Sir Aurel Stein

Interlanguage Exchange on the Silk Road: An Analysis Based on Arabic and Persian
This paper takes Arabic and Persian as the objects of study. It starts from their history to explain the interaction and influence of these two languages with other languages in Eurasia in the background of the Silk Road by taking examples from the aspects of cognates, loanwords, literary exchanges, and documentary remains. Within the Islamic world, Persian and Arabic can be said to be equally divided between East and West, forming two overlapping writing circles. Arabic, with its sacred status in Islam, has had a profound influence on the languages of Muslims everywhere, while Persian, with its literary splendor, has left various traces in the literature of the peoples of the Middle East and Central Asia. Whether it is in the literature or in the people's oral tradition, there is evidence of the interaction of these languages everywhere, which has become a fascinating aspect of the exchange of civilizations along the Silk Road.

Bu makalede Togan'ın hayatı genel çerçeveler çizilerek anlatılacaktır. 1890 yılında Başkurt ilinde dünyaya gelen Togan ilk eğitimini ailesinin yanında ve o çevrede aldıktan sonra ileri düzeyde eğitim almak için Kazan'a gider. Kazan da Tarih alanında tanınır biri olunca bazı araştırmalar ve ilmi çalışmaların öncüsü olur. İlerleyen yıllarda ise Togan'ın siyasi hayatı başlayacaktır ve Togan o karışık yıllarda bile ilimden geri durmayacaktır. 1925'te Türkiye'ye gelecek olan Togan Türkiye'nin tarih kültürüne önemli katkıları olacaktır. Türkiye de de bazı sorunlarla da karşılaşacak olan Togan ilerleyen yıllarda ise İstanbul Üniversitesinde öğrenci yetiştirmekle meşgul olacaktır.

Saved from Desert Sands, edited by Kelsey Granger and Imre Galambos, unites historians, codicologists, art historians, archaeologists, and curators in the study of material culture on the Silk Roads. The re-discovery of forgotten manuscript archives and sand-buried cities in the twentieth century has brought to light thousands of manuscripts and artefacts. To date, textual content has largely been prioritised over physical objects and their materiality, but the material aspects of these objects are just as important. Focusing primarily on the material and non-textual, this volume presents studies on silver dishes, sealing systems, manuscripts, Buddhist paintings, and ceramics, all of which demonstrate the centrality of material culture in the study of the Silk Roads.

Cet ouvrage rassemble les contributions du colloque international du même nom qui a eu lieu à la fin du printemps 2017 à Montpellier. Il avait pour objectif d’apporter des éclairages sur plusieurs aspects relatifs à la tradition et à la transmission du rituel en tant que réalité textuelle, y compris dans sa nature matérielle.

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In 1942 Sir Aurel Stein acquired a copper-and-bronze rhyton in the form of a centaur in the Gilgit Agency of the British Raj; his estate later bequeathed it to the Ashmolean Museum (acc. no. EA1963.28). The rhyton has been dated variously to the fourth through first centuries BCE on the grounds that its form exhibits Greek, Saka, or Indo-Scythian affinities. This paper argues that the rhyton’s function as a drinking vessel best fits an Achaemenid context for its origin, since rhyta originated in the Achaemenid Empire, where they served as markers of elite status and were widely imitated.

For years, visitors to the Musée Guimet were bound to notice the two wooden statues enthroned in the institution's entrance hall. However, the information label explained their journey from Afghanistan to Paris in a rather elliptical manner. This article reopens the case of the gift of several sacred statues looted by the army of the Emir of Afghanistan ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Khān in the mid-1890s during the conquest of "Kāfiristān" (the "land of the heathens"). The so-called “Kafirs” were non-Muslim peoples whose supposed Aryan origins fed Rudyard Kipling’s inspiration as well as the imagination of the many of the explorers of this remote area of the Hindu Kush. These populations were forced to convert to Islam and were partially deported by the Emir. The region was renamed Nuristān ("the land of light") to mark the disappearance of religious practices considered contrary to Islam. A few pieces of local religious statuary were taken away by the troops and displayed in the Emir's residence in Kabul, while other pieces were destroyed on the spot. Some of these statues were then donated by Ḥabībullāh, then Emir of Afghanistan to France in the 1920s, much to the irritation of British authorities. After decades of well-maintained and consolidated diplomatic connections between British India and Afghanistan, the donation of the statues could be interpreted as one of the many symptoms of a degraded relationship. This article analyses the trajectory of heritage objects from Nuristān to their subsequent transformation into early Afghan heritage and their donation to France through the prism of the complex trans-imperial relations that shaped the area at the turn of the 20th century.

Depuis des années, les visiteurs du musée Guimet n’ont pas pu manquer de remarquer les deux statues de bois qui trônaient dans le hall d’entrée de l’institution. Les explications portées à leur attention restaient toutefois très elliptiques quant à leur trajectoire depuis l’Afghanistan vers Paris. Cet article propose de rouvrir le dossier du don de plusieurs statues sacrées pillées par l’armée de l’émir d’Afghanistan ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Khān au milieu des années 1890 lors d’une campagne contre les populations du « Kāfiristān » (la « terre des païens »). Ces peuples non-musulmans, dont l’origine aryenne supposée nourrit l’inspiration de Rudyard Kipling et de bien des explorateurs de cette zone isolée de l’Hindu Kush, furent convertis de force et déportés lors d’une opération militaire particulièrement brutale. La région fut rebaptisée Nuristān (« le pays de la lumière ») pour saluer la disparition de pratiques religieuses considérées comme contraires à l’Islam. Une partie de la statuaire locale fut détruite sur place, quelques pièces furent emportées par les troupes pour être exposées dans la résidence de l’émir à Kabul. Certaines de ces statues, convoitées par les archéologues de plusieurs pays européens, furent ensuite données par l’émir Ḥabībullāh à la France dans les années 1920 au grand dam des autorités britanniques. Elles virent dans ce don le signe d’une évolution importante de leurs relations avec le royaume afghan, elles-mêmes régulièrement entretenues et consolidées depuis le XIXe siècle par des échanges réguliers de présents. Cet article utilise cette étude de cas pour repenser la place des dons d’objets patrimoniaux et leurs muséifications successives au prisme des relations trans-impériales complexes qui caractérisent la zone afghane au tournant du XXe siècle.

Miss F. M. G. Lorimer is a key figure in our understanding of  Silk Road archaeology because of her role as a valued assistant to the indefatigable archaeologist Aurel Stein (1862–1943). Although she did not accompany him in the field (very few people did), she was familiar with, and probably handled, over a hundred thousand finds from his first three expeditions to the eastern Silk Road oasis kingdoms in the Tarim Basin (1900–01, 1906–08, 1913–1916).

Helen Wang, Real Lives: Miss Lorimer (1883-1967), Historian, May 2024. https://www.history.org.uk/historian/categories/14/resource/10912/real-lives-miss-fmg-lorimer-18831967

This paper discusses the significance of the archaeological excavation
project on temple sites in Buyeo during the colonial period in relation to the
activities of the Japanese archaeologists who took part in the survey.
Chapter II reviewed the circumstances of the excavation, which was
conducted by a group of researchers led by Ishida Mosaku, with financial
support from the Joseon Historical Site Research Institute. The Tokyo Imperial
Household Museum dispatched its officials to Joseon (Korea) to collect objects
that would be displayed in the Joseon–Manchuria Gallery that was due to be
opened, and also made annual donations to the aforementioned association.
Ishida Mosaku was both an auditor for the said museum and an expert on
Buddhist archaeology. He took part in the survey, as he found it necessary
to perform research on the temple sites in areas which used to be part of the
territory of the Baekje Kingdom. He attempted to shed light on the origins of
the Asuka culture, particularly during the period when Horyuji, which is said to
have been established by Crown Prince Shotoku, was founded. His excavations
of the sites in Gunsu-ri and Dongnam-ri, Buyeo went a long way toward solving
problems about the origins of early temples in Japan. The excavated objects
were used to provide the logical basis for the policy adopted by the Japanese
colonists attempting to make Korea’s culture a subpart of Japanese culture
during the colonial period, and some of them were ultimately taken to Japan.
Chapter III deals with the period around 1939, when the plan for the
construction of a Shinto shrine in Buyeo was announced. At that time, Japanese
colonists were waging a propaganda campaign, referring to Buyeo as a spiritual land for the assimilation policy, and drawing up plans for the construction of a
Shinto shrine and the Divine Capital. They found it necessary to deal with the
unearthed ancient artifacts that had been discovered at the sites of large-scale
construction work and thus dispatched Fujisawa Kazuo, an expert on ancient
Buddhist temples and roof tiles, to Buyeo at the strong recommendation of
Umehara Sueji. Upon his arrival in Buyeo, Fujisawa Kazuo excavated many
temple sites like Jeongnimsa and those at Busosan Mountain and Gua-ri from
July 1942. However, he barely disclosed any of his excavated objects. His diary,
which was unveiled recently, shows that he conducted the excavation of the
Jeongnimsa Temple Site with a special interest in finding clues associated with
early temples in Japan. The archaeological materials left by Umehara Sueji
contain information that allow certain assumptions to be made about the content
of his survey.
Fujisawa’s archaeological excavation project on the temple sites in Buyeo
during the colonial period was primarily intended to provide support for the
assimilation policy adopted by the Japanese Governor-General’s Office in Korea,
including the construction of a Shinto shrine. The lack of disclosure of the
content of the excavations conducted at that time, the Japanese monopoly of the
discovered materials, and the transfer of the materials to Japan are all highlighted
as factors that make research on this subject difficult.

本稿では、2015～2018 年、台北市植物園遺跡下層より検出された灰坑の農作物と植物のフローティング・サンプルの分析に焦点を当て、それらに伴い出土する土器や石器、および地質ボーリングの結果と組み合わせ、4、5 千年前の先史時代の農村生活の様相について新たな考察を試みる。4～5 千年前の台湾北部の新石器時代には、イネとアワの並作（混作）の生業経済モデルがすでに出現しており、定住型の集落と細かな集落の空間配置が出現している。植物園遺跡下層のイネの源流は、長江中流域から江西地域を経由し福建地域へに到達した後、さらに福建から船に乗って台湾海峡を越え、淡水河に沿って台北盆地中央の植物園一帯へと到達した可能性がある。
キーワード：農村生活、イネ・アワ並作（混作）、大坌坑時期、訊塘埔前期文化、植物園遺跡下層

This paper focuses on the analysis of floating samples of crops and plants from the lower levels of the Taipei Zhiwuyuan （Botanical Garden） site in 2015-2018, and combines them with the results of pottery, stone tools, and
geological borings to provide new insights into aspects of prehistoric rural life four to five thousand years ago.
Key words: rural life, rice field, rice plantation. During the Neolithic period in northern Taiwan 4-5,000 years ago, a subsistence economy model of rice and millet co-cultivation（ mixed cropping） had already emerged, indicating the emergence of a spatial arrangement of settled settlements and detailed settlements. It is possible that the source of rice in the lower part of the Botanical Garden site reached the Fujian area from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River via the Jiangxi area, and then crossed the Taiwan Strait by boat from Fujian to the Botanical Garden area in the central Taipei Basin along the Danshuei River.
Keywords: agricultural village life, rice-millet intercropping, Dawenkeng period, Early Xuntangbu culture, Lower Zhiwuyuan （Botanical Garden） site

Région himalayenne de culture tibétaine le Ladakh fait aujourd'hui politiquement partie de la République Indienne (état de Jammu et Cachemire) 2. Elle en constitue la partie la plus septentrionale mais également la plus élevée 3. Si les liens entre le

dans un système de co-présence entre nomades et sédentaires Dans le cadre de cette contribution, nous proposons d'analyser les formes de coprésences entre nomades et sédentaires en rappelant qu'il s'agit là de deux « catégories construites » qui ne valent qu'en tant qu'elles permettent de penser une organisation ou un contexte socio-spatial composé de constructions en dur, d'infrastructures de la mobilité (voies de circulation et parkings) et d'habitats mobiles (ici, nous aborderons uniquement le cas des gens du voyage en caravane). Nous verrons que la dimension matérielle joue un rôle déterminant dans les interactions et systèmes de co-présences entre gens du voyage et sédentaires. Sans occulter la dimension sensorielle qui interfère dans ces situations, nous verrons que la matérialité de la présence voyageuse constitue à elle seule « un langage » et fait l'objet d'une sémiologie. Dans cet article, nous proposons d'évoquer cet univers de manière elliptique et intuitive à partir de matériaux produits par des voyageurs ou de mes propres observations de terrain. Cette méthode descriptive est aussi une manière de mettre en exergue, par contraste, la rhétorique (bien souvent politique) produite et associée aux gens du voyage, qui en oublie parfois la dimension « située » de leur mobilité.

Commissioned review article about Justin M. Jacobs: The Compensations of Plunder: How China Lost its Treasures, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 2020, 348pp. See https://www.chbeck.de/zeitschrift-ideengeschichte-heft-xv_1-fruehjahr-2021/product/31823153

The current study focused on a research study conducted by a geographer, and aimed to understand "What are the aspects of learning process that are unique to geographers?" and "How can we apply the processes to a geography teacher's reading of a geography research paper for the purpose of teaching material studies?" For that purpose, the current manuscript analyzed the processes and the background of writing of a geography research paper through an analysis of composition and construction of the paper, and conducted an interview with its author. The-79

és a belső-ázsiai kharosthí dokumentumok Közismert, hogy Stein Aurél munkásságát biográfusai több nagy szakaszra bontják. 1 A tudományos pályára való készülés periódusát követően első indiai éveiben a klasszikus szanszkrit irodalom kérdései, s ezen belül is elsősorban a Kásmír történetét feldolgozó RajataranginT szövegkiadása, angol fordítása és kommentálása köti le (hivatali teendői mellett) Stein idejét. 2 Ezt követően a tudóst érdeklődése mindinkább régészeti kérdések ' Stein életrajzának megírása komoly kihívás, melyre számos kísérlet történt már hol több, hol kevesebb sikerrel. Mindmáig a legjobb biográfia

Reading of a dated inscription in 2 nd cent. Brāhmī on a panel in Mathura stone from the socle of a Śākyamuni statue. The panel shows a seated Maitreya with laypeople on both sides. The inscription displays features typical of Gandharan counterparts.

Tarihçi, Türkolog ve siyaset adamı olan Zeki Velidî Togan, eğitimli bir aileden gelmektedir. Fikirleriyle Türk Dünyasının önemli bir kesimine etki eden Togan, Rusya’nın birbiri ardına ihtilal dalgalarıyla boğuştuğu XX. yüzyılın başında siyasi sahnede önemli bir rol sahibi idi. Velidî, bir dönem Ufa Müslümanlarının Rus Devlet Dumasındaki temsilcisi görevini yürüttü. Bu sırada patlak veren Bolşevik Devrimi sırasında doğduğu topraklar olan Başkurdistan’ın bağımsızlık mücadelesindeki lider isimlerden biri olan Togan, Başkırt Özerk hükümetinin önce harp bakanı sonrasında ise hükümet başkanı oldu. Başkırt hareketinin istenen sonuca ulaşamaması üzerine Türkistan topraklarına geçerek Basmacı hareketine dâhil olan Togan, Türkistan Millî Birliği’nin başına getirildi. Ancak Bolşeviklerin güçlerini toplayarak her türlü bağımsızlık hareketine karşı başarı kazandığı bu dönemde Türkistan’dan ayrılarak İran’a gitti. Togan’ın hayatının bundan sonraki evresi Hamdullah Suphi Tanrıöver tarafından Türkiye’ye davet edileceği döneme kadar sürekli yer değiştirmeyle geçti. İran’dan Afganistan’a ardından Türkiye’ye buradan da Avrupa’ya geçen Togan, bu dönemde ilmî araştırmalarına hız kesmeden devam etti. 1925 yılında resmî davetle Türkiye’ye gelen Togan, aynı yıl Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı oldu. 1927 yılında ise İstanbul Darülfünunu tarih kürsüsünde göreve başladı. Togan, 1915 yılında St. Petersburg’da bulunduğu sırada tanıştığı ve kendisini askere gitmekten kurtaran Rus şarkiyatçı Barthold’un Türkiye’ye getirilmesinde önemli rol oynadı ve onun İstanbul’da gerçekleştirdiği konferanslarda tercümanlığını yaptı. 1930 yılında hazırlanan Türk Tarih Kitabı’na getirdiği eleştirilerden dolayı Türkiye’yi terk eden Togan Viyana’ya gitti. Belirli bir süre Almanya üniversitelerinde çalışan Togan, sonrasında Türkiye’ye dönmüş ve siyasi kimliğinden dolayı bir dönem hüküm giymiştir. Hayatta kaldığı süre boyunca siyasi kimliği ile ilim adamı kimliğini bir arada yürütmek zorunda kalan Togan, sayısız eser kaleme almıştır. Gittiği her ülkede gerçekleştirdiği kütüphane çalışmaları sırasında birçok önemli eserin gün yüzüne çıkmasına katkı sağlayan Togan, Türk tarihi açısından önemli birçok eser hazırlamıştır. Bu eserlerden Tarihte Usul metodolojik açıdan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş Türk tarihini İslamiyet öncesi ve sonrasını derinlemesine ele alması açısından, Bugünkü Türkili Türkistan ve Yakın Tarihi ise Türkistan tarihi hakkındaki en önemli kaynak eser olması açısından günümüzde hâlâ başucu kitabı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Zeki Velidî Togan’ın birbiri ardına gerçekleştirdiği tüm seyahatlerinde yanında Abdülkadir İnan bulunmaktaydı. Togan, Türkiye’de bulunduğu dönemde Abdülkadir İnan ile birlikte Yeni Türkistan dergisini çıkarmış ve burada birçok makale yayınlamıştır. Togan’ın 1928-1932 yılları arasında kaleme aldığı sayısız yazısı olmakla birlikte bu çalışmada; Türkistan Mecmuası, Yeni Türkistan ve Atsız Mecmua dergilerinde yayınlanan yazılarının örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Çalışmada bahsi geçen makaleler Osmanlı Türkçesinden transkript edilmiş, kronolojik olarak sıralanmış ve Togan’ın 1928-1932 yılları arasındaki fikri dünyası bu yazılar üzerinden ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.

本文是拙著《掠夺的报偿:中国失宝记》(芝加哥大学出版社， 2020年)(The Compensations of Plunder: How China Lost Its Treasures，University of Chicago Press，2020)的最后一章。前面的章节以中文、英文以及法文档案资料为依 据，分析了20世纪头三十年中，新疆和甘肃的穆斯林、汉族劳工以及汉族官员、学者与 西方考古学家之间的关系。我在分析时试图跳出通常用来解释如此多的文化珍宝被从中 国掠走的欺骗、腐败、威逼的话语，而是强调中国民众在西方探险家考察期间参与并协 助他考察的激励因素与遏制因素。本书的前半部分分析了在清末外国考察活动的鼎盛时 期，中国人会对外国考古学家热情且通常自愿协助的原因。本书的后半部分则试图理解 这些关系在辛亥革命和第一次世界大战后的几十年里是如何转变的。在转变的过程中， 西方考古学家在大部分汉族人和穆斯林的眼中，从科学英雄变成了帝国主义窃贼。这里 的最后一章讲述了美国古生物学家安得思(Roy Chapman Andrews)和英国考古学家奥 莱尔·斯坦因(Aurel Stein)于20世纪20年代末与30年代初在中国最后的考察，而讲述 的中心便是北京的古物保管委员会，其成员是第一代全面接受了西方教育的中国学者的 代表——因此他们对艺术品和文物的估值与西方人完全相同。在这一章中，我们将看到 委员会是如何靠着自己对中国境内的艺术品和文物的“无价”估值，而迫使北京与乌鲁 木齐的北洋军阀以及南京的国民党政客放弃他们认为同样的对象是略微不那么珍贵的 “政治资本”的估值的。也正因如此，委员会首开先例，成功将外国探险家赶出了中 国，且没有让他们带走任何古物。

本文是对拙著《掠夺的报偿:中国失宝记》(芝加哥大学出版社， 2020年)(The Compensations of Plunder: How China Lost Its Treasures，University of Chicago Press，2020)第三章的中文翻译。本章以英文、法文以及中文的档案资料为依 据，尝试还原曾与来华西方考古学家和探险家有过互动的各种中国人的声音，以期了解 这些人对于大量艺术品和文物流失海外的想法与感受。我的研究发轫于一个简单而耐人 寻味的事实，这个事实几乎出现在所有关于晚清时期西方考古学家的中文资料中，那就 是在中国几乎所有与西方考古学家在其考察时有过互动或之后对其有所耳闻的人，都对 他们的活动报以一种极度正面且热情的回应，哪怕是已经知道这些西方人的所作所为。 这与后来对这一批人的评价大相径庭。这些西方人如今常常被认为是蒙骗和欺压了“腐 败无知”的清朝官员的“小偷”。那么问题来了，该如何解释清末民初西方考古学家如 此正面的印象呢?拙著第一章运用西方考古学家的通信和野外考察日记，还原出当年加 入考察队的中国劳工的日常经历和目的。这些人大多是目不识丁的底层穆斯林和汉族百 姓，承担了田野工作中大部分的体力活。他们加入考察队主要是被各种形式的经济资本 所吸引:工资、奖赏、身份跃迁以及新的工作机会。《西域文史》在此刊出的第三章，采 用类似的方法对那些受过良好教育且通常很富有的中国官员与西方考古学家在考察期间的 互动进行分析。本章揭示，与经济资本驱动下的贫穷且不识字的农民截然不同，新疆和甘 肃的中国官员向西方考古学家提供帮助的动机是想要获取各种形式的政治和社会资本。换 句话说，西方人的考古探险活动包括了很多与考古学关联甚少甚至根本无关的互动。而我 们只有关注了考古调查中发生的所有活动后，才能理解为什么当时有这么多来自不同经济 阶层和不同文化背景的人都自发且热情地去帮助这些西方考古学家。

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"Money on the Silk Road - twenty years on", in Dirk Wicke and John Curtis (eds) Ivories, Rock Reliefs and Merv. Studies on the Ancient Near East in Honour of Georgina Herrmann. marru 15, 2022, pp. 499-504. (Munster: Zaphon)
ISBN 978-3-96327-208-0 (book)
ISBN 978-3-96327-209-7 (e-book, via ProQuest)

One of 28 papers in a Festschrift in honour of Georgina Herrmann, this paper outlines projects and publications relating to, and arising from, "Money on the Silk. The Evidence from Eastern Central Asia to c. AD 800, including a catalogue of the coins collected by Sir Aurel Stein"

Bu calismanin amaci, hem bir birey hem de bir bilim adami ve filozof olarak Biruni hakkindaki bilgimizin bugunku durumunu ozetlemek ve bu yeni literaturle ilgili bir bibliyografya sunmaktir. Her ne kadar eski malzemeye biraz daha az yer verilecekse de inceleme sadece son yillarda yayimlanan eserlerle sinirli degildir. Ayrica Arapca, Farsca ve Urduca yayimlanan Biruni analizlerini goz onunde

He who views only the produce of his own country may be said to inhabit a single world; while those who see and consider the productions of other climes bring many worlds in review before them. We are but on the borderland ofknowledge; much remains hidden, reserved for far off generations, who will prosecute the examination of their Creator's works in remote countries, and make many discoveries for the pleasure and convenience oflife. Posterity will see its increasing museums and the knowledge of divine wisdom flourish together; and at the same time antiquities and history, the natural sciences, the practical sciences of the manual arts will be enriched. . .

Expeditions are long-term research trips during the 17th -20th centuries, carried out by a team of experts in the field, providing the data infrastructure and supporting the new order of the world based on colonization. During these trips, which were provided financial support by countries aiming to stay ahead in the race to be an effective power, simultaneous research was carried out in different areas such as archaeological excavations, demographic studies, philological studies, mineral surveys, physical mapping, and water mapping. Sir Marc Aurel Stein’s expeditions were the pioneer of the travels during the first half of the twentieth century on Turkestan geography. He was born in 1862, in Budapest and received a good education in different institutions in Europe. He started to work in India as an officer and also left on minor expeditions in the Indian region. His first expedition was in the years 1900-1901, the second expedition was in the years 1906-1908 and the third expedition was in the years 1913-1916 in the Turkestan region. He uncovered quite much findings and manuscripts and took them to the archives of England and India. In addition to these, he left on minor expeditions in the Middle East geography, by land and air. He wrote the reports of them in the form of books and articles. However, his photographs and diaries present us with the details of his research. These
works, which were obtained from the geography of Turkestan, where we can get knowledge about ancient Turkish history, are referenced in today’s Turcology studies and shed light on Turkish history and culture. In our study, based on Stein’s life, his expeditions, studies, and other works will be mentioned, and evaluations will be made on how to benefit from them both in the research of his own age and in the investigations of ancient periods.

The first large-scale statesponsored excavation directed by indigenous scholars began in December 1928 when Fu Sinian (1896-1950), the director of the new Institute of History and Philology, charged China's fi rst Anthropology Ph.D., Li Ji (1896-1979), to establish an offi ce near Anyang in Henan Province (Fig. 1). 1 In the late Qing dynasty, accidental fi nds of oracle bones and bronzes gave some indication of the region's extensive deposits in Bronze Age materials. Late nineteenth-century looting of bronze artefacts and tomb goods propelled a thriving Tianjin art market. 2 These amateur, unoffi cial excavations produced fi nds that entered the market without provenance. But as soon as government fi eldwork and excavations began systematically, the Anyang area did indeed prove to contain the remnants of the last Shang (c.1150-1050 BCE) capital and its royal cemetery. Quite

Faxian, Song Yun and Xuanzang were among hundreds of Chinese Buddhist monks who made pilgrimages to ancient India in 5 th , 6 th and 7 th century CE respectively. They are more celebrated than others due to the detailed accounts of their pilgrimages. These travel records are significant historical resources for several reasons. Firstly, they provide precise accounts of the nature of Buddhist doctrines, rituals, and monastic institutions in South, Central, and Southeast Asia. Secondly, they contain essential information about the social and political conditions of South Asia and the kingdoms situated on the routes between China and India. Thirdly, they offer meticulous insights into cross-cultural perceptions and interactions. Additionally, these accounts throw light on the laborious nature of long-distance travel and commercial exchanges. The most celebrated among all the Chinese pilgrims was Xuanzang, who prepared a comprehensive account of his travels from China via Central Asia and Afghanistan to ancient India. Xuanzang's pilgrimage served as an authentic historical source for the identification of Buddhist sites in ancient Gandhāra and Uḍiyāna by renowned scholars like, Colonel H. A

This paper describes a prototype Web-based system for collaboratively making annotations on historical documents by multiple humanities researchers who are distant from each other. The target document of this study is "Todaiji Yoroku", which was written in the 12th century in Japan, and the system is supposed to be used by humanities researchers who are actually making annotations to this document. We have implemented the system for humanities researchers and evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method through experiments. The unique features of the proposed system are; 1) multiple users can make annotations to the same document simultaneously; 2) suggestion function of annotation, which highlights parts of the text that are likely to be annotated, using information such as existing annotation strings and their surrounding words in the text. In this paper, we especially focus on the feature of suggestion of annotation.

This book attempts to solve a 2,000-year-old riddle of ancient geography: Where was the elusive Stone Tower located which Claudius Ptolemy wrote about as marking the mid-point on the old Silk Road, as caravans plied their trade between Europe and Asia?

Only by understanding the wider historical context during this period can this site be located with any certainty. For this reason, this book is divided into three parts: the first explains the birth of the Silk Road; the second covers key events in history that determined the Stone Tower’s establishment at the half-way mark; and the third pinpoints where the tower actually lay.

The timeline covered spans almost 300 years:  It starts in 140 BC, when a Chinese palace guard named Zhang Qian volunteered to travel west for Emperor Wu Di, in the process founding this celebrated trade route; and it ends in AD 140, when Ptolemy probably completed his Geographia and revealed the site of the Stone Tower. For the most part, this period parallels the First Silk Roads Era dating from 100 BC to AD 250.

In citing works in the notes, short titles have generally been used. Works frequently cited have been identified by the following abbreviations: LZ Lü xing zazhi [China traveler] SSCYD Shanghai shangye chuxu yinhang dang'an [The archives of Shanghai Commercial and Saving Bank], 1915-50. Shanghai Municipal Archives. ZLZD Zhongguo lü xingshe zongshe dang'an [The archives of the