Rights of the Child

Against a backdrop of rising unemployment and increased deprivation, this FRA Annual report closely examines the situation of those, such as children, who are vulnerable to budget cuts, impacting important fields such as education, healthcare and social services. It looks at the discrimination that Roma continue to face and the mainstreaming of elements of extremist ideology in political and public discourse. It considers the impact the crises have had on the basic principle of the rule of law, as well as stepped up EU Member State efforts to ensure trust in justice systems.

This paper examines a range of tools, guidelines and formats available to monitor and evaluate various aspects of national responses to migrant children and argues for the need to integrate them into a single coherent, child focused, rights-based framework. Their current disparate application leaves gaps in the child’s protective environment and is not consistent with a holistic, child rights-based approach. Building on an analytical framework adopted by the Council of Europe in March 2018 to support a child-rights based approach by local and regional authorities to migrant and asylum-seeking children, the paper puts forward for consideration an integrated evaluation framework that incorporates and links existing practice models in order to ensure quality child-centred monitoring at each and every stage of the migration process.

This report highlights children's voices on why protection from violence is a necessary priority within the post-2015 development agenda. The report is based on an overview of national, regional and thematic consultations on the post-2015 development agenda, held around the world.

Guy Sinden, our regretted friends John Taylor and William Van Lewis, Timoté, Benjamin Van Lewis, our vzery dear and regretted friend William Van Lewis, and Francette Vigneron for their publishing of articles, quotations, encouragements, correcting clumsiness, suggestions, information, improvements and happy putting into words. I also thank all those net surfers who, through either personal websites or oftenlively debates, brought precious information in a field where facts are sometimes difficult to discern from fiction. Thank you, Eliane Adduard, for this compliment on academia.edu concerning my article "For autosexuality": "The blast of the word of a free man that cleans the atmosphere. The clarity, the wisdom and the courage in the stands. The generosity of the information. The beauty of the phrasing, its limpidity. The pleasure that results from the immersion in a clever, enriching and comforting text." 9 Corollary I-The autosexuality of the foetus (p. 232) Corollary II-Psychoanalysis and phimosis Annex I-Preface of Alan Cumming book: "May the foreskin be with you: why circumcision makes no sense and what you can do about it" (p. 234) Annex II-Stories of circumcisions-A circumcision, by William Van Lewis (p. 237)-A circumcision, by Rio Cruz Annex III-Mothers' regrets after their son's circumcision (p. 239) Annex IV-Clitoris and foreskin, by Susan Peer (p. 240) Appendix III-Freud, sexual mutilation and the denial of the difference of the sexes (p. 241) Annex V-Medical ethics against sexual mutilation (p. 242) Annex VII-Genital autonomy rather than sexual integrity, the American bias (p. 251) Appendix IV-Placenta, clitoris, foreskin, Leboyer against adult's violence (premature cutting of the umbilical cord and development of the brain: psychology or neurology?) (p. 254) Appendix V-Circumcision against aids, between illusion, sexism and apartheid (p. 266) Appendix VI-For the abolition of discriminatory religious dogmas (p. 278) Annex VIII-Violence and circumcision: genocide, war, terrorism, the death penalty, rape, and excision (p. 279) Appendix VII-Terrorism and circumcision-11 September and circumcision (p. 285) Appendix VIII-Geopolitics of exploitation and circumcision (p. 294) Circumcision is an instrument of exploitation of the workers. Annex IX-Open letters to authorities (p. 304) Appendix XII-Circumcision, the omerta (except Hitchens, Segal and Zagdanski) of intellectuals (Comte-Sponville, Derrida, Foucault, Lacan, Mandelbaum, Römer Et Roth) taken up by artists (Afflek,

The Access Guide to Human Rights Information is based substantially on the information gathered through interviews with EU officials from the Commission, the Parliament and the Fundamental Rights Agency, reflected in the Baseline Study on Human Rights Indicators in the Context of the European Union, and on the other hand on the workshop results with international experts, held in Graz in April 2015.
The common findings were that firstly, EU officials require genuine human rights information for their manifold tasks. Secondly, it was found that the methodology by the OHCHR of indicating the human rights commitments, implementation and situation on the ground is appropriate to satisfy the information needs. Thirdly, it was shown that there is a broad spectrum of existing data and information relevant to human rights. However, the information is not easily accessible for two reasons. One the one hand it requires expertise on human rights and skills for assessment. On the other hand, information resources are scattered and often, while relevant to human rights, not genuinely collected and offered as human rights information.
The Access Guide to Human Rights Information therefore aims to provide EU officials with easy-to-access information on existing human rights indicators, human rights related data, as well as human rights compliance information provided by international and regional human rights bodies. For this purpose, the guide briefly discusses the pros and cons of these sources, shows exemplarily how to understand existing information and how to relate it to the normative content of the respective human rights provisions.
The Access Guide to Human Rights Information provides the available human rights specific information based on the example of the prohibition of torture, the freedom of expression, the rights of the child, as well as on social indicators. Information sources are structured along a typology derived from the purpose they were processed for. Accordingly, a differentiation is made between the application of the OHCHR-model, compliance information provided by human rights bodies, as well as indicator-based human rights-related information.
The Access Guide provides step-by-step guidance on the most effective retrieval and utilisation of existing human rights information based on exemplary research requests.

This paper analyses the relevant case-law of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts of Germany, Austria and Italy with regard to surrogate motherhood and the rights of the child. After a brief overview of the legal regimes in the three countries, which ban this practice without regulating the consequences of illegal surrogacies, the author moves on to inquiring how the Courts are adopting the principles stated by the ECtHR. The child’s rights and best interests are essential for the recognition of parenthood for the intended parents and the continuation of the common life with them. The German Federal Court of Justice, as well as the Austrian Constitutional Court, has already accepted to give to the position of the involved child the priority. Italy, on the contrary, is showing more resistance, although a recent judgment of the Court of Cassation – taking into account the German case-law – acquitted the intended parents. The mere recognition of the relationship with the parents and granting of the possibility for them to live together with the child, however, could encourage parents to go abroad in order to make use of surrogacy. In the author’s view, this should be prevented providing for sanctions for the intended parents, without using the involved child as a means to an end.

European Union (EU) Member States and institutions introduced a number of legal and policy measures in 2014 to safeguard fundamental rights in the EU. Notwithstanding these efforts, a great deal remains to be done, and it can be seen that the situation in some areas is alarming: the number of migrants rescued or apprehended at sea as they were trying to reach Europe’s borders quadrupled over 2013; more than a quarter of children in the EU are at risk of poverty or social exclusion; and an increasing number of political parties use xenophobic and anti-immigrant rhetoric in their campaigns, potentially increasing some people’s vulnerability to becoming victims of crime or hate crime.

Özet: İnsan haklarının bölgesel düzlemde korunmasında etkili bir rol oynayan Amerikan İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, medeni ve siyasal haklara ilişkin bir belge olmasına rağmen çocuk haklarına dair bir düzenleme de içermektedir. Her çocuğun, ailesi, toplum ve devlet tarafından alınacak önlemlerle korunmasını doğrudan ileri sürülebilir bir hak olarak tanımlayan bu düzenleme, Amerikalılar-arası İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi tarafından birçok kararda ve tavsiye görüşünde etraflıca ele alınmıştır. Çocukları sadece korunması gereken kişiler olarak değil, aynı zamanda hak ve özgürlük sahibi bireyler olarak gören Mahkeme, yaşam hakkı, kötü muamele yasağı, kişi güvenliği ve özgürlüğü, adil yargılanma hakkı, ayrımcılık yasağı vb. güvenceler bağlamında çocuğun sahip olduğu haklar ve devletin ödevleri konusunda zengin bir içtihat oluşturmuştur. Cebri kayıp, yargısız infaz ve işkence gibi ağır ve sistematik insan hakları ihlalleri yanında çocuk-ebeveyn ilişkilerini konu alan münferit başvuruları da inceleme fırsatı bulan San Jose Mahkemesi, devlet yükümlülüklerini oldukça geniş yorumlamıştır. Buna göre, devlet organları, medeni ve siyasal hakların ötesinde, çocuğun birtakım sosyal haklarını da korumak için gerekli önlemleri almakla yükümlüdür. İnsan haklarının bölünmezliği ilkesinden yola çıkan Mahkeme, böylece, gerçekleştirilmesi devletin ekonomik imkân ve önceliklerine bağlı olan sosyal hakları ayrı bir kategoride değerlendirmeyi reddetmiş, devlete bu konuda dar bir takdir marjı bırakmıştır. Hukuk tekniği açısından tartışmalı olsa da, bu yaklaşım, sosyo-ekonomik yönden dezavantajlı çocuklar için son derece önemli bir kazanım olarak değerlendirilebilir. Amerikalılar-arası sistemin çocuk haklarına bakışı, başta Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi olmak üzere, diğer sistemlerin sosyal haklara yaklaşımını sorgulamak ve insan haklarının " kuşak " lara ayrılarak farklı şekillerde korunmasının tutarlılığını tartışmak için oldukça değerli veriler sunmaktadır.

Практика Європейського суду з прав людини (ЄСПЛ) та Європейської комісії з прав людини (ЄКПЛ) прояснює статус дитини на пренатальній стадії розвитку в європейській регіональній системі захисту прав людини. Оскарження до ЄСПЛ абортного законодавства, якщо воно не порушує права заявника безпосередньо, є несумісним з Конвенцією ratione personae. Батько абортованої дитини визнається жертвою у значенні нині ст. 34 Конвенції, однак виключення його з процесу прийняття рішень
щодо такої дитини не вважається дискримінацією. Для того, щоб ЄСПЛ визнав, що абортована дитина зазнала тортур у значенні ст. 3 Конвенції, необхідно надати суду докази. ЄКПЛ і ЄСПЛ не визначилися щодо того, чи охоплює Стаття 2 Конвенції («право на життя») життя дитини на пренатальній стадії розвитку. ЄСПЛ надає державам - учасницям Конвенції широкі межі розсуду при  встановленні справедливого балансу між правами матері та правами (інтересами) дитини на пренатальній стадії розвитку, при цьому захист прав дитини на пренатальній стадії розвитку визнається легітимною метою у значенні ч. 2 ст. 8 Конвенції. Ембріони не можуть бути «зменшені» до власності у розумінні ст. 1 Протоколу № 1 Конвенції.
Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and the European Commission of Human Rights (Commission) clarifies status of the child in prenatal stage in the European regional human rights
protection system. Complaining to the ECHR of abortion legislation, if it does not violate the applicant's rights directly, is incompatible with the Convention ratione personae. The father of the aborted child is recognized as a victim in the sense of now art. 34 of the Convention, but excluding him from the decision-making process regarding
such a child does not constitute discrimination. In order for the ECHR to recognize that an aborted child was subject to torture in the sense of art. 3 of the Convention, it is necessary to submit evidence to the Court. The ECHR and the ECHR have not decided whether Article 2 of the Convention (“the right to life”) covers life of the child in the prenatal stage. The ECHR provides States parties to the Convention with broad discretion in establishing a fair balance between the rights of the mother and the rights (interests) of the child at the prenatal stage. Protection of the rights of the child in prenatal stage is recognized as a legitimate aim within the meaning of Art. 8(2) of the Convention. Embryos cannot be reduced to “possessions” in the sense of Art. 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention.

Children are often described as vulnerable, with migrant children often being seen as a particularly vulnerable group. How this vulnerability is understood and interpreted, however, varies. This contribution analyses recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child and the images of vulnerable migrant children presented therein, with particular focus on undocumented migrant children. A conclusion drawn from the analysis is that the two bodies adopt slightly different approaches to the concept of vulnerability, with the CRC Committee emphasising a contextual approach to vulnerability, and the ECtHR adopting a more traditional approach to children as being inherently vulnerable due to their status as children. * This chapter is based on research generously funded by the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (grant R29/15). The analysis includes case law up until May 2020. Intersenti a Rebecca Thorburn Stern 10

The article is set in the backdrop of the continuum of alternative care, more aptly put as family-based care for children in need of care and protection. It begins by taking into account the emerging trends in deinstitutionalisation and alternative care avenues nationally and internationally. The earlier article published in this journal in March 2016 brought to light Miracle Foundation's Method as a way of transforming institutions into loving children's homes that provide family-like care for children in need of care and protection. This article traces the journey of the organisation further, where Miracle Foundation's work on childcare has evolved as a methodology rooted in all family-based care options of resettlement of children, adoption, foster care, sponsorship, family strengthening and geared towards providing a safe and loving family for every child. The article elucidates on the preparatory phase undertaken by the organisation prior to the onset of family-based care program. Further describes the steps taken and initiatives rolled out. As the programs progress, a detailed purview of the outcomes, learning and lessons learnt will be taken up in a subsequent research article.

To secure and safeguard the fundamental rights of everyone in the European Union (EU), the EU and its 27 Member States pressed forward with a number of initiatives in 2011. This report chronicles the positive developments made in 2011 as well as the challenges facing the EU and its Member States in the field of fundamental rights.

Uwagi wprowadzaj¹ce Termin "prawa dziecka", podobnie jak "prawa cz³owieka", bywa u¿ywany w ró¿nych znaczeniach; bywa niekiedy nadu¿ywany. W tym krótkim tekoecie chcia³bym zaproponowaae pewne dookreoelenie praw dziecka, dookreoelenie oparte przede wszystkim na prawie miêdzynarodowym chroni¹cym prawa dziecka 2 . Opracowanie to nie ma na celu udzielenia wszechstronnej odpowiedzi na tytu³owe pytanie, ale zwrócenie uwagi na sprawy najistotniejsze, przy czym szerszym kontekstem proponowanej odpowiedzi s¹ formu³owane niekiedy obawy, czy akcentowanie praw dziecka nie stanowi zarzewia postaw roszczeniowych dzieci i m³odzie¿y, postaw prowa-dz¹cych w konsekwencji do zachowañ patologicznych; oraz obawy, czy akcentowa-1 Wczeoeniejsza wersja tego opracowania ukaza³a siê pod tytu³em Czy prawa dziecka wystarcz¹? w: Aby moc rozbraja³a przemoc, red. E. Jankiewicz, Zielona Góra 2004, s. 8-22. 2 Szereg z poruszonych tu zagadnieñ analizujê w sposób szczegó³owy w innych opracowaniach; zob. przede wszystkim: Filozofia praw cz³owieka. Prawa cz³owieka w oewietle ich miêdzynarodowej ochrony, Lublin 1999; Preambu³a, w: Konwencja o prawach dziecka. Analiza i wyk³adnia, red. T. Smyczyñski, Poznañ 1999, s. 19-37; Status dziecka poczêtego. Czy Konwencja Praw Dziecka jest neutralna w sprawie prawa do ¿ycia nie narodzonych, "Ethos" 12 (1999), nr 1-2 (45/46), s. 290-299. Tam te¿ mo¿na znaleŸae liczne wskazówki bibliograficzne.

Covid-19 has prompted widespread school closures and physical distancing measures and made online platforms and communities essential to maintaining a sense of normalcy (UNICEF et al. 2020). Children are turning to digital solutions more than ever for learning purposes, socialisation and play. While online platforms provide huge opportunities for children to learn different things and to entertain themselves, these same platforms increase children’s exposure to online abuses. Digital media contain a high potential for addiction. Children and youth are more at risk compared to adults because it is more difficult for them to differentiate between the real and virtual worlds. When a smartphone vibrates [rings] one has to react as quickly as possible, no matter where one is. For many it is difficult to endure not looking at their cell phone for the length of 10 minutes. One reason for such addiction is the desire of children and youth for recognition. Such recognition is noticeable through the number of “followers” and “likes” one gets which translates into the measure of one’s popularity. To win the competition, they spend a lot of time in the search for something new (Karakaya, 2018), often unusual, such as sharing naked images which fall in the hands of some hikers/ offenders who then misuse them and exploit the young people. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF, 2017), the internet and associated technologies have made images of children easier to create and distribute, and provide significantly new opportunities for abusers to access and make contact with children and young people online. Therefore, it would be a big mistake to think and believe that child abuse, in which ICT plays a role, is only an issue for the economically developed countries, societies or families. It would be also a blunder to assume that all children and young people are equally adept or at home in online environment, or equally knowledgeable about the internet. It has been established that the level of use of the internet, the behaviours and vulnerabilities of young people online differ according to their age (UNICEF, 2017). The advent of Covid-19 pandemic has forced all the education systems to administer their learning material on internet and online learning have become a new revolution in the teaching and learning field. This has also increased the chances of children to be abused online.

Conflict between state backed Salwa Judum and Naxals in Chhattisgarh forced tens of thousands tribal population to leave their native places- Bijapur, Dantewada and Sukma districts and move to the remotest parts of adjoining Warangal and Khammam districts in Telangana state since early 2000s without any assistance of the government to address their plight. Gotti Koyas, or Muria/ Gonds and other tribes affected by the armed conflict in south Bastar is a classic example of the tragedy of IDPs- denial of assistance by the government and their rights to entitlements of citizenship and violence robbing their lives, assets, collective life, hope and identity as citizens. Although IDPs avail some schemes or services of the government like PDS ration, school/ hostel, right to vote, NREGA job work, etc outside their settlement as a temporary benefit or ad-hoc because their identity is not recognized and their settlements are seen as “illegal” and threatened of eviction reducing them at best “transient citizens” different from the citizens with rights and entitlements promised and protected by law of the land.

This year’s FRA annual report looks at fundamental rights-related developments in asylum, immigration and integration; border control and visa policy; information society, respect for private life and data protection; the rights of the child and the protection of children; equality and non-discrimination; racism, xenophobia and related intolerance; access to justice and judicial cooperation; rights of crime victims; EU Member States and international obligations.

Through a multi-layered, overlapping collection of international and regional treaties, one solution for child statelessness is emerging: the obligation of the birth state to grant nationality to otherwise stateless children. The 1961 Statelessness Convention imposes this obligation partly, but has limited adherence. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides for a right to a nationality, but does not expressly identify which state is responsible. In addition, treaties in Europe and Africa only cover the right implicitly and partially, though treaties in the Americas cover the right expressly. The interpretation of these disparate treaty obligations is now coalescing into an coherent obligation. In combination with the obligation to take all decisions in a child's best interests under the Convention on the Rights of the Child, we can now identify the birth state as the state responsible for ensuring that every child is born with a nationality.

2010 marked the first year the European Union (EU) operated on the basis of a legally binding bill of rights - the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. This year's annual report of the European Agency for Fundamental Rights puts the spotlight on the achievements and challenges of the EU and its Member States as they strive to inject robust life into their fundamental rights commitments.

Children are full-fledged holders of rights. They are beneficiaries of all human and fundamental rights and subjects of special regulations, given their specific characteristics. This handbook aims to illustrate how European law and case law accommodate the specific interests and needs of children.

In Turkey, the preschoolers are being schooled under the guidelines of MONE (Ministry of National Education) Preschool Program for 36-72 Months Old Children (2006). The aim of this research is to investigate how children's rights are involved in this program. In this qualitative research based on document analysis, program book and Teacher Guide were analized using content analysis method. Frequency of children right categories (survival, development, protection, participation) in each sentence is coded and presented in tables and graphics. Findings indicate that development and participation rights take part in the program mostly and the large part of development rights is right to a quality public education. Protection rights are merely mentioned. Although there are a few findings that conflict with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, it is clear that the program is not based on the convention. Restructuring is needed for upbringing children with human right culture.

Through a multi-layered, overlapping collection of international and regional treaties, one solution for child statelessness is emerging: the obligation of the birth state to grant nationality to otherwise stateless children. The 1961 Statelessness Convention imposes this obligation partly, but has limited adherence. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides for a right to a nationality, but does not expressly identify which state is responsible. In addition, treaties in Europe and Africa only cover the right implicitly and partially, though treaties in the Americas cover the right expressly. The interpretation of these disparate treaty obligations is now coalescing into an coherent obligation. In combination with the obligation to take all decisions in a child's best interests under the Convention on the Rights of the Child, we can now identify the birth state as the state responsible for ensuring that every child is born with a nationality.

Today there are several entities-agencies, organs, bodies-of the United Nations implementing human rights. The purpose of this paper is to take stock and reflect on the presence and impact of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the work of the systems of protection of human rights coordinated under the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in particular before the so-called 'Treaty Bodies' and the Human Rights Council. A further section-given its general jurisdiction is dedicated to the most important judicial organ of the UN: the International Court of Justice. This practice, notwithstanding some notable exceptions, shows that the Convention on the Rights of the Child is not taken into consideration in applying other treaties, even when rights of children are at stake. Twenty years after the work of the International Law Commission on fragmentation, a move toward coordinating the activities of the several bodies of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has yet to be started.

Recent family migration flows in the EU are significant and require specific attention. Migration can alter marriage, couple models, forms of cohabitation and can even redefine internal family relational dynamics. A crucial issue is a notion of “family member” itself. This notion needs to be reconsidered to reflect the rich cultural diversity and mobility. So far, the prevailing approach in law has been tendentially restrictive and Eurocentric. Family relationships that are legally recognised in some national legal systems outside the EU are not recognised in the EU. This article is aimed at understanding better the meaning of the concept of “family member” and eventually at proposing a broader legal formulation. On the theoretical plane the notion of migrant “family member” will be considered in relation to the distinction between status civitatis (or citizenship) and status personae (or personality, legal subjectivity), taking into account related human rights issues. In this regard, due to the growing presence of Muslim population in the EU, the analysis of a specific situation is of particular interest: the international kafala, a parental sponsorship provided in Islamic family law. The issue related to filiation and adoption is problematic for Islamic migrant families who live in the EU, as the Qu’ran prohibits adoption. Kafala, according to its etymological meaning, is defined as a voluntary person’s (kafil) commitment to take charge of the needs, upbringing and protection of a minor child deprived of his/her family (makfoul). Significant differences with regard to adoption will be pointed out: the makfoul will not carry the surname of the kafil, nor acquire inheritance rights; furthermore, impediments to marriage are not established for kafala. Patrimonial issues related to kafala will be taken into account as well. In the perspective of possible enlargement of the notion of “family member”, consisting on the transposing of kafala in non-Islamic countries, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and of the Court of Justice in the matter of kafala will be considered, as well as the related international conventions. This complex analysis will lead to a complete rethinking of the legal model of the family, aimed at the reformulation of the same notion of “family member”. The traditional Eurocentric family structure needs indeed to be overcome by a more flexible and dynamic model of the family, that can meet the demands of a multicultural society. Taxonomical analysis of the different forms of family relations represents now a necessity.

See the full paper: http://www.pf.uni-lj.si/media/zzr2019_garetto.pdf

The paper is set in the backdrop of the alternative care option of child care institutions for children without parental care. It begins with taking into account the precedent scenarios of institutions poorly suited to meet young children's developmental needs. The paper lays fundamental background of key national and international standards protecting and promoting the best interest of the child. The narrative proceeds to bring to light models of child care, as hallmarks of transition from conservative institutional care to a family like care and wellbeing for children. Within this context, the paper elucidates on the Miracle Foundation Method of child care and development presently applied across 24 children's homes across the country. The description is qualified with a case study of one of the children's homes depicting the contribution of the Miracle Foundation Method towards creating a loving, caring and family-like environment for children without parental care.

Con motivo de la celebración de sus 10 años, el Colectivo de Derechos de Infancia y Adolescencia de Argentina desarrolló un encuentro en el que reunió a representantes de las más reconocidas organizaciones de Derechos Humanos y Derechos de lxs niñxs y a funcionarios del Estado Nacional de las áreas más influyentes en materia de niñez y adolescencia. El tema central del encuentro fueron las políticas públicas y la incidencia desde el enfoque de los Derechos Humanos, referido a los Derechos de niñas, niños y adolescentes.
El libro, compilado por Nora Pulido, presenta las disertaciones que giraron en torno a los avances y dificultades que se presentan en la aplicación del Sistema de Protección Integral de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes, las vulneraciones existentes y el problema de las sentencias a prisión perpetua de adolescentes, que enfrentó a la Argentina a la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.

Although official figures on the phenomenon are lacking, it is clear that children arriving in the European Union (EU) are often accompanied by persons other than their parents or guardians. Such children are usually referred to as 'separated' children. Their identification and registration bring additional challenges, and their protection needs are often neglected. On arrival, these children are often 'accompanied', but the accompanying adult(s) may not necessarily be able, or suitable, to assume responsibility for their care. These children are also at risk of exploitation and abuse, or may already be victims. Their realities and special needs require additional attention. The lack of data and guidance on separated children poses a serious challenge. This focus section outlines the specific protection needs of separated children, and highlights current responses and promising practices among EU Member States.

The European Parliament asked the Agency to provide its Opinion on the fundamental rights impact of the proposed revision of the Eurodac Regulation on children.
The European Commission has proposed revising the Eurodac Regulation to expand the scope so it can also be used to control irregular immigration and movement within the EU. Facial images and personal data would also be stored instead of just fingerprints and basic data such as gender and Member State. Personal data would also be kept for longer (five years) and the age for capturing data from children would be lowered from 14 to 6.

In Turkey, the preschoolers are being schooled under the guidelines of MONE (Ministry of National Education)
Preschool Program for 36-72 Months Old Children (2006). The aim of this research is to investigate how
children’s rights are involved in this program. In this qualitative research based on document analysis, program
book and Teacher Guide were analized using content analysis method. Frequency of children right categories
(survival, development, protection, participation) in each sentence is coded and presented in tables and graphics.
Findings indicate that development and participation rights take part in the program mostly and the large
part of development rights is right to a quality public education. Protection rights are merely mentioned. Although
there are a few findings that conflict with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, it is clear that the program
is not based on the convention. Restructuring is needed for upbringing children with human right culture.