Research and Development

The Indian government imposed a ceiling on the price of Bt cotton seeds in 2006. This paper aims to analyze the effect of such price intervention on the diffusion of Bt cotton in India. Using three variations of dynamic logistic models, diffusion paths in nine major cotton growing states from 2002 to 2008 are studied. It was found that although seed prices were significant in impacting the diffusion rates, the effect was limited. It was also found that varietal approval is an important factor affecting diffusion rates.

Traditional resource economics has been criticised for assuming too high elasticities of substitution, not observing material balance principles and relying too much on planner solutions to obtain long-term growth. By analysing a multi-sector R&Dbased endogenous growth model with exhaustible natural resources, labour, and knowledge capital as inputs, the present paper addresses this critique. We study transitional dynamics and the long-term growth path and identify conditions under which firms keep spending on research and development so that growth is sustained. We demonstrate that long-run growth can be sustained under free market conditions even when elasticities of substitution between man-made inputs and resources are low.

Like its counterparts in many major countries, the poor performance of Singapore's construction industry in many areas compared to the other sectors of the economy has been highlighted in many studies. The most recent study in Singapore is the investigation into the state of the construction industry undertaken by the Construction 21 Steering Committee. Its report, titled "Re-inventing Construction", criticised the performance of the industry. Fragmentation and the segregation of design and construction activities are seen to be among the main barriers preventing the industry from investing in further improvements and developments. This paper reports the findings of a study which examined the key factors that would enable and motivate greater integration and innovation in Singapore construction. Six factors were identified. The main theme underlying these factors is the need for the creation of market conditions that would demand further integration and encourage greater innovation effort.

Amid the emergence of the 21st century, a new era of modern business has set in India. Liberalization and globalization of Indian economy have provided challenges and opportunities to our new business and which has necessitated re-engineering of the present management education system. Recently, Union Budget is also decreasing the fund for higher education in India for the last five years. This research is focused mainly on existing problems and challenges which are needed to be addressed and seeks to provide the solution thereabout. At present in India, there exists three-tier management education administration i.e., Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), Entrepreneur's and prestigious industry run best management institutes and management departments of Universities. Besides this, private B-Schools and non-statutory business training institutions also impact business education leading to MBA degree or PGDM diploma. Unfortunately, most of the students don't get the job in the completion of the course. In most of the cases, even the best student doesn't cater to the needs of the market because in the formal education system the gap between what is taught and what is demanded by the market is evident. Hence, an urgent need to rethink and redesign the management courses has arisen. It discusses the rationale of re-engineering of the whole management education system i.e, Admission, Instruction, Infrastructure, Regulation, Examination, Certification, Training and Placement etc.

Israel has positioned itself in the world not only as a high-tech country, start-up nation, the country investing the most in research and development, or the most attractive place for investors but also as top armament exporter. According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in 2018 Israel takes 8th place in that regard and stands besides US, Russia, France, China, Germany, UK. This raises a question: how can a small nation succeed in such competitive field of industry? The aim of this study is to investigate Israel defense industry (IDI) context and developments in IDI from 1930s to 2018, as that could possibly indicate a way forward for countries that prefer to develop or enhance national defense industry. Research reveals the importance of IDI for Israel as it enables equipping own Armed Forces with advanced weapons, allows armament exports and facilitates developments in other sectors. Throughout the time Israel defense industry transformed as inner and outer circumstances forced that change. Israel Ministry of Defense acts as a main IDI facilitator in different fields. Well established links between Government, defense institutions, academia, investors and arms manufacturers contribute to arms quality, innovations and availability of export markets. US support remains a powerful instrument to boost IDI. Most authors claim that investment in education, Governmental efforts to encourage innovation and business expenditures on R&D, international cooperation within academia and industry, defense companies adaptability remains crucial factors for successful development of indigenous defense industries.

The principles and recent progress in the research and development of photobiological hydrogen production are reviewed. Cyanobacteria produce hydrogen gas using nitrogenase and/or hydrogenase. Hydrogen production mediated by native hydrogenases in cyanobacteria occurs under in the dark under anaerobic conditions by degradation of intracellular glycogen. In vitro and in vivo coupling of the cyanobacterial photosynthetic system with a clostridial hydrogenase

While research and development of algal biofuels are currently receiving much interest and funding, they are still not commercially viable at today's fossil fuel prices. However, a niche opportunity may exist where algae are grown as a by-product of high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) operated for wastewater treatment. In addition to significantly better economics, algal biofuel production from wastewater treatment HRAPs has a much smaller environmental footprint compared to commercial algal production HRAPs which consume freshwater and fertilisers. In this paper the critical parameters that limit algal cultivation, production and harvest are reviewed and practical options that may enhance the net harvestable algal production from wastewater treatment HRAPs including CO 2 addition, species control, control of grazers and parasites and bioflocculation are discussed.

This paper explores the self-organising principles of horizontally-integrated innovation networks. It is shown that such networks can self-organising in environments where the co-ordination and production of new knowledge is itself a complex, dynamic and highly non-linear processes. The paper argues the development of a self-organisation perspective of innovation networks has two advantages. First, it provides a general framework of dynamic systems in which different strands of a highly fragmented literature can be drawn together. Second, formal self-organisation modelling techniques can provide interesting new insights into the micro-macro processes driving dynamic innovation systems.

This article focuses on issues concerning science and technology relationships posed by the emergence of a new drug discovery method, namely, combinatorial chemistry and biology. We assess the scientific content of combinatorial chemistry and biology using citations in patents to scientific journals and compare this research platform with biotechnology. We also identify the institutional affiliation of all the authors of the cited papers, which leads us to an analysis of knowledge spillovers between the main participants in the research network. Finally, we examine the relevance of localisation in the process of knowledge exchange with regard to EU countries and the US. The result of the analysis provides evidence to support the view that the inventive capacity of a country is dependent upon the basic research which is carried out, especially in universities and public research centres located in the inventor's country.

Accurate wind and severe-weather forecasts are crucial for wind-energy production and grid-load management. Most of the prevailing wind power forecast methods rely heavily on statistical approaches that typically do not deal directly with weather processes. Currently employed numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are deemed insufficiently accurate by many industry stakeholders for wind power prediction, even though they have been used for such applications. The reason is partly because the NWP products used for power forecasting are typically produced by the coarse-resolution models at the major operational weather centers. Although a few of high-resolution models are run by some wind energy industries, most of these model do not contain advanced data assimilation capabilities that are required to initialize the model prediction with the important high-resolution weather information.

This paper presents and evaluates two interpretations of the eastern German labour market. These interpretations are called `wage gap’ and `innovation gap’. The former follows standard neoclassical thinking and regards high eastern German unemployment as the consequence of too high a wage level. The latter follows endogenous growth theory and regards a lack of product innovations as the main constraint on output and employment growth in the eastern German economy. The paper argues that the `innovation gap’ explains the facts much better than the `wage gap’. From this, the paper draws conclusions for economic policy: given the high interregional mobility of the workforce and the erosion of collective bargaining in eastern Germany, the wage level is not an appropriate policy instrument anymore. Instead, policy should aim at strengthening the innovative power of the eastern German economy by supporting research and development in the region.

This article analyzes the modern university as a driver of economicgrowth within the framework of the concept of university 3.0 (education,research, and the commercialization of knowledge). It is shown howuniversity 3.0 is becoming the basis for the global competitiveness ofnational economies and supranational associations, and how its entre-preneurial ecosystem forms new, fast-growing industries, promising tech-nological markets, and leading administrative-territorial spaces.

The aim of this research is to study the moderating role of family management in the relationships between the intensity of research and development and the occurrence of continuous technological innovation and between the existence of technological innovation outcomes and long-term firm performance. The results show that family management reduces efficiency in the conversion of research and development expenses into technological innovation outcomes over time. Our findings also suggest that the influence of family management significantly contributes to improving the effect of the achievement of technological innovation on long-term performance.

Primary Eurostat data of EU imports of agricultural products from selected southern hemisphere countries-namely, South Africa, Argentina, Chile, Australia and New Zealand-was used to compare the exports from those countries to the EU for the period 1988 to 2000. The study starts with a general overview of the total and agricultural export performance of these selected countries in a global context and their specialization indexes for food. This is followed by a comparison of the total value, total mass and value per tonne of agricultural exports to the EU and of their exploitation of seasonal differences with the northern hemisphere in terms of relative emphasis on particular product groups and value/mass ratios of their major products. Comparison is made of the impact of their location relative to EU ports in terms of transport cost and duration of trips and the efficiency of their own ports. The conclusions reached is that in order to remain competitive, South Africa will have to add value to carefully selected non-seasonal products. Seasonal production will have to expand with a sharper focus on market windows becoming narrower due to research and development conducted by both northern and southern hemisphere competitors. The overview motivates an even more aggressive research and development (R&D) programme by South African agriculture and food industries in order to remain competitive on export markets, especially given the rapidly changing environment. For example, the introduction of much faster ships which will decrease South Africa's present advantage of having the shortest distance to the EU among the other southern hemisphere competitors.

This study investigates the relationship between R&D investment, patent filings and financial success for firms. Firms which have high degrees of R&D investment and large numbers of patents are referred to as " high innovation energy corporations ". This study investigates the financial performance of such firms among a sample of Taiwanese high-tech companies from 2000 to 2011. Findings indicate that the lag between R&D expense and benefit, and the lead periods for patents (i.e., the duration of the application process) significantly affect stock returns. Moreover, these delays and a firm's R&D expense rate also impact net sales. In other words, firms with a high level of innovative energy have better stock returns and net sales, but such firms do not have an advantage in terms of operating income. Empirical results indicate that higher R&D expenses increase operating costs which, in turn, decreases operating income despite increased net sales. JEL classification numbers: G14, G32.

iii Foreword Women are vitally important to the fabric of rural communities -from a family level to community, industry and even governments. Generally, it is acknowledged that it has been difficult to encourage women to participate at their local community level let alone their industry (see previous RIRDC publications).

So begins a typical process of appreciative inquiry, a way of thinking and working with groups, organizations and commu-nities that assumes all human systems have at least some posi-tive features, ie something is working well. By fostering reflection on the system's ...

System development for Image-Guided Therapy (IGT), or Image-Guided Interventions (IGI), continues to be an area of active interest across academic and industry groups. This is an emerging field that is growing rapidly: major academic institutions and medical device manufacturers have produced IGT technologies that are in routine clinical use, dozens of high-impact publications are published in well regarded journals each year, and several small companies have successfully commercialized sophisticated IGT systems. In meetings between IGT investigators over the last two years, a consensus has emerged that several key areas must be addressed collaboratively by the community to reach the next level of impact and efficiency in IGT research and development to improve patient care. These meetings culminated in a two-day workshop that brought together several academic and industrial

For information on the wide range of data available from Statistics Canada, you can contact us by calling one of our toll-free numbers. You can also contact us by e-mail or by visiting our website. ... National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired

As markets expand due to globalization, chemical manufacturers are faced with the challenge of meeting the rapidly growing global demand for production at a time when production costs are increasing due to rising feedstock prices. One way for chemical manufacturers to ensure profitability in the current environment is to foster innovation through the use of advanced modeling techniques. The Chemical Industry Vision2020 Technology Partnership 1 highlights opportunities to address several challenges in the chemical industry through shared pre-competitive research and development activities in many technology areas, and offers a special focus on high-end modeling. In this paper we examine the available technologies in the chemical industry and highlight several areas where major advances have been achieved through innovation fostered by advanced modeling of industrial processes.

The goal of the current study was to investigate whether preoperative rehabilitation advice reinforced by a patient information booklet can aid recovery after total hip arthroplasty in terms of pain, function, satisfaction, and quality of life. Thirty-five patients awaiting primary total hip arthroplasty were recruited into this study and randomly allocated before admission to receive either the standard pathway of care or the rehabilitation program and booklet. All patients showed increases in function and psychological variables with time. The preoperative class and booklet, however, seemed to have the greatest impact on length of hospital stay, reducing the hospital stay by 3 days, and therapy input required, significantly influencing the cost of the procedure (the rehabilitation class led to a cost saving of 587 British pounds; approximately $810, per patient). In addition, patients attending the class reported higher levels of satisfaction (99% satisfied in the preoperative rehabilitation class compared with 80% in the control group 3 months postoperatively) and had more realistic expectations of surgery.

The optimization of the interface between science and economy has become one of the most important guidelines of technology policy. The article argues that developer's networks play an important role in the innovation process and therefore should be better integrated in the conception of technology policy.

In order to make full use of the air in the chamber, improve the mixing process, and reduce raw emissions and fuel consumption of diesel engine, we introduce the the concept of a new combustion system-the Double Swirl Combustion System (DSCS)-and introduce their hypothesis regarding the fuel-air mixing mechanism under DSCS. For validating the hypothesis, we made a series of actual diesel engine tests on DSCS. The engine tests were based on a 150-mm diesel engine, and both single-cylinder and multicylinder engines were tested under natural aspirated intake condition and boost intake condition. The results indicate that DSCS is suitable for improving a big bore diesel engine. Later, we made a series of spray experimental researches in order to investigate DSCS and whether it can be used under different load conditions. In addition, we investigated how the structural parameters of the DS chamber affect the fuel-air mixing process in order to establish an optimum design method of the DS chamber. In order to verify whether DSCS can be used in different types of diesel engines, we made a series of engine tests on a 132-mm diesel engine. Results indicated that DSCS also can present a wonderful performance on medium bore diesel engine. For phenomena of 150-and 132-mm diesel engines' performance by matched DSCS, we suppose there exists necessary to make a further research on DSCS from the microcosmic level. Therefore, we made a series of simulations on 132-mm DS and the 132-mm original chambers. From the simulation results, they obtained meaningful results from the velocity field and temperature distribution comparisons. The results we obtained validate that DSCS has many advantages, such as a diesel engine with an ideal heat release rate, a better fuel economy, a lower emission, and a lower thermal load, all showing potential and a bright future for DSCS owing to the wide application of electronic-controlled fuel injection systems.

This study analyzes the age profile of scientific employees and its relation to personnel costs and scientific productivity within eight faculties at the University of Vienna. The age demography can overall be divided into two main categories: Category one faculties represent an increased number of younger aged researchers (Catholic-, Protestant Theology, Law, Economics, Information Sciences, and Medicine), category two faculties show an increased number of older aged researchers (Social Sciences, Humanities, and Science). In addition, it can be demonstrated that the personnel costs for full professors are higher within four faculties (Catholic-, Protestant Theology, Law, and Economics and Information Sciences). Inevitably, this leads to savings for habilitated and non- habilitated researchers at these faculties. The faculty of Medicine represents a well-balanced use of personnel costs. Three faculties (Social Sciences, Humanities, and Sciences) have to pay dramatically more for their older aged habilitated and non-habilitated personnel. For the entire university and two faculties, Medicine and Humanities, a positive and significant relationship between age and the average weekly teaching performance is shown. This study suggests that institutions with a high percentage of older researchers, mainly in the categories of habilitated and non- habilitated personnel, must change their policy to become more flexible and attractive for new talented young people. Due to the fact, that this cannot only be realized through the introduction of new laws, each faculty must establish a scientific plan combined with reorganizations of the personnel structure and personnel costs.

Telecare can help health and social care agencies address the challenges they face from an ageing society and deliver services improving the clients' quality of life. The end users of telecare systems are unlikely to have a deep understanding of technology, therefore good human factors and ergonomics are important for the system's acceptance, usability and safety. This paper reports preliminary results from a project initiated by the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) to develop a set of guidelines for human factors in telecare systems, thereby maximizing user experience and promoting the usage of telecare, and directed towards all stakeholders in the telecare delivery chain. The guidelines are first structured along the dimension of human factors, consisting of: confidentiality and privacy; ethics; legal aspects; availability and reliability; integrity; safety; installation, setup and configuration; user interaction; localization and customization; service and system aspects; organizational aspects; user education; interoperability; development process and testing. For each of these, guidelines are enumerated and grouped as being either generic or pertaining to one of the different product lifecycles: research and development; design and manufacture; equipment delivery; and final service deployment. In all, a considerable number of generic and specific guidelines will be provided. The work is in progress (Sep. 2006), and the authors encourage input and comments. For more information, see

Some firms (e.g. Intel and Medtronics) use a time-pacing strategy for product development (PD), introducing new generations at regular intervals. If the firm adopts a fast pace (introducing frequently), it prematurely cannibalizes its old generation, incurring high development costs, while if it has a slow pace, it fails to capitalize on customer willingness-to-pay for improved technology. We develop a model to gain insight into which factors drive the pace. We consider PD cost, the diffusion rate (coefficients of innovation and imitation), the rate of margin decline, and the degree to which a new generation stimulates market growth. We find that a faster pace is generally associated with faster diffusion, a higher market growth rate and faster margin decay. Not so intuitively, we find that relatively minor differences in the development cost function can significantly impact the pace.

This paper proposes and evaluates three business case scenarios for deployment of a sensor network aided cognitive radio system in a typical European city. The first and main business case is based on spectrum sharing, where several spectrum owners establish a joint venture and this joint venture gets the rights to use the "unused" spectrum resources of all those spectrum owners in a cognitive way. Then we study the business case of a spectrum broker, an entity that deploys, builds and operates a sensor network and sells either sensing information or information on spectrum opportunities to one or more cognitive radio operators. Finally we analyze the potential of a new entrant without existing infrastructure or frequency licenses, that uses a sensor network aided cognitive radio system to offer a nomadic mobile broadband service. It is found that the spectrum sharing business case is one of the best possible cases for the studied system because the joint venture operator has free access to frequency resources of the mother companies, detailed knowledge of the primary systems and good possibilities for sharing infrastructure with the owning operators. However, since the studied system is an innovative concept and some of the assumed parameters are therefore uncertain, it should be noted that the main value of the business case calculations is to identify critical aspects influencing the profitability so that future research and development work can focus on them. It is found that the most critical aspects are the fixed sensor density, the fixed sensor operational costs and the number of new cognitive base station sites required.

The introduction of a new medical technology can have indirect, unintended, or unanticipated effects on individuals or on social systems. Although these impacts result from the widespread use of the technology, many of them can be predicted while the technology is being developed. A method for systematically identifying and evaluating these impacts is technology assessment. Such an assessment, made while a technology is being developed, could provide useful information for decision making about research and development and in planning for the technology's eventual introduction. Because only a few medical technologies have been formally assessed and because the process of medical technology development is poorly understood, one must be cautious in recommending widespread use of technology assessment. Nevertheless, enough is now known to permit the formulation of. approaches that could be used in preliminary attempts at medical technology assessment.

This paper presents lessons from applying an innovative approach for linking smallholder farmers to markets. This approach entitled, Enabling Rural Innovation (ERI) focuses on strengthening the capacity of smallholder, resource-poor farmers to access market opportunities and actively engaging in them with the aim of creating an entrepreneurial culture in rural communities, where farmers "produce what they can market rather than trying to market what they produce". The approach focuses on fostering inclusion of rural women and the poor in analyzing and accessing market opportunities (domestic, regional and international), using a territorial approach to agro-enterprise development. The paper provides a general overview of the approach, the guiding principles, conceptual framework and steps in the ERI process. The paper also gives detailed examples of the five key components: participatory market research, farmer participatory research and its links to natural resource management, social and human capital, gender equity and participatory monitoring and evaluation. Lessons, experiences and challenges from testing this novel approach with a range of research and development partners in eastern and southern Africa are presented. The paper also summarizes some key research findings from a series of impact studies. This paper is a critical selfreflection of our intellectual journey testing and applying the ERI approach.

Continue survival of the petrochemical industry in the face of advancement in processing technology must change for better performance. In doing so, the pre-treatment stage of crude, which include desalting will go a long way at improving the overall quality of the product obtained. It is in view of this that a mathematical modeling of adsorption of a fixed simulated bed for desalting operation was carried out to determine the variation of the concentration of adsorbate (mol/l) and the amount of adsorbate (mol) of the simulated fixed bed, using a prototype simulated fixed bed, and Silica-Alumina as the adsorbent. A model equation was developed from the prototype .both the model and simulated results showed that the concentration of the effluent stream decreases as the height increases down the column, giving effective absorbate absorption, until the concentration reaches 2.48 mol/l, while the amount of the absorbate increases down the depth of the column to an amount 28.29 mol, The optimum height for the adsorbent bed design obtained was approximately 5.67m, while the graphical analysis of the experimental and the simulated results showed that there is a close agreement between them. The results obtain is suitable for desalting operation and for research and development of the existing plants, and can be used in building of pilot scale to the plant stage.

In this article, I comment on the seven articles that appeared in the special issues of Educational Technology Research and Development (1998, 46(4); 1999, 47(2)) and an associated American Educational Research Association (AERA) symposium, as well as other selected developments in educational technology as presented in a recent edited volume (Jacobson & Kozma, in press). I address the importance of the research and development (R&D) described in these articles and ident~Cy five interconnected themes that cut across many of them: the centrality of design, the enabling capabilities of technology, collaboration with new partners, scaling up of projects, and the use of alternative research methodologies. Together, the projects described in these articles are defining new directions for educational technology that put it at the forefront of educational R&D. At the same time, I direct a critique and challenge to traditional instructional systems design (ISD) technology programs.

Sound is essential to enhance visual experience and human robot interaction, but usually most research and development efforts are made mainly towards sound generation, speech synthesis and speech recognition. The reason why only a little attention has been paid on auditory scene analysis is that real-time perception of a mixture of sounds is difficult. Recently, Nakadai et al have developed real-time auditory and visual multiple-talker tracking technology. In this paper, this technology is applied to human-robot interaction including a receptionist robot and a companion robot at a party. The system includes face identification, speech recognition, focus-of-attention control, and sensorimotor task in tracking multiple talkers. The system is implemented on a upper-torso humanoid and the talker tracking is attained by distributed processing on three nodes connected by 100Base-TX network. The delay of tracking is 200 msec. Focus-of-attention is controlled by associating auditory and visual streams with using the sound source direction and talker position as a clue. Once an association is established, the humanoid keeps its face to the direction of the associated talker.

Using a comparative-static general equilibrium model and in the context of the western hemisphere, this paper compares the economic effects of a "hub-and-spokes (HAS)" type of bilateral trade configuration (with Chile being the hub) with those of a more comprehensive regional FTA (namely, the FTAA). The model is augmented to account for the possibility of technology spillovers and its effective

The interest in organic materials for use in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) began with the pioneering report of efficient green electroluminescence from Alq 3 , tris(quinolin-8-olato)aluminum(III), by Tang and Van Slyke [C.W. Tang, S.A. Van Slyke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 51 ]. After more than 20 years of intense research and development in OLEDs, Alq 3 continues to be a widely used electroluminescent material in OLED technology. Alq 3 is used in the electron-transport and/or electron-injecting layer in multilayer device structures and also as an effective host material for various dyes. Much is known about the properties of this metal chelate complex, yet much remains unknown despite numerous studies. In recent years, five crystalline phases (a, b, c, d, and e) of Alq 3 have been identified. In the present report, a combined structural, thermal, and spectroscopic (Raman, fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance) analysis of different crystalline phases of Alq 3 is presented.

Particulate emissions from diesel engines are a serious environmental problem in urban areas. Driven by tighter and tighter regulations, a continuous research and development activity is in progress focused on downstream applications (i.e. exhaust emission after treatment), especially for fuel efficient, lean-burn vehicles, either diesel or spark ignited. This contribution is focused on the development of a new soot combustion catalyst (i.e. the PrCrO 3 perovskite on CeO 2 prepared by combustion synthesis) and a catalytic wall-flow trap, as well as on pilot plant tests carried out on a diesel engine bench. A comparison with literature data concerning Pt/Al 2 O 3 -catalysed traps is outlined showing improved performance for the new catalyst formulation.

Handheld computers are increasingly being used by hospital workers. With the integration of wireless networks into hospital information systems, handheld computers can provide the basis for a pervasive computing hospital environment; to develop this, designers need empirical information to understand how hospital workers interact with information while moving around. To characterize the medical phenomena we report the results of a workplace study conducted in a hospital. We found that individuals spend about half of their time at their base location, where most of their interactions occur. On average, our informants spent 23% of their time performing information management tasks, followed by coordination (17.08%), clinical case assessment (15.35%) and direct patient care (12.6%). We discuss how our results offer insights into the design of pervasive computing technology, and directions for further research and development in this field such as transferring information between heterogeneous devices and integration of the physical and digital domains.

The recent explosion of interest in the internet as the means for enabling new methods of working, be it e-Commerce, e-Science, e-Government, or e-Education, witnesses the immense impact that computing technology can have when translated from one domain to another. The meteoric rise (and corresponding fall) of the dot-com market over the last few years exemplifies the scale of commercial investment available in pursuit of early market share where there is widespread belief in the future viability of an emerging technology. However, the typical lifecycle of such technology translation presents unique challenges for organisations wishing to remain at the leading edge of computing technology today. Timescales, which are often measured in decades up to some critical moment of take-off, can be astonishingly quick once a technology is seen to fly. Previous examples of this kind of revolution in computing technology are Object Oriented Programming and Graphical User Interfaces, both of which were in gestation for several decades before their almost instantaneous widespread up-take in the early and mid 1980s.

Nowadays, Knowledge Management System (KMS) becomes a common medium to distribute knowledge by using the IT as enabler tools for everyone to reach, share with among the members, and used it from any workplace in the world at any time. In the context of Bioinformatics institution sectors, the collaboration tools of KMS explore the opportunity to create, gather, access, organize, distribute and disseminate the knowledge to their community of practice (CoP) for various purposes such as learning process, Research and Development (R & D) and others. This paper describes on the theoretical concepts and approach of Bioinformatics KM system that could be implemented in institution by showing on how the framework of KM system model is developed using relevance software. The achievement in conducting this framework of the Bioinformatics KMS is an added value for the institution that needs to implement the Bioinformatics KMS, which can help them to achieve their aims and mission statements. The emphasis also will be given to the activities for each stage in the KM life cycle including the critical success factor (CSF) in order to make sure that KMS initiatives will deliver competitive advantage to the institutions.