Rural Livelihood Strategies

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy research field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, during the period from November 2013 to March 2014 to study the response of sowing time and seed treatment on growth, yield and quality seed production of chickpea. The experiment comprised as two factors: sowing date - 3 times: 1 st sowing date: 19 th November - S1, 2 nd sowing date: 29 th November - S2 and 3 rd sowing date: 9 th December - S3 and seed treatment with gibrallic acid (GA3) - 5 levels: GA3 75 ppm - T1,GA3 150 ppm - T2, GA3 225 ppm - T3, GA3 300 ppm - T4 andhydro-priming - T5. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.The treatment combination on maximum plant height and dry matter content recorded of plant in S2T3 irrespective of growing period. This combination also exhibited maximum number of pods plant -1 , longest pod length and maximum number of seed pod -1 , where as required minimum duration for po...

The aim of this article is to understand the livelihood challenges of farming households from an insider perspective. The empirical data upon which the author draws was gathered through repeated periods of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 2017 with 36 participating farming households in the community of Chichu in Gedeo, Southern Ethiopia. Observation, interviews, and focus group discussions were used to obtain the required primary data. This study has also benefited from various secondary sources. As the study shows, climatic change, land scarcity, limited livestock production, limited finical capital, limited non-farm income, livelihood displacement, and marginalization of women are major livelihood challenges facing farmers in the Chichu community. Thus, a holistic approach is necessary to mitigate the constraints that threaten farmers' livelihoods.

Mexico l PERSISTENCE OF AN ANDEAN LEGEND The cycle of Mama Huaca legends has continuing relevance to the i ndigenous and mestizo peoples of Chinchaysuyu, the vast northwest quadrant of the former Inca Empire, whose principal cities were Tomebamba (Cuenca) and Quito. The fearsome hag of the heights and guardian of the mountain and its treasures is a persistent figure in the Andean imagination. 2 She inhabits a highly animated landscape in which mountains and lakes are assigned not only gender, but differing degrees of wealth and wildness (Munoz-Bernard 1990). The moral legends in which Mama Huaca is a protagonist are also intimately connected to local topography and sacred sites, linking her to hemispheric narrative traditions (Basso 1984, 1988).

The traditional system of producing small ruminants (sheep and goats) contributes significantly to the socioeconomic wellbeing of farm households in northern Ghana. Besides serving as an important source of income, sheep and goats also offer important non-pecuniary benefits such as the provision of manure, savings, insurance, farm portfolio diversification, and strong social relations. However, technical evaluation of traditional small ruminant systems places much emphasis on financial gains to farmers and abstracts on the non-conventional utilities derived from the livestock system. The main purpose of this study, therefore, is to estimate the overall economic benefits associated with traditional small ruminant systems by accounting for both market and non-market values in two agro-ecological zones (Guinea and Sudan savannah) of northern Ghana. Using a multistage sampling technique, we collected cross-sectional data from 249 small ruminant farmers for empirical analysis. The result...

The complex relationship between local development and current large scale investments in natural resources in the Global South for the purpose of conservation and carbon sequestration is not fully understood yet. The Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation programme (REDD+) is an example of such investment. This study examines the livelihood implications and perceptions of REDD+ among indigenous and forest-dependent communities in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. A systems-based livelihood survey has been conducted with two communities affected by REDD+ (n = 102)-Kala Tonggu village (participating in UN-REDD, a multilateral programme) and Hieu commune (participating in a REDD+ project of Fauna and Flora International). The positive effects of REDD+ included: introduction of community-based forest management; shifting power relations in favour of local communities; communities receiving financial benefits for forest monitoring; and positive community perceptions on REDD+. The negative impacts concerned: more restricted access to the natural forest; raising false expectations on the financial benefits of REDD+; increasing risks of food insecurity; exclusion of customary institutions and forest classifications; and lack of livelihood alternatives in dealing with changing socio-ecological conditions. Based on the findings of this study, we argue that REDD+ implementation needs to incorporate the temporality and dynamics of community livelihoods, power relations, and customary and formal socio-ecological systems more comprehensively. This to ultimately achieve inclusive local development and effective conservation of global forest commons.

Codes 2: 21=Médecine moderne, 24=Traitement traditionnel à base de plantes médicinales, 25=Spirituel (eg. Marabout ou autre), 26=Propre collection de plantes médicinales/autre produit sauvage, 27=Bon jugement, 28=Aucun traitement, 29=Autre Note 3: Même dans les cas où le traitement n'a pas été payé en argent, il faut en estimer le prix. Par exemple, son équivalent en sacs de maïs ou autre pour lequel le prix est connu. Codes 4: 41=Parenté, 42=Voisins, 43=Associations/groupes, 44=Amis, 46=Patron, 48=ONG, 49=Autre Codes 5: 51=Produits agricoles (incluant la nourriture), 52=Produits provenants des animaux, 53=Produits forestiers (provenants du PNKT), 54=Produits environnementaux (produits sauvages mais ne provenant pas du PNKT), 59=Autre

Women have the most creative mind to make various products by using various designs. Handmade products are in fashion at present time and by this economic support can be provided to creative women. The present study was conducted in Mathura district to perceive an opportunity for the upliftment of rural women economically in the handicraft sector with the use of crop residues. A total of 75 rural women were selected for the present study and data was collected through a self-prepared interview schedule. The findings of the study depicted a significant difference at <0.01 level in the interest of women related to basketry handicrafts based on their age, occupation,and educational status. Most of the women were involved in labour work and they want to uplift their economic condition through basketry. There is a significant difference found at <0.05 level in skilled women in making basketry handicraft based on their occupation and monthly family income. Handicraft making is one of the major opportunities for those women who are not so educated but yet can support their families economically. Income is a very important factor for rural women to motivate them to nurture their interests which will help to develop their handicraft skills.

Pre-extension demonstration of improved black cumin technologies was carried out in Goro and Ginnir districts. The new variety Urgessa was demonstrated and evaluated against the standard check Gemechis where plot size of 10*10 m was used for each variety. Row planting was applied using seed rate of 12 kg /ha and fertilizer (NPS) rate of 100 kg/ha. Yield data, number of farmers participated on training and mini field days, production costs and farmers' feedback were collected using field observation, check list, and focus group discussion. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze quantitative data. Cost-benefit analysis was used for profitability analysis. Awareness creation activities like training and mini field days were arranged for target beneficiaries and other stakeholders. Combined yield evaluation was carried out in which Urgessa gave higher seed yield of 13.84 qt/ha while Gemechis gave 11.73 qt/ha. Direct matrix ranking was used to rank black cumin varieties. Consequently, farmers gave the higher score for Urgessa variety. The result of pair wise ranking indicated that farmers gave high attention for traits of yield, number of branch per plant and number of capsule per plant. The result of profitability analysis also revealed that the farmer who prefers to produce Urgessa variety could get an extra net benefit of 24,360.00 ETB/ha than who prefers to produce Gemechis variety in single production season. Therefore, based on farmers' preference and profitability analysis, Urgessa variety is recommended for pre-scaling up.

The provision of tailored weather and climate information services (WCIS) to help adapt decision making to climate variability is gaining increasing recognition. This study analyzes the impact of seasonal and daily weather forecasts mediated by a multidisciplinary working group (MWG), a co-production model for weather and climate information. A two-season balanced dataset in combination with panel econometrics was used to explore the impact of uptake of weather and climate information uptake and the impact on farmers’ agricultural income in Senegal. The data were complemented by participatory surveys that provide richer contextual information to explain the impact pathways. Results show that the use of weather and climate information increased the value of crop produce by between 10-25\% for farmers with access to an MWG. Coordinated platforms that involve diverse stakeholders like the MWGs play a critical role in co-producing weather and climate information that are more usable to ...

Conservation efforts under the nature-based solutions (NbS) framework aim at better management of ecosystems and improvement of human well-being. Policies targeting forest-based livelihoods align well with the NbS principles, but their social-ecological outcomes are often confounded by complex human-environment interactions. In this study, we identify one major feedback effect of the ecosystem dynamic on people's livelihoods based on datasets collected from two study areas in China and Nepal. Our methodology integrates satellite remote sensing, household surveys, and statistical models to investigate households' cropland abandonment decisions under the influence of crop-raiding by wildlife. Results show that cropland parcels that have experienced crop-raiding are more likely to be abandoned in the following years. The more damage the crops have suffered on a given parcel, the more likely it is that the parcel will be abandoned. Parcels in proximity to natural forests, farther away from the house location, and with poorer access to paved roads bear a higher risk of being abandoned. These effects are robust and consistent after controlling for multiple parcel features and household characteristics at different levels and using the dataset from each study area separately. We conclude that policymakers need to consider this undesirable feedback of the ecological system to the livelihoods of local people to better achieve co-benefits for ecosystems and human society.

How to see the forest for the trees? Stakeholders' perceptions of sustainable forest management in Ukraine 18. Damir Klobučar, Silvije Orsag: The influence of financial leverage on company business 19. Karlo Beljan, Stjepan Posavec, Filip Koren: Investments in small-scale forestry: Comparison between uneven-and even-aged stands in Croatia 20. Keča Ljiljana: Investment Appraisal in Forestry. Case study of poplar plantations in Serbia 21. Stojanovski Vladimir, Stojanovska Makedonka: Barriers for entrepreneurship and innovation in non-wood forest sector: Three-I's as precondition in non-wood forest sector in Macedonia 22. Krunoslav Teslak, Marijana Žunić, Branko Ursić, Jura Čavlović: Actual and potential value of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.

The linkage between the formal and informal credit markets has long been of great interest to development economists. This paper addresses one important aspect of the linkage by empirically investigating the impact of the microfinance program expansion on the moneylender interest rates in Bangladesh, and finds that moneylender interest rates increase with microfinance program expansion. MFI program expansion increases moneylender interest rates in the villages in which more loans are invested in productive economic activities than consumption. Borrowers resort to moneylenders for additional funds because of inadequate supply, unavailability of seasonal working capital from MFIs, and tight repayment schedule, which in turn increases demand for moneylender loans.

Abstract: Sustainable development is this development that ensures both economic, social and environmental sustainability. Sustainability, as a working (operational) concept, should be understood as maintaining in an undiminished state the different levels and forms of capital or the flow of resources (materials and energy) that passes through economic systems. For the agricultural sector in particular, these are land, soil, water, ecosystems and their biodiversity, which must be prioritised in the maintenance of capital. Sustainability has three main interconnected dimensions: economic, social and environmental. The existence of serious sustainability problems is a sign of inefficient institutions and inefficient government policy.
Key words: sustainable development, sustainability, environmental development, trinity of sustainability

This paper explores the socio-economic and landscape transformations in the Central Netherlands during the transition from the Roman to the medieval period, focusing on the role of byre-houses and animal husbandry. The study reconstructs subsistence strategies and their impact on landscape management by examining the layouts of excavated byre-houses and the organization of household economies. The analysis reveals significant changes in settlement patterns and agricultural practices, highlighting the shift from a predominantly cattle-based economy to more diversified subsistence activities. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of early medieval rural communities and their adaptive strategies in response to environmental and socio-economic challenges.

Livelihood is a multidimensional formation of different resources that provide a fundamental base for the household's living. Adoption of livelihood strategies varies across the people, depending upon the availability and accessibility of the livelihood assets; hence, there is a variation in the possession of it. Though several attempts have been made to study livelihood issues, we still need more literature on a comparative analysis of the northeastern region of India. The present paper attempts to discover the diversity of livelihood assets in northeastern India. Thus, it is observed that except for human capital resources, the state of Assam is better endowed with natural, physical, social, and financial capital assets than the other seven states. Further, the aggregate livelihood capital index also shows that Assam is the first in ranking based on the richness of the strength of the livelihood capitals, while Arunachal Pradesh is at the bottom, 8th position in terms of assets strength. Though Sikkim is the smallest state, it holds the third position in overall livelihood capital assets possession, after Meghalaya, which is in second position. Thus, the present study suggested variations in livelihood assets across the northeastern states.

The rural non-farm sector is expanding in Senegal and in many other developing countries. For rural women, this situation poses challenges and opportunities that are not yet fully understood. The present study examines how involvement in non-farm diversification strategy differs by gender and its implications for individual and household well-being in rural Senegal. We find that non-farm diversification is a male-dominated livelihood strategy. However, rural women make the most out of it, regardless of whether they diversify into low or high return non-farm activities. Diversification improves rural women’s well-being through large income-increasing effects and higher empowerment level, but has no effect on rural men’s well-being. At household level, we find that when only women diversify, households have lower per capita income, but are less likely to be food insecure than when only men or both genders diversify. Our findings indicate that policies that promote non-farm diversifica...

Ghana was the first country to ratify a Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) with the European Union (EU). Both the EU and Ghana anticipate that implementation of the VPA will have positive impacts on sustainable forest management. It is also likely, however, that the strict enforcement of existing laws will have negative socio-economic effects on many people who are engaged in the forest sector, especially the informal part of the sector. The development of social safeguards — as early as possible during the FLEGT implementation process — can help prevent or manage these impacts. It is unlikely that a single social safeguard mechanism will prevent all potential negative impacts. Rather, a coherent set of tailor-made mechanisms for specific target groups over the short and long term will have to be designed and must become an integral part of the VPA. The emerging Ghana VPA implementation process provides the opportunity to addre...

The Lodha people reside in the Indian Sundarban islands. They are mainly engaged in fishing activities. They live very close to the river embankments and their major occupation orients around fishery-related livelihoods like deep sea fishing, fish drying, fish feed preparation, etc. Despite spending maximum hours in saline water and extreme humid environments, they hardly suffer from any kind of pulmonary disorders. This may be attributed to the regular intake of a specific fruit of a mangrove species named Sonneratia apetala. This species prefers freshwater habitats. This fruit is rich in Vitamin C as evidenced from our analysis and may be one of the important reasons to boost up their immune system. However, the present species is under threat due to rise in sea level and subsequent increase of salinity since the last 30 years (1984-2014). This paper is mainly a study on the Lodha tribe who resides in Indian Sundarbans, and their way to cure pulmonary disorder through old traditional methods. In the present study, the Lodha tribe was treated as the experimental population sample (n = 125) compared to the control population sample (n = 325), who were mainly the agriculturists, honey collectors and involved in animal husbandry.

Frederick Za Hoe (1924 –1963) also known as Zipeng Za Hoe or Zipeng Za Hu may be remembered in this way.  First, he was honest and clever from his childhood days. Second, he was one of the Chin distinguished intellectuals based on his academic performance and achievements. Third, he was a man of justice who upheld the principles of justice. Fourth, he was an inspirational, charismatic, transformative and distinguished leader of the Chins. Fifth, he was a scholarly public servant who faithfully served the Chins until his last breath. In doing so, he showed his genuine kindness, love and sympathy towards them. Sixth, he was the holder of progressive view for the need of development for the Chins and Chinland. His apparent dislike of the uncivilised cultural norms should be justified as it is easily outweighed by the real need of the progress for the Chins concerned Seventh, he was among the sowers of the seed of education within Chin students who were later transformed into Chin leaders by the fruition of education. Finally, he was also the believer in education.  His qoute: ‘This is not the time as yet for the Chins where the primary need is not politicians but educated men, educated men and more educated men.’

This paper assessed the livelihood strategies practiced by Maasai pastoralists in Longido District, Tanzania, with a focus on their resilience to climate variability. The main question it sought to address was: How resilient are the livelihood strategies of Maasai pastoralists in response to climate change and variability? The study employed Holling's resilience theory and the DFID Livelihood Framework. A mixed-methods design, specifically a convergent parallel design, was used. A multistage sampling technique was employed, starting with the purposive selection of wards, followed by villages, and finally a simple random sampling of 373 households for the survey. Additionally, 21 key informants, including traditional leaders, ward and village leaders, NGO officials, and livestock officers, were purposively selected. Data collected through interviews, observations, and focus group discussions were analysed qualitatively, while data from questionnaires were analysed quantitatively using IBM SPSS (version 22). A chi-square test was applied to assess associations between variables. The findings revealed that key strategies such as mobility, communal pooling, casual labour, and livestock management were employed. Education and income sources also played a significant role in shaping resilience strategies, with households that had higher levels of education being more likely to adopt reliable resilience strategies. The main challenge faced by Maasai pastoralists in building climate resilience strategies was increased climate variability, particularly in the form of frequent droughts and unreliable rainfall. This paper recommends enhancing support for these communities by integrating their traditional strategies with technical innovations to promote sustainable livelihoods.

This research explores the factors shaping farmers' decision-making processes in crop selection in southwestern Ethiopia. It examines whether free choice, constraints, or a combination of the two shape their decisions. Understanding the interaction of these complex factors provides valuable insights into the intricate decision-making processes used by local farmers, shedding light on the links between social and environmental elements that shape agricultural practices. Data were collected using a combination of ethnographic methods and relevant literature, showing that decisions made by farmers between maize and indigenous crops were informed by a combination of social and environmental factors, and farmers weighed these factors differently based on their individual circumstances, local conditions, and priorities. There is a clear indication that the region's farming system is becoming dominated by the more lucrative maize, the farming and food processing technologies of which are compatible with technological traditions. Agricultural incentives also favor maize over indigenous grains, impacting crop choices made by farmers, and this growing dominance is leading to a decline in indigenous cereal crop cultivation, which is threatening the region's sustainability and resilience.

Most woman participants sampled in Katwa Block-I of Burdwan district, India, were young in the age group between 26-35 years; and predominantly on nuclear families. Most woman respondents were from Hindu SC & ST and Hindu OBC households. Muslim women rarely participated as agricultural wage laborers. In agriculture, women were engaged in various activities except in ploughing. Participation of rural women in agriculture in others' farm was highest in harvesting as well as in transplanting; and it varied with crop seasons. This study revealed that kharif was the main and busiest season of crop production; and there was a seasonability in wage employment and earning among the rural farm women. Both wage-employment and earning capacity increased among the rural women through participation in Self Help Groups. The most striking feature of this study was that there was no wage difference between the women labours of SHGs and non-SHGs.

The main purpose of the research work was to determine the use of climate change resilient technologies in vegetable cultivation by the farmers of Bangladesh. Data were collected from randomly selected 112 farmers’ of Haibatpur Union by using an interview schedule. Data were collected during 25th June to 25th July, 2013. Appropriate scales were developed in order to measure the variables. Correlation test was used to ascertain the relationships between the concerned dependent and independent variables of the research work. The dependent variable was use of climate change resilient technology and the independent variables were age, education, farm size, annual income, credit availability, farming experience, source of farmland, training exposure, innovativeness, risk orientation and frequency of natural disaster. The highest proportion (81.3 percent) of the farmers had medium use while 9.8 percent had low use and only 8.9 percent had high use of climate change resilient technologies....

The study was conducted to identify and assess the gender roles in agricultural activities in Damota Kebele of Haramaya district. 20 sample respondents out of this 10 women and 10 men were selected based on criteria's settled. Both primary and secondary data were collected from respondents and Kebele administration office using in-depth interviews, personal observation and participatory discussion. Open-ended questionnaire and checklist were employed to collect qualitative data. Two day field trips were used to collect primary and secondary data. The collected data were analyzed through narrative description and interpretations of meaning and actions. The results and findings of study indicate that farmers were practicing mixed farming system with the experience of more than 15 years. Women access the lands of their husbands and their family land in the absence of male child in the family and in the presence of legal due to influenced by the culture of the area. Women were participating in crop production activities such seed preparation, sowing, weeding and marketing, but the rest of actives were mainly executed by men household. Their roles were high in livestock production as compared to crop production; feeding, milking, dung clearance, management, marketing and others were major activities that women performed. Shortage of land, overload of women activities, lack infrastructures, lack of access to extension service and cultural factors were major constraints hindered both women and men to execute their agricultural activities in productive manner. Women informal group and women group meeting were major opportunities of study area. Awareness creation to community, agricultural intensification, rural infrastructure improvement, improved technologies and reducing workload of development agents and women are the major recommendation given by the study for government and responsible body.

East Rembang is an area in the Rembang district prone to disasters. Various disaster management efforts have been carried out, but disaster risk measurement at the village level has yet to be done. Therefore, this research was carried out to know hazards, vulnerability, and coping capacity so that disaster risk in East Rembang can be analyzed. This research was carried out to know hazards, vulnerability, and coping capacity so that disaster risk in East Rembang can be analyzed. The research was conducted in East Rembang, consisting of three sub-districts, namely Kragan, Sarang, and Sluke, with 27, 23, and 14 villages, respectively. This research uses mixed methods, including literature study, interviews, and observation techniques. The research results show that the disaster threat and vulnerability of villages in East Rembang based on 2020-2022 data is, on average, low, although several villages have high threat and vulnerability. This is due to the relatively high capacity of the community, which supports low disaster risks. In general, it can be seen that the average level of disaster risk in East Rembang is "Very High". Even so, the community's capacity to face disasters could be higher.

W niniejszym artykule przywołujemy materiał etnograficzny z badań w Marinaledzie, "antykapitalistycznej" wiosce hiszpańskiej, której przypadek zainspirował nas do podjęcia refleksji nad genealogią nowoczesnego pojęcia "pracy" i krytyki jego podstaw filozoficznoantropologicznych. Postaramy się wykazać, że projekt wioski, uznanej za praktyczną realizację hasła alterglobalistów "inny świat jest możliwy", opiera się na chęci wzmocnienia kondycji człowieka jako pracownika i aktora procesu "produkcji". Zarówno dominujący w Marinaledzie dyskurs, jak i praktyki społeczne krążą wokół "pracy", a tę-jak wynika z analizy "zgromadzonego" materiału-zwolennicy "alternatywnego" projektu rozumieją w sposób, który wykształcił się w zachodniej nowoczesności i który nie odbiega od rozumienia pracy w kapitalizmie. Pragniemy zadać pytanie o ograniczenia projektów emancypacyjnych, które nie kwestionują owego konceptu pracy i wykazać, że przyjęcie konstruktu, który zaczął formować się w czasach merkantylizmu, dojrzewał w myśli liberalnej, a następnie marksizmie, związane jest z kondycją podporządkowania. Dlatego w ostatniej części artykułu przedstawimy Powszechny Dochód Podstawowy jako jedno z narzędzi, które osłabiałoby związek podmiotu z tak rozumianą pracą, po to, aby umocnić jego związek z tym, co polityczne.

Pata-Painting is a distinct visual representation of West Bengal and Orissa associated with various songs and related Paintings. These artworks which are always aesthetically and visually rich, narrate the social, cultural, religious, and political incidents performed by the patuas (Pata-Painters). This study investigates how the tradition has been recognized as storytelling and wandering folk art. An analytical observation of the Patapaintings, an extensive literature review, and interviews with the Patuas played a distinctive role in exploring the objectives of the study. From the Depictions of Hindu gods and Goddesses, mythological stories, and scenes from common people's daily life, this study stated its adaptation and evolution over the last two decades. Especially the use of materials and techniques adopted by the new generation of artists. Over the last few centuries, artists have explored the global art market by participating in folk festivals and handicraft fairs inside and outside of the states. By focusing on these unique art practices of West Bengal, this study tries to reflect the enduring historical heritage and cultural significance to enhance and preserve this art form. This study also aims to indicate the current phenomenon of Pata-painting and how it is serving the demands of intellectual urban members of the metro cities.

Pata-Painting is a distinct visual representation of West Bengal and Orissa associated with various songs and related Paintings. These artworks which are always aesthetically and visually rich, narrate the social, cultural, religious, and political incidents performed by the patuas (Pata-Painters). This study investigates how the tradition has been recognized as storytelling and wandering folk art. An analytical observation of the Patapaintings, an extensive literature review, and interviews with the Patuas played a distinctive role in exploring the objectives of the study. From the Depictions of Hindu gods and Goddesses, mythological stories, and scenes from common people's daily life, this study stated its adaptation and evolution over the last two decades. Especially the use of materials and techniques adopted by the new generation of artists. Over the last few centuries, artists have explored the global art market by participating in folk festivals and handicraft fairs inside and outside of the states. By focusing on these unique art practices of West Bengal, this study tries to reflect the enduring historical heritage and cultural significance to enhance and preserve this art form. This study also aims to indicate the current phenomenon of Pata-painting and how it is serving the demands of intellectual urban members of the metro cities.

Problémom environmentálnej migrácie sa začína zaoberať rastúci počet akademikov i tvorcov politík na celom svete. Degradácia životného prostredia nie je zvyčajne jediným dôvodom, pre ktorý ľudia migrujú, ale ide ruka v ruke s ďalšími politickými a socioekonomickými faktormi. V marci 2016 sa vyostril konflikt medzi komunitami Lobi farmárov a Fulani pastierov z Burkina Faso, ktorí sa usídlili v regióne Bouna na severovýchode Pobrežia slonoviny po tom, čo opustili Burkina Faso počas veľkého sucha v 70. rokoch predošlého storočia. Tento konflikt, ktorý začal, ako sa zdá, banálne-pošliapaním Lobi farmárskych polí dobytkom Fulani pastierov, mal vážne dôsledky: obete na životoch, viacero ranených, zničený majetok a ekonomické straty. Konflikt nakoniec viedol k presídleniu niekoľko tisíc ľudí do provincie Noumbiel v Burkina Faso. Analýza príčin tohto masívneho presídlenia poukazuje na rastúci lokálny dopyt po prírodných zdrojoch a na manažment poľnohospodárskej pôdy, čo sa vyostrilo na poza...

Tea is the most popular drink in the world and Kenya is ranked the fourth nation that produces tea in the world, where tea sector is mainly supplied by small scale tea farmers who produce about 62 per cent of total tea production. Tea production needs a lot of labor and the industry offers employment in rural areas, whereby millions of people around the world depend on tea picking and processing. The research study was carried out to explore determinants of performance of small scale tea farming in Kisii County and it was guided by four main objectives; To assess the extent to which availability of small scale tea market influence performance on SCTF; To assess the extent to which cost of farm inputs influence performance of SCTF; To examine the influence of weather conditions on performance of SCTF;To assess the influence of level of education in SCTF in Kisii County. Data was collected using random sampling a large population of 2000 small scale tea growers whereby a careful sampl...

This study assessed multidimensional poverty in rural parts of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study objectives were to: describe the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics, determine their multidimensional poverty status, and identify the determinants of multidimensional poverty in the communities sampled. A multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 480 household heads selected from 16 villages across the study area. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Multidimensional Poverty Analytical Tool (MPAT) and a binary logistic regression model. The respondents' sociodemographic characteristics described in the study showed that their mean age was 46.3 years while the average household size was 7 persons. The study indicated that the majority (86.7%) of respondents were male, mostly married (91.7%) and educated (74%). The distribution of the respondents' multidimensional poverty status revealed that majority (61.7%) of the households were poor. The study revealed that multidimensional poverty in the study area is influenced negatively by age, marital status and household size. Similarly, gender, educational level, livelihood activities, farm size, livestock ownership, remittance, membership of group, and access to credit have a positive effect on multidimensional poverty. Key among the recommendations of this study is the provision of adequate basic infrastructure in the area.

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Nigeria has been declared free from Ebola, but Nigerians are left with the aftereffect of the experience. The Post Ebola era is the era where the aftereffect of the disease is felt. This era is characterized by a low demand for bushmeat, although the trend may reduce as time goes on. Unfortunately, this is the era where Grasscutter domestication is tipped to be a tool for poverty and unemployment reduction in the country. Nigeria is rich in biodiversity and its natives relish bushmeat. There is practically no ecological zone in Nigeria where this delicacy is not consumed. Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) also known as cane rat, is seen throughout sub-Saharan Africa; its flesh is very popular for domestic consumers but it is scarce and highly priced. Researchers and civil society organizations have fronted the advantages of its domestication and multiplication, but all efforts seem to produce little result since low patronage was recorded. Therefore, this review aims to revisit ...

Ecological values of land use are important for the survival of human beings. Understanding their dynamic nature is essential for appropriate decisions. However, most often, economic value quantification has received major emphasis whereas ecological values are mostly overlooked, especially in developing countries. With the aim of quantifying ecological values of land use via criteria-based farmer's assessments and empirically analyzed soil properties, three land use types [conservation tillagebased agroforestry land (CTAFL), conventional tillage-based cultivated land (CVTCL) and enclosurebased communal land (ECL)] were selected. Criteria-based scoring was used and 90 farmers participated. For soil analysis, sample collection was done following sampling procedures. The results show that farmers have higher preference for CTAFL followed by ECL and CVTCL. This was due to higher ecological values derived from the CTAFL throughout the year with minimum variation compared to CVTCL and ECL. Almost all measured soil variables exhibited significant variation (p < 0.001) among land use type. Almost all soil variables exhibited higher mean values for CTAFL and this supported the results of the farmers' assessments. All ecological value improvements observed for CTAFL were related to clay fractions coupled with the SOC content and degree of soil disturbance. This result implies that conservation and participation based land management is a means to obtain sustainable ecological benefits from land use types.

Manejos colaborativos de recursos naturais em áreas protegidas devem conciliar as particularidades do modo de vida das populações locais com a conservação ambiental. Estudos socioeconômicos são fundamentais ao disponibilizarem informações sobre a relação entre as populações tradicionais com os recursos naturais, garantindo que as atividades tradicionais desempenhadas por esses grupos sejam mantidas e integradas no processo de manejo de maneira efetiva, possibilitando a manutenção dos aspectos socioculturais, a geração de renda e a melhoria na qualidade de vida. Visando entender como diferentes ecossistemas amazônicos de várzea e terra firme influenciam no perfil socioeconômico de manejadores de pesca de áreas rurais do Amazonas, avaliamos 127
orçamentos domiciliares de pescadores manejadores membros de 10 Projetos de Manejo de Pesca situados nas Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá e Amanã entre os anos de 2018 e 2019. Constatamos que os diferentes ambientes de moradia dos manejadores influenciaram diretamente no perfil orçamentário dos domicílios. Nossos resultados demonstram que os rendimentos são obtidos e investidos de diferentes maneiras para a manutenção familiar nos 2 ambientes, assim como as despesas. Moradores da várzea apresentaram rendimentos
relacionados à pesca e despesas relacionadas à compra de farinha, materiais de pesca e equipamentos de trabalho, enquanto manejadores residentes em ambientes de terra firme ou mistos apresentaram rendimentos vinculados a atividades produtivas e despesas com alimentação e deslocamentos. Estes resultados evidenciam a importância de considerar as particularidades dos grupos de manejadores em diferentes ambientes ecológicos para o desenvolvimento de atividades efetivas de manejo de pesca e aprimoramento da gestão integrada das Áreas Protegidas.
Palavras chave: economia doméstica, áreas protegidas, renda, populações rurais.

The rapid expansion of the great deserts of the world has caused considerable concern among environmentalists and government officials. Presently as much as l9% of the world's surface is threatened by encroaching deserts. One of the causes of desertification is overgrazing by domesticated animals. While the most dramatic examples of overgrazing may be found in the Middle East and the Sahelian region of Africa, it is also a problem in the world's industrialized regions. It has been estimated that roughly 75% of the publicly held rangeland and 60% of the privately held ranges in the United States are in fair to poor condition as a result of overgrazing. The simple, compelling, logic of range management suggests that no livestock producer would consciously overgraze. Yet in spite of this, overgrazing is extremely common.

Beside its greatest contribution to Ethiopian economy, agricultural sector has been highly affected by climate change. Consequently, masses of people have been left food insecure every year. As an option, rural households have been participating in diversifying their livelihood sources. The present study aims to identify the major factors affecting rural household’s participation in livelihood diversification activities in Didessa and Bedele woredas. Multinomial Logit model was employed to analyse the data collected through structured questionnaires from 186 sample households of 6 randomly selected rural kebeles. The model result confirms that factors such as marital status, level of education, land owned, livestock holding and access to credit have significant and positive influence on the probability of participating in non-agricultural activities while age of household head and family size have significant and negative influences. The findings imply that rural development policie...

Indonesia's development must be connected to the important role of village empowerment and disaster resilience. Efforts to increase village empowerment and resilience to disasters have been carried out previously, especially in villages in East Rembang. Even so, there has yet to be an evaluation to measure its success. This research aims to evaluate and map village empowerment and resilience using research instruments consisting of aspects, indicators, sub-indicators, and questions regarding disasters in East Rembang. The four main stages of research include instrument development, measurements of empowered and disaster-resilient villages that have been carried out, mapping of measurement results, and based on recommendations. The data collection technique used is a document study with the data collection instrument, namely a document study sheet containing a scale for measuring village empowerment and disaster resilience. The village empowerment scale was developed based on geographic, government, population, social, agricultural, economic, and housing aspects. In contrast, the disaster-resilient village scale consists of six aspects that reflect the value of security from disasters, facilities, and mitigation efforts. This research shows seven categories of villages that are empowered and resilient to disasters. The three villages with the highest level of empowerment are Sluke, Sendangmulyo, and Kragan Villages in Sluke, Sarang, and Kragan Districts, respectively. Meanwhile, the three villages with the highest disaster resilience are Sanetan, Bendo and Langgar Villages, Sluke District.

This is an outcomes evaluation of the lean season assistance programme (LSAP) implemented by World Food Programme (WFP) as the funding partner and Caritas Zimbabwe as the cooperating partner after establishing an acute food shortage affecting 55 523 vulnerable people who desperately needed food assistance in Chivi District. Some households were engaging in negative coping strategies to manage extreme food shortages affecting them. The objectives of the LSAP intervention programme were: to alleviate acute food shortages; to improve nutrition and income for households; to improve gender issues and child protection; and to provide sustainable coping strategies for the vulnerable communities in Chivi District. A mixed method for data collection was employed, namely questionnaire, interview, document analysis and observation to evaluate the outcomes of this intervention. The study employed the survey methodology to collect data key for this evaluation. The study findings established that the LSAP was very successful with a success rate of 93%. The study population of 55 523 vulnerable people in Chivi District were no longer food insecure as they were now able to enjoy three meals a day compared to the two, one or in some cases no meal at all. Some children who had dropped from school were now able to go back to school. There was a reduction of early child marriages and fewer cases reported of women and child abuse. Prostitution was also reduced as single women were empowered with more positive coping strategies such as savings (mikando). The vulnerable also received increased knowledge in farming and identifying and reporting the fall armyworm to local leadership, the District Administrator and Agritex Offices. However, the evaluation study recommended that although the LSAP was very successful, the vulnerable households in Chivi District were not yet ready to be weaned by Caritas as they needed more time to establish their small businesses so that they could be self-sufficient. The study also recommended that Caritas should also embrace those households which had been food secure before the LSAP launch as they had regressed to being vulnerable through food insecurity. The study was also able to contribute knowledge by coming up with a proposed Red Zone-Green Zone Framework which shows the graduation of vulnerable households from a position of danger, denoted by red to a position of sustainability, denoted by green. The green part shows the positive outcomes achieved.

A study was undertaken to evaluate the soils in Bareli watershed, Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh for sustainable land use planning. Five soil series namely, Diwartola, Diwara, Bareli-1, Bareli-2 and Bareli-3 were tentatively identified and mapped into twenty-four mapping units and a soil map was generated using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The land information generated during soil survey has been used to evaluate for land capability, land irrigability, soil productivity and soil-site suitability for some medicinal, aromatic and spices crops. The soils were grouped into land capability sub-classes IVs and IVst and land irrigability sub-classes 2st, 3s, 3st and 4st. Soils of Diwartola, Bareli-1 and Bareli-3 are average and soils of Diwara and Bareli-2 are poor in soil productivity based on limitations of erosion, drainage and physicochemical properties. Soil-site suitability assessment reveals that soils of Bareli-1are moderately suitable (S2) ...

L’objectif de cet article est de determiner la volonte a payer (VAP) de la population sherbrookoise et magogoise pour l’amelioration de la qualite des eaux du lac et de la riviere Magog; ainsi que leur volonte a accepter (VAA) pour une compensation monetaire dans un scenario d’interruption du systeme d’epuration des eaux usees. Pour cela, nous utilisons une enquete d’evaluation contingente qui emploie le format de questionnaire VAP-VAA de type MBDC (Multiple Bounded Discrets Choices ou questionnaires a choix discrets et multi-bornes). Pour approfondir l’analyse, nous suivons la logique du modele de Welsh et Poe (1998) pour determiner les VAP et VAA moyennes des individus residant autour du lac et de la riviere Magog. A cet effet, nous trouvons une VAP moyenne par habitant de 98$CA/mois, et une VAA moyenne par habitant de 758$CA/mois.

Abstract
A two year field trial was conduct with 12 varieties of C. cajan. The two year pooled data on the mean
weight of total pods and seed yield of C. cajan with lac insects was significantly highest 3307 g and 2023
g (Rs.202.3) in MA-3 over all the 12 varieties evaluated. The mean weight of fuel wood of C. cajan
varieties 4.22 (Rs.21.1) in MA-3 to 2.56 (Rs. 12.8) in Amar. The mean weight of raw dry lac yield per
plant from 291.33g (Rs.34.95) NDA-1 to 519.17 g (Rs.62.30) MA-3. The result revealed that the lac
production increase the annual income of almost all the Lac growers has increased after adopting Lac
production. Subsequent to the acceptance of lac production, there was enormous increase in the annual
household income and empowerment has lead to a change in their household and socio economic status
of the Lac growers.