Roman brick and tiles

Most remarkable in Roman brickwork – opus testaceum – are the shapes of the bricks as they were laid triangularly or polygonally with their longest edge to the face. These shapes were used to achieve the best bonding between the brick mantle and the inner core, which was made from mortar and caementa. Originally the bricks were produced as cuboids: comparatively flat square shapes in standardized dimensions with an edge length of 2/3, 1 ½ or 2 Roman feet. So, the bricks had to be divided up into triangular or polygonal construction material. Mainly three different assumptions of the dividing methods are given in literature – one before firing, two after firing. Besides tackling the questions, what kinds of tools were used, how exactly Roman bricks were divided, who did this and how long it took, the study aims at a better understanding of Roman building processes.
In a first step Roman brick surfaces, mainly in Rome and Latium, were analyzed to classify the features. Next a differentiation was made between those surfaces originating from the brick core, which show the visible result of the former division operation and their counterparts, which feature the traces of the former molding and are easier to recognize. Some processing traces, which are characteristic of the division operation, have been identified. In order to understand these observations and to interpret them appropriately 20 bessales-sized bricks were manufactured. Subsequently various dividing methods were tested on these bricks.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird aufgrund von intensivem Quellenstudium des lokalhistorisch relevanten Archivmaterials und Geländebeobachtungen, die Existenz der - nunmehr bereits durch erste Untersuchungen durch das BDA bestätigte - Ziegelei in Witzmannsdorf (Marktgemeinde Wallsee-Sindelburg) postuliert.

Nachfolgend sollen die Funde aus der schon aufgefundenen Ziegelei im Bereich der Parzellen 441, 442 und 443 zusammengefasst werden. Eine umfangreichere Arbeit bezüglich des Ziegeleigewerbes im Umland des Kastells Locus Felicis ist in Arbeit und wird auch die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung und Nutzung dieser Anlagen in den Vordergrund rücken, sowie diese in den Kontext zu anderen Betrieben stellen. Diese erste kurze Abhandlung zielt lediglich darauf ab, die bisher zu Tage getretenen Stempelfunde in der Ziegelei des Petronius zu dokumentieren.

In the following short paper i would like to present the found brickstamps in the only scientifically proven brickyard in the roman castell locus felicis in Wallsee-Sindelburg (Lower-Austria).

In this work the author would like to describe the latest findings in the enviroment of the roman castell "Locus Felicis" near Wallsee-Sindelburg (Lower-Austria). The findings suggest that there had been at least one (maybe more) unknown brickyards. With the help of various archival primary sources and ground observations, the author tried to identify the locations of this roman brickyards to bring on nearer archaological surveys by specialists.

In der nachfolgenden Arbeit soll die neu aufgefundene römische Baukeramik, welche um St. Pantaleon-Erla und Wallsee-Sindelburg zu Tage trat bearbeitet und der Forschung zugänglich gemacht werden.Weiters wird am Ende der Abhandlung versucht, Analogien hinsichtlich der verschiedenen auswertbaren Ziegelcharakteristika zwischen den Fundkomplexen herzustellen, um eine mögliche Zuordnung zu einer der bisher bekannten drei Ziegeleien im Umfeld der Lager Loco Felicis, Albing und Lauriacum zu postulieren.

Nearly one hundred testimonies make it possible to draw up the distribution map of the tile makers, owners and manufacturers, who provided Avenches with terracotta building materials. Only the flanged tiles, the tegulae, have been marked. Four kinds of seals stand out, with their types and varieties. The most numerous are those of M. Afr(anius) Prof(essus), owner of a tilery in Avenches between 40/50 and 70/80 AD, donor of the curia where one of his stamps was found. M AFR PROF covers Avenches and the villae of Vallon (FR) and Yvonand towards Yverdon.
Fifteen Legionary Tiles marked L XXI C', of which probably four were found at the ancient port, are followed. The seal is well represented between Avenches and Petinesca, outside the region of Vindonissa. On a sixteenth stamp is engraved a mark at the legion XXI s(ub?) c(ura?) Vi(ctoris?), probably element of the roof of the claudio-neronian sanctuary of the Grange des Dimes. On the swiss Plateau, the tiles of the XXI Legion are the most widely distributed, with Avenches as the most westerly spreading point for the stamps L XXI C and L XXI S CVI. Eight tiles are from the production of L. C(ornelius?) Prisc(us?): settled in the region of Frienisberg (BE), at the beginning of the 2nd century AD, his workshops have supplied an area of about 30 km radius. L C PRISC also sees in Avenches its westernmost certificate. A stamp of Ca(millius?) To(rquatus?) was found in the gap between East Gate and Tornallaz; it is probably inscribed on a roof fragment of multiturned tower roof. It seems to be out an Avenches workshop specialized in the manufacture of particular clay objects (mortars, jugs with three handles).
The CA TO F stamps were found in Avenches and Lousonna. The distribution of the stamps in Avenches shows preferential zones, domus and public monuments being supported by this or that owner or manufacturer.

This books takes a comprehensive look at the Roman army as a factor which prompted substantial changes and economic transformations in the province of Lower Moesia, discussing its impact on the development of particular branches of the economy. The volume comprises five chapters. Chapter One, entitled “Before Lower Moesia: A Political and Economic Outline” constitutes an introduction which presents the economic circumstances in the region prior to Roman conquest. In Chapter Two, entitled “Garrison of the Lower Moesia and the Scale of Militarization”, the author estimates the size of the garrison in the province and analyzes the influence that the military presence had on the demography of Lower Moesia. The following chapter – “Monetization” – is concerned with the financial standing of the Roman soldiery and their contribution to the monetization of the province. Chapter Four, “Construction”, addresses construction undertakings on which the army embarked and the outcomes it produced, such as urbanization of the province, sustained security and order (as envisaged by the Romans), expansion of the economic market and exploitation of the province’s natural resources. In the final chapter, entitled “Military Logistics and the Local Market”, the narrative focuses on selected aspects of agriculture, crafts and, to a slightly lesser extent, on trade and services. The book demonstrates how the Roman army, seeking to meet its provisioning needs, participated in and contributed to the functioning of these industries.

Brigetio (Komárom-Szony, Hungary), the garrison of the legio I adiutrix, was one of the major towns of Roman
Pannonia. Research excavations in the civil town beginning in 1992, uncovered large quantities of ceramic
building material, mostly tegulae and imbrices. From the so-far processed roughly 500 Roman tile fragments in
the collection of the Klapka György Museum of Komárom, 21 bore the impression of animal or human feet or
hand. The ten dog, ve cat, two sheep/goat and one chicken footprint probably all belonged to domestic animals
kept around the tilery. Among the human footprints there is a well-preserved, almost complete impression of a
hobnailed children’s shoe. All the tiles in question were almost certainly manufactured in the legionary tilery
of Brigetio during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

This paper deals with the technical aspects of ceramic building material production in the brickyard located near the legionary fortress of Vindobona (nowdays Vienna, Austria). First, the general procedures of brick manufacture are described, then the paper focuses on the material from Vindobona itself. Tegulae, which make up most of the preserved evidence, are also treated at some length. In comparison to other ceramic building material, tiles are more distinguishable, thus more criteria can be observed. The observed criteria were: treatment of the surface, proportions, types of lower cutaways and shape of flanges. On the basis of these criteria, it is possible to distinguish differences in working procedures, which may relate to a change of units in the fortress and an exchange of workers within one unit. Attention is also paid to the economic aspect of production, which is reconstructed on the basis of the‑ oretical calculations. The amount of material necessary for the construction of camps was calculated along with the estimated time which it took to produce this material and the necessary work ‑power. The last part deals with the distribution of bricks to the forts in the upper Pannonian Limes, with an attempt to determine if the material was transported to the construction sites from Vindobona or was produced on the sites. The results show it was more cost effective to transport the material over even long distances.

Dozens of Roman tile kilns have come to light in Pannonia during the last one hundred years. This paper summarizes the published tile manufacturing workshops of Pannonia in present-day Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia. In the first part it gives a short general overview of the structure of a workshop, discusses the problems of defining tile kilns, describes the parts of the kilns themselves and outlines the systems of classifications. The second part gives a description and catalogue of the Pannonian tile kilns.

In April and May 2008, the Archaeological Museum Zadar carried out revisory archaeological excavations of the remains of the Church of St. Victor at Telašćica on Dugi Otok Island. The plan of the church was fully supplemented and defined thanks to the excavations. On the basis of the mobile finds, it was established that the church was most probably constructed in the second half of the 5th or beginning of the 6th century. In the pre-Romanesque
period, it experienced significant architectural changes, and it was equipped with new modern stone church furnishings. It was again renovated in the late medieval period.

Si considerano in questa sede alcuni bolli su laterizio, rinvenuti a Montegrotto Terme negli scavi della Scuola di Specializzazione in Archeologia dell'Università di Padova durante le campagne 2001 e 20021, i quali costituiscono un quadro rappresentativo dell'attività teglaria patavina e consentono di precisare la lettura e la pertinenza di marchi già noti, oltre ad offrire un marchio anepigrafe degno d'attenzione.

A. Di Vita, per la cortesia e la disponibilità con le quali accoglie sempre le ricerche e gli studi degli ex-allievi e collaboratori della Scuola. Tengo inoltre a far presente che questo mio breve contributo deve molto al lavoro svolto insieme a mio marito, Giorgio Rocco. 1 Sul sistema con cui è stata realizzata l'intercapedine dei calidaria di queste terme cfr. LIVADIOTTI-ROCCO 1986-87. Cfr. inoltre, ROCCO, Analisi, nota 83. 2 È interessante confrontare la rispondenza del vano 13 con le prescrizioni vitruviane per gli edifici termali, secondo le quali calidaria e tepidaria devono essere orientati ad Ovest o a Sud (Vitruvio,V, X,1), devono essere preferibilmente coperti con volte in muratura rivestita di intonaco, a meno di non dotarli di un controsoffitto (V, X, 3), devono essere progettati in modo che la larghezza sia due terzi della lunghezza, escludendo la schola e la vasca (V, X, 4).

In 2010 and 2012 archeao-geophysical prospection on parts of the Roman Fort Ad Militare were conducted. Those were the first surveys in what is today Croatia in which precise Roman Limes military architecture layouts were defined. The remains of the principia, the praetorium, a forehall, the barracks, building(s) of an unknown purpose and also sections of curtain walls, all with stone/brick foundations, were detected. The results indicated that the praetorium and principia have been part of the same complex, divided or related by the forehall, which seems to be a unique (special) feature along the entire Roman frontiers! The fort Ad Militare was the first site in Croatian section of the Limes whose precise boundaries were determined by this research.
Likewise, two chance found tiles have been discovered in Batina. Probably, they were made by/for cohors II Asturum et Callaeocorum. Together with the results of realized geophysical surveys they probably point to the building phase dating back to the reign of the Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138–61). Cohors II Asturum et Callaeocorum was the most opportune candidate for building or using the Fort Ad Militare.

Over the past decades a great progress has been made in the research of the Roman building terracotta. Numerous inscriptions provide us not only with information about the amount of material, which one worker could make over a day, but even with dates when these bricks were produced. Typology and epigraphy started to be supplemented with petrographic analyses which base could be usedto locate the origins of the material. One of the brickyards was located near castra legionis at Vindobona and it is the only workshop discovered in the area of Pannonian Limes. Typological parallels of stamps suggest, that Vindobona could supply all camps lying on Danube between Ala Nova and Ad Mures with building material.

L’area del Golfo di Castellammare (Sicilia occidentale) e nota per le numerose fornaci di eta romana. In questo articolo, si cerchera di ricostruire l’attivita di un’officina destinata principalmente alla produzione di laterizi con bollo ΟΝΑΣΟΥ, databile fra III e I secolo a.C. Ricerche precedenti hanno permesso di riconoscere nel produttore di questi laterizi lo stesso Onasus Segestanus citato nelle Verrine di Cicerone e di localizzarne una possibile officina presso la Baia di San Cataldo. La scoperta di nuovi laterizi bollati e di scarti ceramici assume notevole importanza per una ricerca sugli ateliers ceramici del Golfo di Castellammare e della Piana di Partinico. Ne deriva un quadro aggiornato e ricco di prospettive di ricerca, relative all’espansione commerciale di Onasus nel corso del tempo e all’attivita produttiva di altre fornaci, i cui manufatti potevano essere esportati o utilizzati localmente.

Der folgende Beitrag soll eine Diskussion anregen, mit der die Geschichte der Cohors I Aelia Brittonum kritisch beleuchtet und Probleme hinsichtlich der Kontinuitätsfrage der Truppe in deren Lagern angesprochen werden sollen. Auch die bisherigen Funde, welche eindeutig der cohors I Aelia Brittonum zugeordnet werden können, werden aufgeführt und im Fall der Baukeramik katalogisiert. Die Quellenlage zeigt sich uns in diesen Belangen insofern schwierig, als dass es nur spärliche epigraphische Primärquellen gibt, die Licht ins Dunkel der Truppengeschichte bringen könnten. Auf Fragen für welche Garnisonsorte Norikums und für welche strategischen Überlegungen die Geschichte dieser Kohorte von Bedeutung ist, findet man sehr schnell passende Antworten. Zum einen ist diese Truppe in den Kastellen Loco Felicis/Wallsee-Sindelburg  und Favianis/Mautern als frühe Belegungsmannschaft nachgewiesen, andererseits wird sie aufgrund der frühen Belegung und der damit verbundenen wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Bedeutung in dieser Phase der Kastellgebiete in einem besonderen Blickwinkel gesehen. Ohne jetzt zu weit in die Detailgeschichte eindringen zu wollen, soll hier exemplarisch die rege Bautätigkeit der Truppe in Wallsee genannt werden, die in die Ausbauzeit des Kastells in Stein- und Ziegelbauweise fällt. Die kürzlich vom Verfasser nachgewiesene Ziegelei dieser Truppe in der Nähe von Witzmannsdorf, KG Ried, MG Wallsee-Sindelburg deutet aufgrund der Größe des Lehmabbau- und Verarbeitungsgebietes auf einen dementsprechend ausgedehnten Wirkungsbereich hin, der mit dem Verbreitungsgebiet der Ziegelstempel korrelierbar ist. Außerdem beweist diese Ziegelei, dass die Kohorte auch in Wallsee stationiert war. Um eventuell über Militärdiplome als epigraphische Quelle neue Anhaltspunkte zur Kohortengeschichte der cohors I Aelia Brittonum zu erhalten, wurden die Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik sowie die Periodika Tyche und Chiron durchgesehen. Es fanden sich über 30 Texte, die ausgewertet wurden. Zusätzlich wurden 577 Einträge in der Clauss-Slaby Datenbank gesichtet.

si presentano alcune novità da Urbs Salvia (Urbisaglia, MC) costituite da frammenti
di Fasti consulares degli anni 314-312 e 173-162 a.C.; lastra con menzione di opere pubbliche
finanziate da Gaio Salvio Liberale Nonio Basso insieme al figlio Gaio Salvio Vitelliano e fram-
mento con carica decurionale; bollo di anfora di C. Galerius, bolli laterizi della gens Vitia o
Vitellia e degli Herennii.

G. Bucci, Laterizi dal Lago Tramonto, Gambulaga (FE) in Il fiume nel lago - Dieci anni di ricerche archeologiche subacquee nel Lago Tramonto a Gambulaga (FE) (a c. di G. Bucci), Supplemento al volume 97 degli Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara, AA 197, 2019-2020, Ferrara 2020 (ISSN 0365-0464), pp.103-108.

Numerous are the board games in the Roman Empire through is history. They can by carved in pavement of public spaces, on re-used architectural marble slabs and even in wood in wich they probably made in quantity. However, a peculiar type existed that are carved on tiles, bricks and bipedales used for the construction of roofs, elevetion and baths. On them there are grids, ludus duodecim scriptorum but above all the so called "Nine men's Morris" symbol. First identified like the board of the eponymic game, this lecture has to show that it could had other functions than ludic.

This is the study of the clay building materials ("tegulae", "imbrices" and bricks) found in the Roman villa of Puente Grande, located in place called "Los Altos del Ringo Rango" (Los Barrios, Cádiz, Spain). This villa dates back to the 1st century AD and was inhabited until the 5th century.

This is the text *as submitted* for publication in the Archaeological Journal, 157, 2000, p119-121.  It may have been edited subsequently, but the recording details will be the same.

There is not as much Roman tile as could be expected if the buildings in the signal station were actually roofed in ceramics. However, the site has been extensively robbed, and perhaps the tile was removed during this action.  The material is associated with construction contexts, as well as post-Roman and robbing phases.

ENG: The paper deals with two epigraphic monuments: a small fragment of a Roman roof tile (tegula) with a stamp and a Roman tombstone recorded on a land-registry map from the 18th century (State Archives in Zadar, Maps Grimani).The fragment of a tegula is an accidental find from the islet of Lavsa in the Kornati archipelago. The tombstone was recorded in the northwestern part of the then Ivoševci and most probably belonged to one of the necropolises of the Roman military camp in Burnum. Also, some observations were made about a badly damaged Roman inscription used as a building stone at the site of Our Lady of Tarac, which is believed to have been a votive (or votive-building) monument of an Augustalis.
Article is written in Croatian.
HRV:
U radu se obrađuju dva epigrafska spomenika, od kojih je jedan manji ulomak rimskoga krovnog crijepa (tegula) s pečatom, a drugi je rimski nadgrobni spomenik zabilježen na katastarskoj karti iz 18. stoljeća (Državni arhiv u Zadru, Mape Grimani). Ulomak tegule slučajan je nalaz s otočića Lavse u Kornatima. Nadgrobni spomenik zabilježen je u sjeverozapadnom dijelu tadašnjih Ivoševaca i najvjerojatnije je pripadao jednoj od nekropola rimskoga vojnog logora Burnum. Također, iznesena su i neka zapažanja o jako oštećenom rimskom natpisu iskorištenom kao građevni kamen na položaju Gospa od Tarca, za koji se smatra da je mogao biti zavjetni (ili zavjetno-građevni) spomenik nekog augustala.