Scientific Research (Anthropology of Science)

The target of this analysis was a presentation by Anders Hviid, which covered the probable connection between Danish children's risk of getting asthma and the aluminum content of childhood immunizations. The major findings of the study, including hazard ratios, are included in the article, along with information on cumulative aluminum exposure from vaccines, the Danish vaccination schedule, asthma outcome definitions, cohort characteristics, and other pertinent information. The presentation came to the conclusion that there was no evidence to indicate a link between aluminum in vaccines and childhood asthma in Denmark by the age of five.

Las publicaciones científicas constituyen un importante indicador de la trayectoria laboral de un investigador, resultante de intereses, restricciones y de diversas negociaciones. Un lugar en que se manifiestan muchos de estos elementos es la configuración de las autorías del trabajo. Esto suele ser motivo de tensiones cuando, por ejemplo, en la lista de autores de un trabajo se excluye a alguien que generó determinado tipo de información o contenido; así como cuando se incorporan autores por devolución de gentilezas que nada aportaron a dicho contenido. Como investigadoras y editoras de la Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica, basándonos en nuestra experiencia y en comentarios recibidos de algunos colegas en el ejercicio de actividades de investigación, entendemos que es necesario aportar elementos de reflexión sobre este tema. Los objetivos de este trabajo son los de a) visibilizar la problemática sobre el reconocimiento de autorías en las publicaciones y b) aportar algunas...

Purpose: To test whether a structured application of persuasion principles might help improve advertising decisions. Evidence-based principles are currently used to improve decisions in other complex situations, such as those faced in engineering and medicine. Approach: Scores were calculated from the ratings of 17 self-trained novices who rated 96 matched pairs of print advertisements for adherence to evidence-based persuasion principles. Predictions from traditional methods-10,809 unaided judgments from novices and 2,764 judgments from people with some expertise in advertising, and 288 copy-testing predictions from 5,285 judgments-provided benchmarks. Findings: The higher adherence to principles' consensus score correctly predicted the more effective ad for 75% of the pairs. Copy testing was correct for 59% and expert judgment was correct for 55%. Guessing would provide 50% accurate predictions. Combining judgmental predictions led to substantial improvements in accuracy. Research limitations: Ads for high-involvement utilitarian products were tested on the assumption that persuasion principles would be more effective for such products. The measure of effectiveness that was available-day-after-recall-is a proxy for persuasion or behavioral measures. Practical implications: Pretesting ads by assessing adherence to evidence-based persuasion principles in a structured way helps in deciding which ads would be best to run. Such a procedure also identifies how to make an ad more effective. Originality: This is the first study in marketing, and in advertising specifically, to test the predictive validity of evidence-based principles. In addition, the study provides the first test of the predictive validity of the index method for a marketing problem.

The validity of the manmade global warming alarm requires the support of scientific forecasts of (1) a substantive long-term rise in global mean temperatures in the absence of regulations, (2) serious net harmful effects due to global warming, and (3) cost-effective regulations that would produce net beneficial effects versus alternatives policies, including doing nothing. Without scientific forecasts for all three aspects of the alarm, there is no scientific basis to enact regulations. In effect, the warming alarm is like a three-legged stool: each leg needs to be strong. Despite repeated appeals to global warming alarmists, we have been unable to find scientific forecasts for any of the three legs. We drew upon scientific (evidence-based) forecasting principles to audit the forecasting procedures used to forecast global mean temperatures by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)-leg "1" of the stool. This audit found that the IPCC procedures violated 81% of the 89 relevant forecasting principles. We also audited forecasting procedures, used in two papers, that were written to support regulation regarding the protection of polar bears from global warming-leg "3" of the stool. On average, the forecasting procedures violated 85% of the 90 relevant principles.

Este trabalho é fruto de reflexões iniciais acerca dos atores envolvidos na publicização da ciência, que, principalmente, durante a pandemia do SARS-CoV-2, são afetados por um modo de reconhecimento negativo, o que cria uma demanda de engajamento frente às controvérsias de deslegitimação científica. Assim, o trabalho lança luz sobre as reações a esse movimento e as modulações de ciência que estão sendo colocadas e defendidas nas arenas públicas no processo de democratização científica ao dar atenção em como esses “ativistas da ciência” constroem o seu objeto de reivindicação política, com especial atenção à participação da “divulgadora científica”, Natalia Pasternak, na CPI da Covid. A pesquisa foi realizada desde o ponto de vista etnográfico a partir do vídeo disponível na TV Senado e pelo acompanhamento dos comentários de realizados em um jornal de grande circulação. Tomando a pandemia como um momento de crise, analiso a performance e estratégias utilizadas pela Natalia Pasternak para defender a ciência.

Personalization is a major issue in contemporary nutrition science, especially in the field of nutrigenomics. In this paper we argue that in the field, two meanings of personalization coexist. Agenda-setting sources conceptualize personalization different from nutrigenomic practitioners. Personalization as individualization and personalization as categorization, respectively, both serve their purpose in the advancement of nutrigenomic practice. We argue that both conceptualizations influence one another but will not result in consensus anytime soon. However, eventually the trend in personalized nutrition will head towards the creation of categories e a trend with its own, unique, ethical agenda.

W hen researching this article, we heard a scientist remark that the function of bioinformatics is "to postpone thinking as long as possible" (observation scientist N001). Such comments about other scientific approaches, displaying a mild irritation or disrespect, can be heard regularly at places where scientists of different backgrounds cooperate on complex problems. This particular quotation originates from a research field called nutrigenomics, which investigates diet-gene and diet-genome interactions (Fogg-Johnson and Meroli 2000, Müller and Kersten 2003, Kaput and Rodriguez 2004). But critical sentiments accompanying cooperation between bioinformatics and laboratory research are by no means restricted to nutrigenomics. A high-profile example is the stir that was created recently in a number of renowned science journals after Geoffrey Chang and his colleagues were forced to retract five papers containing a faulty protein structure prediction-the result of an error in their software (Chang et al. 2006). Colleagues rushed into the fray, accusing Chang of putting too much trust in computers and pretty pictures (e.g., Miller 2007) or even of performing "sloppy science" (Penders et al. 2007). Here, the merits of a particular form of cooperation are put into question, namely, the integration of experimentation and computation-"wet" and "dry" research, respectively-which has been the topic of a number of recent publications (e.g., Kahlem and Birney 2006, Zimmer 2006, Eigenbrode et al. 2007). This article presents an analysis and a demonstration of the problem of cooperative research, specifically with respect to integrating wet and dry research practices. We take nutrigenomic research practice as the central case study in this analysis. Nutrigenomic research practice is a mixture of many disciplines, as well as a field striving for the integration of biology and computation, or of wet and dry research. Here we discuss the ways in which nutrigenomic research practice has dealt with the difficulties of cooperation between wet and dry research. To this end, we first introduce the notions of "wet" and "dry" as styles in biological research, from a philosophical perspective. Second, we analyze the role of expectations and difficulties in fostering cooperation. Third, we present an alternative suggestion for how cooperation in biology can be achieved. Finally, we show that cooperation between wet and dry styles of science can indeed be reached, but that it is not very stable, and hence it requires a lot of work to maintain.

 O artigo apresenta as primeiras elaborações de nossas observações e reflexões a partir das experiências provenientes do início da pesquisa “Etnografando Cuidados e Pensando Políticas de Saúde e Gestão de Serviços para Mulheres e Seus Filhos com Distúrbios Neurológicos Relacionados com Zika em Pernambuco, Brasil", que visa delinear diálogos que ocorrem entre pessoas inseridas, de um lado, em contextos de vida cotidiana dos/das cuidadores e cuidadoras de crianças com transtornos decorrentes do ZIKA e, de outro, em contextos de projetos e programas elaborados e executados por agentes do Estado e as políticas públicas que regem e articulam sistemas de atendimento, onde haja ações dirigidas a estes bebes e cuidadores. O que focamos no texto são as linhas tensoras que aparecem na mediação entre estes dois contextos a partir de duas associações de mães, nas quais estes temas subjazem o diálogo e se tornam visíveis em certos pontos de contato entre eles. Independente do grau de confli...

Resumo Passados mais de quatro anos da epidemia de Zika vírus, tem-se a tarefa de continuar a investigar o seu legado. Aqui, descreve-se o impacto da associação causal entre o Zika vírus e as alterações observadas em fetos e bebês, uma busca que marcou a pauta dos cientistas e da imprensa entre 2015 e 2017. Por meio dos estudos Sociais de Ciência e Tecnologia, que vê o fato científico como coproduzido pela ciência e pela sociedade, realizamos 17 entrevistas semiestruturadas entre cientistas, gestores, professionais de saúde e famílias de crianças em oito cidades brasileiras. Vê-se que a causalidade teve impacto parcial e dúbio na organização dos serviços - com a sobreposição entre vigilância e atenção, gerando, inicialmente, assimetrias no Sistema Único de Saúde. Entre as famílias e profissionais de saúde, nota-se demandas por pesquisas de intervenções e de cuidado, consideradas como não sendo prioridade entre os cientistas. Já entre os pesquisadores, observa-se distanciamento entre...

Em 2015, a Organizacao Mundial da Saude inseriu o Brasil no centro de uma emergencia global, em detrimento dos casos de infeccao por Zika Virus. A partir deste ano, mulheres acometidas por esta epidemia transmitiram o Zika para os fetos durante a gestacao. A consequencia teratogenica da infeccao fora a ‘Sindrome Congenita por Zika Virus’, popularmente conhecida como ‘casos de microcefalia’. Passados tres anos do surto epidemico, mulheres, principalmente nordestinas, tiveram suas biografias interferidas pelas consequencias da doenca. Portanto, esse ensaio analisa a realidade social de uma maternidade marcada pela Sindrome Congenita, bem como seu enfrentamento diante da instabilidade e do sofrimento gerados por este advento. Estamos nos perguntando, portanto, se a religiosidade contribui na elaboracao de legitimacoes para ressignificar a realidade social. Para tanto, acompanhamos e entrevistamos (2017-2018) maes que tratavam seus filhos em uma Fundacao de Apoio a Pessoa com Deficienci...

La Oficina de Investigación Científica (OIC), cuyo fin es promover y apoyar la investigación, ha considerado conveniente la revisión “Sobre Autorías y Agradecimientos” en las publicaciones científicas. El objetivo es uniformizar criterios para la atribución de responsabilidad de la Autoría, y están basados en las directivas del Comité Internacional de Editores de Revistas Internacionales (1).

frameworks of the digital training applied to architecture by going beyond the models, practices and digital environments for the design in architecture, urbanism and landscape. This article is a pedagogical reflection article that examines the convergences between research, training and digital practice in the service of architectural and urban heritage.

 O artigo apresenta as primeiras elaborações de nossas observações e reflexões a partir das experiências provenientes do início da pesquisa “Etnografando Cuidados e Pensando Políticas de Saúde e Gestão de Serviços para Mulheres e Seus Filhos com Distúrbios Neurológicos Relacionados com Zika em Pernambuco, Brasil", que visa delinear diálogos que ocorrem entre pessoas inseridas, de um lado, em contextos de vida cotidiana dos/das cuidadores e cuidadoras de crianças com transtornos decorrentes do ZIKA e, de outro, em contextos de projetos e programas elaborados e executados por agentes do Estado e as políticas públicas que regem e articulam sistemas de atendimento, onde haja ações dirigidas a estes bebes e cuidadores. O que focamos no texto são as linhas tensoras que aparecem na mediação entre estes dois contextos a partir de duas associações de mães, nas quais estes temas subjazem o diálogo e se tornam visíveis em certos pontos de contato entre eles. Independente do grau de confli...

La compétence en Simulations de la Performance Energétique (SPE) est un atout fondamental pour un architecte. Être capable de lire des résultats de simulation et d’adapter sa conception en conséquence est devenu une capacité essentielle chez les architectes diplômés. Cependant, enseigner la SPE aux étudiants peut être difficile, souvent en raison de la complexité des logiciels et des méthodes, mais aussi de la multitude des informations qui entrent en jeu. Afin de sensibiliser au rôle des outils BIM dans l’amélioration de la performance énergétique, cet article propose et expérimente une approche d’optimisation simplifiée basée sur trois différentes méthodes de simulation. L’expérimentation de ces méthodes a démontré leur capacité à guider la prise de décision vers une conception plus performante et plus respectueuse de son environnement et a suggéré une expérimentation future plus globale de l’approche proposée.

T homas Erneux est professeur à l'université libre de Bruxelles, où il dirige l'unité Optique non linéaire théorique du département de physique. Il a reçu le 24 novembre 2009 le prix La Recherche, mention Sciences de la communication et Technologies de l'information (SCTI). Doté de 10 000 € par le CNRS, le prix récompense ses travaux sur les systèmes à retard. Le prix La Recherche récompense tous les ans depuis 2004 la diversité et l'excellence scientifique. Quatre mentions sont récompensées : santé humaine, énergie, SCTI et prix du ministère. Chimiste de formation, Thomas Erneux s'est formé aux mathématiques appliquées aux États-Unis. Outre-Atlantique, bien plus qu'en Europe, l'application des outils mathématiques réalise un va-et-vient continu entre théorie et expérimentation. À quand faites-vous remonter la naissance des mathématiques appliquées « modernes » ?

Três anos após o surto do Zika Vírus no Brasil diferentes impactos na população brasileira podem ser evidenciados, em especial na vida das mulheres que tiveram filhos nestas circunstâncias. Pernambuco, onde a pesquisa de campo tem sido realizada, foi o estado com mais casos de nascimentos de bebês com a Síndrome Congênita do Zika Vírus -  confirmados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Diante disso, tem-se um cenário de muitos desafios tanto por parte das instituições públicas, dos profissionais de saúde, das crianças atingidas como, e principalmente, da parte de suas cuidadoras. A existência de redes de apoio à essas famílias, composta majoritariamente por mulheres que enfrentam uma situação de vulnerabilidade social anterior à epidemia, contribui tanto para a esfera econômica quanto afetiva das “mães de micro” - como se intitulam essas mulheres em decorrência à microcefalia de seus filhos. Mas, ainda assim, a carga de tarefas direcionadas à essa mulher, seja ela mãe, avó ou tia, é instransp...

The validity of the manmade global warming alarm requires the support of scientific forecasts of (1) a substantive long-term rise in global mean temperatures in the absence of regulations, (2) serious net harmful effects due to global warming, and (3) cost-effective regulations that would produce net beneficial effects versus alternatives policies, including doing nothing. Without scientific forecasts for all three aspects of the alarm, there is no scientific basis to enact regulations. In effect, the warming alarm is like a three-legged stool: each leg needs to be strong. Despite repeated appeals to global warming alarmists, we have been unable to find scientific forecasts for any of the three legs. We drew upon scientific (evidence-based) forecasting principles to audit the forecasting procedures used to forecast global mean temperatures by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—leg ―1 ‖ of the stool. This audit found that the IPCC procedures violated 81 % of the 89 ...

Le groupe Territoire a été mis en place au printemps 2016. Il fait suite à une série d’échanges étalés sur plusieurs années entre équipes concernées au sein d’AgroParisTech : séminaire de Clermont-Ferrand en 2010 (Metafort, TETIS, SADAPT) ; réflexions sur l’orientation du centre de Clermont-Ferrand en 2012 ; échanges entre SIAFEE et SESG sur la composante territoire affichée dans les axes stratégiques de ces deux départements en 2014. La composition du groupe reflète la diversité des composantes départementales (hormis le département MMIP). Des représentants de l’Executive, du secteur partenariat et de la direction de la recherche et la valorisation ont aussi participé au groupe. Celui-ci a fonctionné sur deux années universitaires (2016-2017 et 2017-2018) pour aborder l’ensemble des points énoncés dans la lettre de mission de la direction de l’école. Sept entrées ont été retenues et prises en charge par des membres du groupe, souvent des binômes, qui ont eu la responsabilité de la ...

In 2010 a group of 20 decorative ivory and bone plaques from the late first-century ad Kushan citysite at Begram, Afghanistan arrived on deposit at the British Museum (BM). The plaques had only recently been rediscovered after being looted from the National Museum of Afghanistan (NMA) in Kabul during the height of the Afghan civil war (1992-1994), and through the generous intervention of a private individual were acquired on behalf of the NMA. These plaques are part of a larger group collectively known as the Begram Ivories, the largest body of ancient Indian ivory carving to survive from antiquity. The pieces were scientifically examined and treated at the BM and subsequently displayed in the temporary exhibition Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World held at the BM 3 March-17 July 2011 before being safely returned to the NMA in July 2012. Immediately prior to the exhibition the first ever scientific examination of these objects was carried out. The organic plaque material, the distribution and composition of the polychromy and the composition of the original metal pins were investigated using non-invasive techniques. Raman spectroscopy established an original pigment palette that included vermilion and hematite (red), indigo (blue) and carbon black, while X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that the metal pins were a heavily corroded copper alloy. Multispectral imaging, including ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging, suggested the possible use of a now degraded organic pigment. A manganese-containing black deposit on the surfaces of several of the plaques is believed to be post-depositional, rather than a deliberately applied pigment. The choice of indigo (an organic colourant likely to have been produced in India) as the blue pigment on the plaques, rather than locally available ultramarine (derived from Afghan lapis lazuli), supports a possible Indian origin. The distinctive Indian style and pattern of the carved designs also suggests that these pieces were either imported ready constructed from India or were produced in Afghanistan by local or imported craftsmen working to Indian styles. The opulent sofas and footstools that the vibrantly coloured plaques would once have decorated are prime examples of the lavish international goods that were being traded and used by courtly elites at this time.

In 2010 a group of 20 decorative ivory and bone plaques from the late first-century ad Kushan citysite at Begram, Afghanistan arrived on deposit at the British Museum (BM). The plaques had only recently been rediscovered after being looted from the National Museum of Afghanistan (NMA) in Kabul during the height of the Afghan civil war (1992-1994), and through the generous intervention of a private individual were acquired on behalf of the NMA. These plaques are part of a larger group collectively known as the Begram Ivories, the largest body of ancient Indian ivory carving to survive from antiquity. The pieces were scientifically examined and treated at the BM and subsequently displayed in the temporary exhibition Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World held at the BM 3 March-17 July 2011 before being safely returned to the NMA in July 2012. Immediately prior to the exhibition the first ever scientific examination of these objects was carried out. The organic plaque material, the distribution and composition of the polychromy and the composition of the original metal pins were investigated using non-invasive techniques. Raman spectroscopy established an original pigment palette that included vermilion and hematite (red), indigo (blue) and carbon black, while X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that the metal pins were a heavily corroded copper alloy. Multispectral imaging, including ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging, suggested the possible use of a now degraded organic pigment. A manganese-containing black deposit on the surfaces of several of the plaques is believed to be post-depositional, rather than a deliberately applied pigment. The choice of indigo (an organic colourant likely to have been produced in India) as the blue pigment on the plaques, rather than locally available ultramarine (derived from Afghan lapis lazuli), supports a possible Indian origin. The distinctive Indian style and pattern of the carved designs also suggests that these pieces were either imported ready constructed from India or were produced in Afghanistan by local or imported craftsmen working to Indian styles. The opulent sofas and footstools that the vibrantly coloured plaques would once have decorated are prime examples of the lavish international goods that were being traded and used by courtly elites at this time.

Préambule Ces temps-ci, le terme low-tech se trouve devenir de plus en plus visible dans le milieu de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (Meyer, 2021) (MITI, 2021), alors que sa définition n'est pas bien fixée. L'article de J. Carrey, S. Lachaize et G. Carbou « Les Low-techs Comme Objet de Recherche Scientifique. Vers Une Société pérenne, équitable et conviviale » de la Pensée écologique (15 décembre 2021), ouvre le débat de la place de la low-tech dans la sphère académique et nous leur en sommes reconnaissants. En effet, nous construisons également depuis quelques temps des activités de Recherche et Enseignement autour des low-tech, tout en restant dans une posture de construction de notre réflexion sur ces sujets prospectifs (Guimbretiere, 2019) (LowTRE, 2021). La suite présente notre approche de la low-tech : dans une démarche constructive d'une vision de la place de la low-tech dans le milieu de la recherche et de l'enseignement, nous avons décidé d'exposer nos points de vue en les mettant en perspective de l'avis exposé dans l'article cité plus haut (appelé CLC dans la suite). Nous commençons donc par détailler notre définition de la low-tech, dans une deuxième partie nous discutons la place de la low-tech en recherche et notre démarche de recherche sur les low-tech. Une dernière partie est dédiée spécifiquement à la place des low-tech dans l'enseignement supérieur. Notre motivation à travailler sur la low-tech est tout à fait identique : nous faisons le même constat de nécessité de changer de paradigme en termes d'innovation. Le tout high-tech sans considération des limites planétaires est une impasse et il est urgent de repositionner la durabilité comme impératif non négociable de la R&D. Pour cela une démarche techno-critique et réaliste est nécessaire et inévitable. Nous espérons enrichir cette vision par la contribution qui suit.

O nascimento de crianças com Síndrome Congênita do Zika vírus (SCZ), especialmente na região Nordeste, fez com que Pernambuco, o Brasil e a OMS decretassem emergência em saúde pública. Este artigo aborda sobre algumas das continuidades e descontinuidades percebidas em relação à assistência durante o estado de emergência em saúde pública e após a sua finalização, apreciando como a Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (SES) respondeu ao fim da epidemia e o peso social da doença para as mães, no processo de descoberta e tratamento da SCZ das crianças, comparando depoimentos e observações de profissionais e mães de crianças com SCZ, em Pernambuco, epicentro da epidemia. Integra a pesquisa antropológica ‘Etnografando cuidados’, iniciada em 2016. O primeiro e segundo itens refletem sobre as ações institucionais, principalmente da SES. O terceiro item enfatiza como as mães das crianças com SCZ percebem o que lhes chega pelos serviços públicos de assistência.

La publicación de un artículo científico permite al investigador transmitir sus ideas dando a conocer los resultados de su investigación, condicionando que sus hallazgos sean probados y replicados por sus colegas. Con frecuencia, la cantidad de publicaciones es usada como medición del rendimiento científico y la calidad de la misma, se evalúa también dependiendo de la revista en la cual aparece. Sin embargo, existen una serie de irregularidades en la publicación de un artículo científico, como son los aspectos relacionados a la autoría, manejo de los datos, duplicación o falsedad de las publicaciones y conflictos de interés.Publication of a medical paper allows investigators to communicate their ideas and give the results of their research, conditioning they can be probed and replicated by fellow counterparts. Sometimes, the number of publications is used as a measure of scientific ranking and the quality of publications is determined by the journal in which they appear. However, we...

Tristan Lecoq : «La fin des humanités», «Lettres, le défi de la professionnalisation », «Crise des sciences humaines et sociales», trois articles pris au hasard entre 2005 et 2008, parmi de nombreux titres, éclairent le sujet qui nous réunit aujourd'hui: les études en sciences humaines et leur avenir. Les SHS, comme on dit, sont dans une situation paradoxale : elles sont à la fois très sollicitées par le débat public, elles sont en plein renouveau intellectuel et académique et il y a pourtant une forme de crise dont je retiens trois aspects. Comment enseigner les humanités? C'est la question de la pédagogie. Pourquoi enseigner les humanités? C'est la question de l'utilité sociale. Dans quel cadre enseigner les humanités? C'est dans le fond la question de la comparaison européenne et internationale. Cette crise n'est pas nouvelle. Les interrogations ne sont pas non plus nouvelles. Nous voyons tous, chacun dans notre métier, une mobilisation des experts et des chercheurs en la matière. L'hebdomadaire L'Express, en juin 2006, avait publié un article qui s'intitulait, «Universités, insérer d'abord?» au moment où le recteur Hetzel, aujourd'hui directeur général de l'enseignement supérieur, remettait au Premier ministre Dominique de Villepin un rapport qui s'appelait «De l'université à l'emploi ». Dans une certaine mesure, ces sujets sont toujours à la surface et le CIEP, opérateur public des ministères de l'éducation nationale et de l'enseignement supérieur, retrouve là des problématiques très proches de celles contenues dans ses projets et dans ses programmes à l'international. Ainsi, par exemple, le travail conduit sur les réformes curriculaires, sur les programmes et les modes d'enseignement en Afrique du nord et en Afrique subsaharienne, miroite vraiment avec notre sujet; tout comme le N°4 9-décembre 2008 dossier 71 *La transcription de cette table ronde a été réalisée par Françoise Delinot. Le texte définitif a été établi par Marie-José Sanselme et Michel Lussault.

Nous revenons sur le sujet de l'Esquisse comme moment particulier de la conception, tel que questionné dans notre communication de SCAN'05, en 2005. Il s'agit ici d'entrevoir quelles mutations sont en train de se produire, ou vont se produire dans le processus de génération du projet au stade de l'esquisse dès l'instant où des outils numériques très performants en terme de calculs et d'intégration des données, de generation de forme et de présentation immédiate (de type Réalité Virtuelle) se diffusent de plus en plus largement ou vont devenir accessibles à brève échéance. L'aisance à terme, de l'usage de telles outils va-t-elle modifier l'interaction entre le ou les concepteurs et leurs productions qu'ils pourront éprouver en situation d'énaction ? Le panel d'acteurs du projet va-t-il muter notamment avec l'avènement d'outils de ce type, disponibles pour le grand public ? Le processus de conception en sera-t-il modifié ? La...

; http://rb.ec-lille.fr 03 20 33 53 84 I. De l'ingénieur classique à l'ingénieur entrepreneur Les travaux de nombreux chercheurs semblent converger vers l'émergence d'une nouvelle génération d'ingénieurs (Bouffartigue 94, Duprez et al. 90, Grossetti 86, Fayolle 96). Une génération en rupture avec les profils dominants des générations antérieures à laquelle correspond une évolution considérable du système de formation tant en termes de nombre d'institutions que de contenus et de modalités de formation. L'un des modèles émergents se dessine autour de l'ingénieur entrepreneur, mais il apparaît difficile à former car cet esprit d'entreprendre encore mal défini, est souvent perçu comme opposé à la représentation classique de l'ingénieur. De fait très peu d'ingénieurs deviennent aujourd'hui entrepreneurs (Fayolle 96, 01) Nous allons évoquer successivement ces deux points. 1.1. D'une élite scientifique à la démocratisation et la tertiarisation des ingénieurs L'appréciation traditionnelle du concept d'ingénieur est celui qui puise dans la connaissance scientifique pour satisfaire les besoins de l'humanité (Lange 93). D'autres définitions couvrent cette notion ; Celle qui définit

In 2010 a group of 20 decorative ivory and bone plaques from the late first-century ad Kushan citysite at Begram, Afghanistan arrived on deposit at the British Museum (BM). The plaques had only recently been rediscovered after being looted from the National Museum of Afghanistan (NMA) in Kabul during the height of the Afghan civil war (1992-1994), and through the generous intervention of a private individual were acquired on behalf of the NMA. These plaques are part of a larger group collectively known as the Begram Ivories, the largest body of ancient Indian ivory carving to survive from antiquity. The pieces were scientifically examined and treated at the BM and subsequently displayed in the temporary exhibition Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World held at the BM 3 March-17 July 2011 before being safely returned to the NMA in July 2012. Immediately prior to the exhibition the first ever scientific examination of these objects was carried out. The organic plaque material, the distribution and composition of the polychromy and the composition of the original metal pins were investigated using non-invasive techniques. Raman spectroscopy established an original pigment palette that included vermilion and hematite (red), indigo (blue) and carbon black, while X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that the metal pins were a heavily corroded copper alloy. Multispectral imaging, including ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging, suggested the possible use of a now degraded organic pigment. A manganese-containing black deposit on the surfaces of several of the plaques is believed to be post-depositional, rather than a deliberately applied pigment. The choice of indigo (an organic colourant likely to have been produced in India) as the blue pigment on the plaques, rather than locally available ultramarine (derived from Afghan lapis lazuli), supports a possible Indian origin. The distinctive Indian style and pattern of the carved designs also suggests that these pieces were either imported ready constructed from India or were produced in Afghanistan by local or imported craftsmen working to Indian styles. The opulent sofas and footstools that the vibrantly coloured plaques would once have decorated are prime examples of the lavish international goods that were being traded and used by courtly elites at this time.

Revue de communication sociale et publique 3-4 | 2010 Varia et Dossier (Communication sociale et publique : prisme ou foyer?) Institution et légitimation d'une quasi-discipline : le triple destin (sciences, études et champ) de la communication Institution and legitimization of a quasi-discipline: the building of communication as sciences, studies, and field

En sciences de gestion, peu de recherches ont étudié les relations socio-affectives. Ce constat s'explique notamment par le fait que les méthodes de recherche traditionnelles (questionnaire, entretien, enquête sociométrique) possèdent des limites lorsqu'il s'agit de repérer les affinités au sein des groupes organisés. Partant de ce constat, nous proposons ici une méthode originale d'identification des relations socio-affectives basée sur l'observation. Illustrée empiriquement, l'approche proposée consiste à observer à l'aide d'une grille de Bales les membres d'un groupe dans un contexte de communication informelle. Les spécificités de cette grille d'observation permettent, sur le modèle de la sociométrie, de repérer les attractions et les répulsions entre les membres d'un groupe. D'ordinaire utilisée pour comprendre les rôles incarnés par les membres d'un groupe attelés à une tâche commune, la grille de Bales pourrait être détournée de son utilisation primaire pour devenir un outil d'identification des relations socio-affectives au sein d'un groupe organisé. Mots clés RELATIONS SOCIO-AFFECTIVES, GROUPE ORGANISÉ, OBSERVATION, BALES

Robert and Fotios discuss the results of their important new survey on the key elements for improving the quality of the forecasting function. A lot more is involved here than software and statistical methodology; it?s also about removing organizational impediments, developing appropriate performance benchmarks and motivational incentives, and improving data reliability and flow within the organization. Copyright International Institute of Forecasters, 2015

Suite à leur déménagement sur le campus de Montignies-sur-Sambre, les formations de biologie médicale et d’agronomie disposent désormais de laboratoires à la pointe du progrès tant au niveau de l’équipement que de la diversité des manipulations possibles. Cet article se propose de retracer l’origine de ces formations, leur déménagement sur le campus de Montignies-sur-Sambre et l’aménagement des nouveaux laboratoires destinés à les accueillir.

Bien qu'une abondante litterature ait deja traite un certain nombre de problematiques attenantes aux question de valorisation (celle de l'innovation par exemple), notamment a travers la production de modeles de representation et d'interpretation des relations entre acteurs socio-economiques et activites de recherche, cette etude vise avant tout a explorer les pratiques concretes des chercheurs en matiere de valorisation et a apporter au debat des rapports Science / Societe une contribution essentiellement empirique.

In 2010 a group of 20 decorative ivory and bone plaques from the late first-century ad Kushan citysite at Begram, Afghanistan arrived on deposit at the British Museum (BM). The plaques had only recently been rediscovered after being looted from the National Museum of Afghanistan (NMA) in Kabul during the height of the Afghan civil war (1992-1994), and through the generous intervention of a private individual were acquired on behalf of the NMA. These plaques are part of a larger group collectively known as the Begram Ivories, the largest body of ancient Indian ivory carving to survive from antiquity. The pieces were scientifically examined and treated at the BM and subsequently displayed in the temporary exhibition Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World held at the BM 3 March-17 July 2011 before being safely returned to the NMA in July 2012. Immediately prior to the exhibition the first ever scientific examination of these objects was carried out. The organic plaque material, the distribution and composition of the polychromy and the composition of the original metal pins were investigated using non-invasive techniques. Raman spectroscopy established an original pigment palette that included vermilion and hematite (red), indigo (blue) and carbon black, while X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that the metal pins were a heavily corroded copper alloy. Multispectral imaging, including ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging, suggested the possible use of a now degraded organic pigment. A manganese-containing black deposit on the surfaces of several of the plaques is believed to be post-depositional, rather than a deliberately applied pigment. The choice of indigo (an organic colourant likely to have been produced in India) as the blue pigment on the plaques, rather than locally available ultramarine (derived from Afghan lapis lazuli), supports a possible Indian origin. The distinctive Indian style and pattern of the carved designs also suggests that these pieces were either imported ready constructed from India or were produced in Afghanistan by local or imported craftsmen working to Indian styles. The opulent sofas and footstools that the vibrantly coloured plaques would once have decorated are prime examples of the lavish international goods that were being traded and used by courtly elites at this time.

This paper examines the conservation treatment of a lacquered Buddha sculpture undertaken by a Buddhist conservator as part of a postgraduate heritage conservation training programme in London. This creative process selects from a mixture of ideas and practices as a specific response to the people, time, and place of the conservation treatment. Rather than seen as a polarized choice between versions of 'Eastern' and 'Western' approaches, the conservation practice is interpreted though a Buddhist understanding of the sculpture in relation to the secular requirements of the current owner. The treatment addressed issues of the physical stability of the object, the reversibility of applied treatments, and the accommodation of Buddhist concepts of 'completeness', 'toplessness', and 'no killing'. The result was a Buddha sculpture made into a 'plausible' conservation object that represents the compromises necessary at the time and place of the conservation intervention.

The book assaults common sense with evidence. In order to mount his assault on accepted wisdom, Tetlock spends some 238 pages of text explaining his methods and findings, and considering and refuting many alternative explanations, and adds some 75 pages of technical appendices. The downside of this approach is that some readers may find the book too demanding. That would be a pity as his findings are important. Tetlock's book reports the results of a two-decade long study of expert predictions. He recruited 284 people whose professions included "commenting or offering advice on political and economic trends." He asked them to forecast the probability that various situations would or would not occur, picking areas (geographic and substantive) within and outside their areas of expertise. In addition to eliciting forecasts, Tetlock also asked questions aimed at understanding how the forecasters came to formulate their forecasts, how they dealt with the failure of their forecasts, how they responded to contradictory information, and how they evaluated the probable accuracy of others' theories and predictions. By 2003, he had accumulated 82,361 forecasts, which provided him a database to evaluate. He then evaluated experts' predictions against outcomes, and against various alternate predictions that he derived from simple statistical procedures, from uninformed non-experts, and from well-informed non-experts.

Nous avons souhaité présenter deux faces d’une même histoire, celle du déroulement de la recherche pendant l’épidémie de maladie à virus Zika. Nous souhaitons en particulier donner à voir les effets collatéraux de la recherche, c’est-à-dire la façon dont s’entremêlent l’objectification des sujets de recherche touchés par l’épidémie de Zika, les points méthodologiques et éthiques concernant l’entrée sur le terrain ethnographique, ses angles morts et impasses, et la légitimité de la collecte des données. Nous espérons ainsi engager une réflexion sur nos pratiques d’anthropologues en temps de crise et d’urgence, et sur les diverses significations des relations chercheurs-sujets de terrain, et centre-périphérie, dans les sciences de la santé.

We decided to write this article in four hands for one simple reason: to present two sides of the same story, a story of research during the Zika epidemic. To that extent, not only do we expose two experiences as researchers in anthropology about the Zika virus epidemic, but we aim to point out how these two experiences and feelings reveal in some way a system activated through this specific context that interlocks scientific discoveries, international funding, competition of scholars and institutions, the ethnographic field with women, vulnerable children and health institutions, trajectories of biological materials, collaborations - sometimes asymmetric - between the ‘South and North’ of the world. In doing so we hope to reveal a portrait of science in the making. We propose to reflect on two different levels: 1) our practices as researchers in anthropology in times of crisis and emergency, and 2) the various meanings of the center-periphery/researcher-fieldwork participants relationships in the social study of health.

Keywords: Research. Congenital Syndrome of Zika. Objectification.