaction products causes a dilution of the concentrations of these elements in the FGD by-product materials as compared to the fly ash alone. Concentrations of the eight metals (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se) regulated by the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) were below drinking water standards when measured by either the ASTM or TCLP leachate tests. Engineering tests revealed that samples made from the compacted FGD by-product materials were generally higher in strength and had greater stiffness than natural soils typically used in the construction of a highway embankment. Compacted densities were also lower than typical compacted soil densities. These data suggest that FGD by-product materials, used in construction of a highway embankment, would be lighter and require less right-of-way due to the possibility of constructing steeper slopes. Dry FGD by-products can react with with water to form ettringite, an expansive calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate mineral. This expansiion may affect how dry FGD byproduct is stockpiled and used by professional engineers and construction contractors. Based on analyses of the agricultural lime and supply demand relationships it was concluded that FGD by-product material, used as an agricultural lime substitute, would be entering a very competitive market. This substitution will be sensitive to transport distances and the FGD producer's willingness to subsidize its use in agricultural. In summary, Phase 1 results revealed that FGD by-product materials are essentially coal fly ash materials diluted with unreacted sorbent and reaction products. High volume beneficial reuses will depend on the economics of their substituting for existing materials for various types of applications (e.g. as an agricultural liming material, soil borrow for highway embankment construction, and reclamation of active and abandoned surface coal mines). Environmental constraints to the beneficial reuse of dry FGD byproduct materials, based on laboratory and leachate studies, seem to be less than for coal fly ash.

Demographic trends in human populations are influenced by natural selection acting upon differential rates of fertility and mortality. In human societies, fertility is primarily influenced by individual decision-making, as well as socially accepted norms of behavior. Many factors influence mortality in human populations. Among the latter, nutrition in the form of diverse essential nutrient intake may greatly influence maternal and fetal-to-infant mortality. Nutritional ecology is the study of the relationship between essential nutrient intake and its effects on human demographic patterns. A demographic revolution occurred in Europe during OIS 3: all Neandertal populations were either subsumed within populations of Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens (AMHS) (genetic swamping) or they were eliminated altogether. Evidence from stable isotopes, faunal remains, and the paleopathology of human skeletons suggest that Neandertals consumed a low diversity diet centered on large and medium-sized terrestrial herbivores. In contrast, populations of early AMHS consumed a slightly more diversified diet. The effect of this dietary shift would have resulted in greater diversity of essential nutrient intake and lower maternal and fetal-to-infant mortality, which in turn would have sparked population increases during the early phases of occupation of the European continent by populations of AMHS. Greater diversity of essential nutrient intake by early populations of AMHS may have been one factor that led to the replacement of Neandertals in Europe during OIS 3.

Objective: This study examines the effect of an interactive, school-based, selfesteem education program on the body image and eating attitudes and behaviors of young male and female adolescents following the program and after 12 months. Method: All 470 eligible students (63% female) aged 11-14 years volunteered to participate. The intervention group students participated in the program, whereas the control group students received their scheduled personal development and health class. Results: The program significantly improved the body satisfaction of the intervention students and significantly changed aspects of their self-esteem; social acceptance, physical appearance, and athletic ability became less important for the intervention students and more important for control students. Female intervention students rated their physical appearance as perceived by others significantly higher than control students and allowed their body weight to increase appropriately by preventing the age increase in weight-losing behaviors of the control students. One year after the intervention, body image and attitude changes were still present. These findings also held for the 116 students (63% females) with low self-esteem and higher anxiety, who were considered at risk for the development of eating disorders. These students also had significantly lower drive for thinness and greater body satisfaction following the intervention and the decreased importance of physical appearance to their self-esteem was present at 12 months. Control at-risk students significantly decreased their body weight, whereas the weight of the intervention at-risk students significantly increased. The intervention program was effective, safe, having no effect on measures of students' anxiety or depression, and was rated highly by students. Discussion:This is the first controlled educational intervention to successfully improve body image and to produce long-term changes in the attitudes and self-image of young adolescents. This new approach to prevent the development of eating disorders by improving self-esteem may be effective, particularly if reinforced by teachers and family.

This meta-analysis examines gender differences in 10 specific domains of self-esteem across 115 studies, including 428 effect sizes and 32,486 individuals. In a mixed-effects analysis, men scored significantly higher than women on physical appearance (d ϭ 0.35), athletic (d ϭ 0.41), personal self (d ϭ 0.28), and self-satisfaction self-esteem (d ϭ 0.33). Women scored higher than men on behavioral conduct (d ϭ Ϫ0.17) and moral-ethical self-esteem (d ϭ Ϫ0.38). The gender difference in physical appearance self-esteem was significant only after 1980 and was largest among adults. No significant gender differences appeared in academic, social acceptance, family, and affect self-esteem. The results demonstrate the influence of reflected appraisals on self-esteem.

Background: Levels of physical activity (PA) in the general population are difficult to characterize. Historically measurement has been based on self-report, which can be subject to bias. PA monitor use has created opportunities to improve surveillance and analytic research on activity and health. The aims of the current study were to investigate the associations between objectively measured PA and cardiovascular disease risk factors and obesity. Methods: Data on PA from accelerometers, demographics, blood pressure, plasma glucose and lipids, self-reported hypertension and diabetes were obtained for adults, ages 20-65, in the NHANES surveys, 2003-2006. Outcomes were assessed as levels of moderate and vigorous activity, percentage of participants meeting recommended guidelines, and the correlations between activity and cardiovascular risk factors. Accelerometry data were available on 3,370 adults. Based on standard algorithms, activity levels were extremely low in all age-gender-race/ethnic groups, with an average of only 1 bout of vigorous activity lasting longer than 1 minute/day. Results: Men spent 35 minutes in moderate activity/day, women 21 minutes; >75% of this activity was accumulated in 1-minute bouts. Levels of activity declined sharply after age 50 in all groups. Negative associations were observed between minutes of combined moderate and vigorous activity and systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, diabetes, hypertension, body mass index and obesity, and a positive association was seen with HDL-cholesterol (all P ≤ 0.03), suggesting valid rank ordering of participants by activity level. Conclusion: The magnitude of the gap between self-report and accelerometry activity must be a result of either a vast social acceptability bias in reporting or inaccurate measurement with accelerometry. Therefore, due to the low validity of self reported PA data for epidemiologic research, it is pertinent to encourage the use of valid, objective methods to assess PA.

This research is a part of an international research concerning the construction of scales to measure perceived competence in children with cerebral palsy. The main purpose of this part of the research is to devise a Czech version of The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children with Cerebral Palsy and to investigate its reliability and validity. The Czech version of The Scale is a product of two years of research work and was administered to a Czech sample. This scale was developed to assess the child's perception of cognitive, physical and social competencies. Eighty-five children with cerebral palsy, selected from rehabilitation, medical and educational institutions in the Czech Republic were tested twice. Based on the test-retest reliability and Cronbach's Alpha, the Czech translation and application of The Pictorial Scale could be considered as a reliable instrument. The results of the inter-correlation between the four sub-scales ...

In Ghana, mud, which is a locally available material and can be easily re-used or recycled, has over the years seen a tremendous decline in its use for residential building construction, and is by the year becoming less popular. In 2005 for instance, the Ghana statistical service reported that 50% of houses in Ghana used mud as the main construction material for walls. In 2008, it was further indicated in the Ghana Living standards report that the predominant wall construction material used was cement/sandcrete block, taking up 75.7%. Mud and mud brick construction on the other hand was recorded at 18.5% – a very drastic reduction of mud in the construction field. This research was conducted using a combination of closed and open-ended questionnaires, group interviews with the inhabitants of the community (Kwaso Deduako), field observations, recorded literature, and interviews with building professionals, building contractors, engineers and foreign and local architects.  The main aim was to explore the non-technical aspect of the use of mud in residential buildings in Ghana, focusing on the social acceptance of the building material rather than the construction techniques used in its application. The research also studied the changing trend in the preference of materials, the level of acceptability of mud as a building material within the various income classes in the community and the willingness to use it in future projects.
The study showed that the greatest barrier preventing the increased use and innovation of mud was the perception that it is a primitive material and mud architecture is ‘backward’.

Social acceptance is a key challenge for the deployment of wind energy and could limit the overall wind resource we are able to exploit to meet climate change targets. Social acceptance can be influenced by a very wide range of factors, including project characteristics, perception of the distribution of costs and benefits, degree of public participation. Perceived impacts of projects on landscapes, property values, health and biodiversity also influence social acceptance. This complexity means that acceptance cannot be addressed through simple fixes such as community benefit funds or just more consultation, but we need a far more fundamental reform of how energy systems engage with communities and citizens.

To make mining activities more eco-friendly, it is important to conduct mining operations in a manner that is more environmentally friendly, economically feasible and socially acceptable. The volume of solid waste generated, including tailings from mineral processing activities, is one of the main pollution concerns in the mining industry. In the tiny state of Goa (India), it is becoming increasingly difficult to find space for dumping these huge volumes. And therefore ways of utilizing mine waste need to be found. This paper examines the suitability of these wastes for use in construction. Studies by others were reviewed where it was found that these wastes contain acid producing mineral phases and high concentrations of heavy metals. The presence of such concentrations can jeopardize the environment, if management of these wastes is not addressed with due consideration and care. Particle size classification on these wastes suggests that mine wastes contain coarse-grained rock, sand, silt and clays. A number of tests were then conducted on the aggregate part of mine wastes and the physico-mechanical properties were obtained. According to the results obtained the mean values of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of concrete cubes after 28 days of curing was found to be of the order of 21.93 and 19.91 MPa with mine aggregate and granite aggregate, respectively. Through toxicity leaching procedure tests the study also confirmed that the hydraulic binder arrests metal mobility from these wastes. This paper does not discuss the economic aspects as that was beyond the scope of the research. However, to some extent socio-economic perspective of mine waste utilization has been presented and discussed.

Robots' interaction with humans raises new issues for geometrical reasoning where the humans must be taken explicitly into account. We claim that a human-aware motion system must not only elaborate safe robot motions, but also synthesize good, socially acceptable and legible movement.

Objective: To develop a scale to measure emotional abuse among school children aged 13-15 years in Sri Lanka that can be used in field settings. Method: Emotional abuse was defined based on available literature. Review of literature and discussions with a panel identified 85 items indicating abusive behaviors. Content validity and social acceptability were achieved by getting the views of this same panel and parents, respectively. Item analysis and assessment of validity were carried out based on the responses to the draft instrument by 105 children aged 13-15 years attending a school in an urban slum area. The test-retest reliability of the scale was assessed using the responses from 144 students from a different school. Criterion validity was established by comparing the independent assessments of a psychiatrist for the presence or absence of emotional abuse with the respective scores of the children on the scale. Results: The scale developed to assess emotional abuse included 46 items having a Cronbach alpha of .89. The test-retest reliability was .73. A cutoff score of 95 was identified at a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 51.4%. Conclusions: A scale that had a satisfactory level of reliability and validity was socially acceptable, which could be used in school settings in Sri Lanka was developed to enable identification of emotional abuse among school children aged 13-15.

The Functional Behavioural Assessment (FBA) is an investigative process that examines the context of challenging behaviours in the classroom. Information gleaned from the FBA process is used to develop a behaviour intervention plan to address the challenging behaviour and teach a socially acceptable replacement behaviour. However, 10 the FBA has remained almost exclusively used with students identified with disabilities, particularly those with emotional/behavioural disorders (EBD) as a last resort before removal from the general school campus. Fortunately, there is a growing awareness of the FBA as positive behaviour support practice in the general education classroom to assist non-disabled students and early intervention for students with or at-risk for EBD.

Policy-makers are interested in cost-effective and socially acceptable ways of encouraging the public to adopt more environmentally-friendly lifestyles. One area which UK policy-makers are focussing on is ‘catalyst behaviour’, the notion that taking-up a new behaviour (such as recycling) may cause people to adopt other pro-environmental behaviours. Yet, evidence for such ‘spill-over’ effects is so far limited, and it is unclear when and how cross-situational motivations (e.g., pro-environmental identity) may predict behaviour and when contextual factors are more important. We report on a postal survey (N=551) of pro-environmental behaviours amongst the UK public. We assess the influence of pro-environmental self-identify on consistency across a range of behaviours. Pro-environmental values, perceived behavioural control, subjective norm, attitudes, and demographic factors were also measured. Findings show self-identity to be a significant behavioural determinant over and above TPB variables for carbon offsetting behaviour. However, pro-environmental self-identity was only a significant predictor for certain other pro-environmental behaviours; background variables were also important predictors. Limitations of the study, and implications for theory and policy, are discussed.

While polyamory is undoubtedly still a somewhat taboo subject, it is gaining more visibility now than ever. With roots in early human history, polyamory is known to have existed continuously throughout the last several thousand years. Many well-known artists and writers of the last few centuries are known to have had multiple partners, but the "free love" movement of the sixties paved the way for modern polyamory that can be practiced by everyone as opposed to being limited to only specific social circles or subcultures. When California's Proposition 8 was ruled Unconstitutional, ending the ban on same-sex marriages, outraged supporters of the proposition were outraged, asking "What's next? Marriage between more than two people?" This clearly illustrates the taboo status of polyamorous relationships, prevalent even in the society of increased acceptance that we live in today.

Product Service Systems (PSS) with the same purpose may be implemented differently across societies. Due to societies having different socio-cultural issues, social norms, and laws, public systems have evolved in specific ways for different societies. One of the factors for making such differences is social trust. This thesis stresses on how a PSS can be an innovative social value creating solution through social trust, while also suggesting social trust level as a parameter for the PSS design. The case study focuses on public transportation systems in Seoul and other cities. A PSS design for a flight luggage weight management is proposed for demonstrating how an appropriate PSS within a social context can be designed. By factoring in a broader social context, the PSS can be more effective for solving societal problems and creating social value. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of designing a PSS within a social context to solve societal issues and to create social value by using a mixed strategy of punishment and reinforcement behaviours. Finally, the PSS may encourage people to build more social value together and choose an ideal system for society.
Society is ever changing and dynamically evolving. Many PSS’s have to be equipped to face conflicts within a social context. Therefore, designing a PSS within a social context is a difficult problem. To design a PSS, designers need to make an assumption in regards to social trust and whether users will behave as expected or not. Therefore, the designer needs to consider the normal usage and typical abuse of the system by stakeholders in order to design a successful PSS.
To find cases of similar PSS’s, this thesis takes examples from public metro transportation systems that have different social trust levels. There are generally no big differences

between metro transportation systems, although cities often choose different PSS styles. Initially, Seoul, Hong Kong, and L.A. chose advanced ICT (information and communication technologies) for the metro transportation system, which included automatic ticketing, check-in terminals, fare gates, transfer control, and electric surveillance systems. These were developed based on lesser trust levels. These systems provide high transparency for the system. Primarily, surveillance systems are designed against fare-dodging passengers, accidents, and terror threats. Meanwhile, honour-based systems of metro transportation are also working in Berlin and Ulm/Neu Ulm. It is based on high trust level among citizens and the operating entity. It can be vulnerable to fare evasions. However, passengers can enjoy convenient travel without the hassles of checking-in or out. Medium trust level systems can be found in the metro transportation systems of Helsinki, Espoo, and Vantaa.
From the case study, the risk/cost scenario for a PSS is analysed. If there were lesser social trust in a society, it would be a rational decision to invest more in security maintenance systems to offset the risk. If there is high social trust in a society, it can be maintained by a system with smaller investments on the security maintenance system, or by investing in more human inspectors. Meanwhile, not enough investment on security maintenance systems for a PSS may cause serious stakeholders’ conflicts in implementation and operation. But the research finds that even choosing defection may be a dominant strategy for passengers, majority of citizen follow social norm and law. This suggests that positive and negative punishments are working and keep the system running efficiently.
Based on the findings, this thesis proposes a PSS design for a flight luggage weight management system with social trust level as a design parameter. The thesis review stakeholder analysis, expert interviews, passenger surveys, and the as-is system analysis, which analyse the current system as a reference, social demands for pollution reduction, business needs for cost reduction, passengers’ pain points, and conflicts among stakeholders. From the review, two design goals are identified initially. The first is, ‘Identify a way to estimate a passenger’s travel weight before a flight’. The PSS may induce cost/pollution reduction by better flight planning and operation. The second is, ‘Identify a way to reduce a passenger’s actual travel weight’. Reduced weight can curtail fuel costs, fuel reserves, pollution, and carbon footprint.
For these goals, design concepts are explored with different social trust levels as a design parameter. By integrating service-element design and product-element design, the designer may explore new and innovative opportunities of creating social value. As iteration goes, a PSS design can find ideas for increasing positive behaviours and decreasing negative behaviours. Iteration of the concepting, design development, and validation steps will yield acceptable solutions that meet stakeholders’ requirements and create social value. Eventually, it will be able to resolve social conflicts and satisfies stakeholders with new social value from the proposed PSS.
In this thesis, three approaches are chosen for building PSS concepts during the first iterative cycle. The auto-weigh gate (AWG) systems, the self-service kiosk (SSK) systems, and the self-service web (SSW) systems are designed as alternatives. In terms of user experience and social value propositions, the as-is system and other alternatives are compared and discussed. Models are evaluated by PC simulation, user interviews, and user surveys. From PC simulations, finding operational boundaries to control behaviours by positive/negative punishment is also discussed. Because of implement cost and scalability, the self-service web system seems most ideal system for airlines. Otherwise, the first, user survey shows that airlines should be clear about their privacy protection policies and practice. It is important to display the benefits clearly, if they are providing personal information to airlines for any alternatives. The second, providing an easy interface is required. Not all passengers prefer the self-service check-in or web-based services. The auto-weigh gate system is most preferred system by the survey respondents. This suggests a conflict between passengers and airlines.
From these finding, goals are reframed as ‘Encourage mutual social trust among stakeholders and utility for all by employing clear communication through sharing benefits and operant conditioning strategies.’ and ‘Drive the PSS to satisfy stakeholders with better social values (cost saving, eco-friendliness, social acceptance, emotional quality, convenience)’.
In the third design round, to resolve conflicts, the positive/negative reinforcement strategy is considered along with the punishment strategy. To motivate passengers, ideas such as an allowance sharing system, award system, donation system, and clearer communication about the benefits are proposed during the new iteration build process. Otherwise to decrease negative behaviours, a random inspection element is added to the system to monitor social trust level and decrease defective behaviours.
The purpose of this research is not to suggest a PSS with high social trust level for every society. The high social trust PSS cannot be a panacea. Instead, user-centred design principles and social norms in a society should be respected and pursued. One good PSS design for a society cannot always be a good solution for another society. It is the PSS designer’s responsibility to find the globally optimal solution for a society within their social context. However, driving a PSS system towards a more ideal state is also the designer’s responsibility. As a social PSS design solution, not only should it be able to resolve conflicts, but should also create new types of behaviours that will help the system create social value that had not previously existed. Eventually, it will not only help maintain the PSS in good

condition but also increase social value in society. In conclusion, this thesis suggests that the PSS designers should endeavour to find a way to drive the system for a better tomorrow.

On the basis of a preexisting body of research pertaining to organizational workplace behavior, this paper focuses on the elaboration of an integrative and explanatory model of such behaviors. An antisocial workplace behavior can be defined as a behavior emitted by a member of an organization that violates socially accepted organizational norms and in doing so threatens the well being

The contribution highlights, on the one hand, the importance of studying the relationship between the energy plant and the local communities in relation to fossil fuels; on the other hand, the long-term process in which the relationship is structured, modified, negotiated and renegotiated over time. Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi (PV) is a mono-industrial municipality in Lomellina, a historical region in Northern Italy with low population density, marked by the location, since the early 1960s, of an oil refining plant. The case of Lomellina shows how the perspective of ecological transition requires a deep reflection on the inheritance not only ecological, but above all territorial (and therefore social and cultural) of the industrial past, especially in the forms of structural dependence. In some local territories such as Lomellina, the transition is seen more as a threat than an opportunity, leading to anxiety. A desire to move away from fossil dependency in representations should also be matched by organizational change and territorial change, in governing the transitions in the fossil territories. The perception that often emerges from local actors reveals a sense of uncertainty and anguish regarding the future of the territory, which is discursively and materially constructed as mono-industrial and dependent on the plant.

A state has a plethora of options when it comes to electricity generation. In the case of nuclear power, it is not a simple yes/no or present/absent dichotomy as it is often portrayed in the literature. A state that has existing nuclear capacity can choose to: expand, maintain, or phase out nuclear power. It will implement one of these three policies towards nuclear power for a variety of political, social, and economic reasons; the challenge is to discern the criteria used in reaching these policy outcomes. Using Finland, Canada, and Germany, this project explores most similar cases with differing outcomes during the nuclear renaissance (2000-2015). Each case is illustrative of one of the three possible trajectories for a state already in possession of at least one commercial nuclear power plant. This dissertation sought to better understand why they choose such divergent policies around nuclear power during this period of study. Its findings confirm the literature’s claim that nuclear expansions are most likely to take place within governance models that are centralized, technocratic, and involve limited public engagement. As electricity planning shifts away from centrally planned, technically-informed decisions among experts to a more democratic process, with an increased emphasis on social considerations, large-infrastructure projects like nuclear power plants will become that much more challenging to advance. Taken together with the rising costs of building new reactors, it will greatly limit where new construction will seriously be considered.

Il lavoro che propongo si occupa di rileggere criticamente i processi di accettabilità e legittimazione sociale degli impianti energetici attraverso il caso della raffineria ENI di Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi.
L’ampia letteratura sul rapporto tra società e impianti energetici è scissa tra due approcci: quello dell’accettazione sociale e quello della legittimazione. Lo studio dell’accettazione sociale è stato spesso inteso come un sapere strumentale a individuare le resistenze sociali residuali ai progetti, in cui le analisi riguardano prevalentemente l’esito del processo di accettazione e non-accettazione, senza considerarne la complessità. Il versante complementare sono le strategie di legittimazione portate avanti dalle aziende: strategie materiali, come negoziazioni, compensazioni e occupazione, e simboliche, come la produzione di conoscenze scientifiche o la diffusione di informazioni. Esse possono essere considerate come strategie governamentali del territorio, atte a influenzare le attitudini sociali rispetto agli impianti che determinano le dinamiche di potere e il rapporto simbolico che l’azienda intrattiene con il territorio.
La proposta è di ripensare i concetti di accettabilità sociale e legittimazione adottando una prospettiva territoriale attenta al trinomio tempo-scale-attori, con attenzione alla natura processuale e di lungo periodo dei fenomeni. Le localizzazioni non avvengono in un contesto che recepisce ex-novo tali iniziative, ma si articolano in territori in cui i processi sono sedimentati nel tempo, hanno una propria rilevanza le diverse scale territoriali e sono fondamentali gli attori coinvolti.
Essi verranno presi in esame attraverso una prospettiva simbolico-cognitiva, con un approccio costruttivista che permetta di indagarne il panorama semantico.
Il tutto viene discusso in uno studio di caso della raffineria ENI dislocata in un territorio rurale mono-industriale a bassa intensità demografica. Molta letteratura si concentra sull’accettabilità di impianti di energie rinnovabili, ma sembra significativo analizzare i processi relativi a un impianto a fonti fossili, che ne possa mettere maggiormente in luce le criticità in relazione alla tutela del territorio.

Purpose Many agricultural and brownfield soils are polluted and more have become marginalised due to the introduction of new, risk-based legislation. The European Environment Agency estimates that there are at least 250,000 polluted sites in the member states that require urgent remedial action. There is also significant volumes of wastewaters and dredged polluted sediments. Phytotechnologies potentially offer a cost-effective in situ alternative to conventional technologies for remediation of low to mediumcontaminated matrices, e.g. soils, sediments, tailings, solid wastes and waters. For further development, social and commercial acceptance, there is a clear requirement for upto-date information on successes and failures of these technologies based on evidence from the field. This review reports the outcomes from several integrated experimental attempts to address this at both field and market level in the 29 countries participating in COST Action 859. Results and discussion This review offers insight into the deployment of promising and emergent in situ phytotechnologies, for sustainable remediation and management of contaminated soils and water, that integrative research findings produced between 2004 and 2009 by members of COST Action 859. Many phytotechnologies are at the demonstration level, but relatively few have been applied in practice on large sites. They are not capable of solving all problems. Those options that may prove successful at market level are (a) phytoextraction of metals, As and Se from marginally contaminated agricultural soils, (b) phytoexclusion and phytostabilisation of metal-and As-Responsible editor: Stefan Norra M. Mench (*) UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Ecologie des Communautés,