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In the last two decades, critical urban studies has paid a great deal of attention to contemporary “neoliberal urbanism”, but very little to its historical and urban roots. This chapter discusses the use of neighbourhood typologies and mapping in the United States by looking at government redlining maps from the 1930s until the 1970s, and “planned shrinkage”, “urban triage” and “benign neglect” in late 1960s and 1970s New York City as well as in early 2000s New Orleans and Cleveland. A map or ranking indicating declining or shrinking neighbourhoods may lead to the withholding of not only city services, but also mortgage loans. The ranking and mapping of neighbourhoods excludes and impoverishes those places deemed racially infiltrated, declining, and dying. It could be argued that this is a form of “neoliberal urbanism”, but these policies had a pre-cursor in the ideas of the Chicago School of Sociology, Babcock, Hoyt, the HOLC and the FHA in the 1920s and 1930s, and Hoover and Vernon, Downs sr. and jr., Starr and Moynihan in the post-war years. The “old urban right” had already won several significant victories in the war of ideologies, hinting at a neoliberalism avant la lettre.

The fight for the future is not between the armies of leading states, nor are its weapons those of traditional armed forces. Rather, the combatants come from bomb-making terrorist groups like Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda, or drug smuggling cartels like those in Colombia and Mexico. On the positive side are civilsociety activists fighting for the environment, democracy and human rights. What all have in common is that they operate in small, dispersed units that can deploy anywhere, anytime to penetrate and disrupt. They all feature network forms of organization, doctrine, strategy, and technology attuned to

The role of ideas – understood as roadmaps for policy decisions – is a cornerstone of the ongoing debate between reflexivist and rationalist, interest-based explanations of policy making. Cases supporting the reflexivist argument often feature crisis events after which new ideas swept away old policy ideas and interests alike, the epitome being the rise of Keynesianism after World War II. Unlike economic policy, national security policy is a ”hard case” for theorizing as there seems to be little or no room for ideas in determining policies that are designed to further the national interest. National security seems bureaucratic, materialist, rational and interest-based.
The field of deterrence strategy offers an interesting exception: faced with the policy vacuum the development of nuclear weapons introduced (the nuclear revolution) the US military turned to civilian scientists to construct policies that were previously the exclusive domain of soldiers. These experts, relying on the authority of the scientific method en lieu of practical knowledge proposed concepts that form the backbone of deterrence theorizing. Despite, in Emanuel Adler’s words, the imaginary aspects of nuclear theory, these ideas became reified concepts of traditional security thinking as nuclear deterrence strategy gradually became synonymous with security policy-making. What is curious is that the naturality of these ideas remains unquestioned after the end of the Cold War, and the concepts themselves are transplanted into other issue areas, such as cybersecurity.
The paper reconstructs the taken-for-grantedness of deterrence theory through a selection of hallmark RAND research on war limitation in the early 1960s, using a contextual, discursive institutionalist framework. It seeks to answer the question of how the specific construction and institutionalization of these ideas makes them impermeable to criticism despite a clear lack of conformity to the scientific method reified within deterrence theory.

Dans le dans le contexte de l'après Seconde Guerre Mondiale, laa construction industrialisée et les recherches conduites dans la quête d'une scientisation de la conception architecturale témoignent d’une mutation singulière qui va de pair avec une réorganisation de la production de la connaissance scientifique programmée par l’État nord américain associé à tout un complexe d'organisations gouvernementales militaires.
Le cas de l’architecte américain d'origine allemande Konrad Wachsmann (1901-1980) qui a travaillé en très grande partie pour des agences d’état, représente un traceur tout à fait remarquable au sens il représente un
cas maximum – sinon le maximum - de ce que l’on pourrait nommer l’intégration de l’art de construire à une  politique de recherche et développement américain structurée par la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et plus largement au complexe militaro-universitario-industriel (D. Pestre).
Notre recherche développe une histoire synchronique de son activité entre 1942 et 1972, en s’appuyant sur ses productions concrètes. En premier lieu, nous établirons qu’elles relèvent de ce que Michel Foucault appelle des « dispositif concret d’exercice du pouvoir » (instrumentation) visant à anticiper les instances des crises repérées par la gouvernance américaine avec l’urgence de la guerre (1942-1945), le logement (1945-
1950), le contrôle de l’espace aérien (1950-1954), la course américano-soviétique à la conquête du monde (1955-1960) ; crises auxquelles Wachsmann a contribué de façon remarquable avec dans l’ordre : l’optimisation des effets des bombes incendiaires sur l’environnement construit allemand (Chemical Warfare Service / Standard Oil Development Corporation), la production en grande série de maisons individuelles (National Housing Agency / Colorado Fuel and Iron Corporation/American Wire Corporation, Celotex Corporation, Housing and Home Financial Agency), le développement de structures aéroportuaires à très grande portée  pour l’armée de l’air (U.S.A.F. Scientific Advisory Board, et Air Materiel Command), la promulgation internationale de méthodes de design (Department of State).
En dépit de l’étendue de ces finalités redevables à la nature des crises et à leur fréquence, ces artefacts et objets techniques à vocation opérationnelle présentent cependant une très grande cohérence qui interroge  l’historien sur un plan cognitif quant aux conditions qui ont permis de produire cette qualité et ce alors que leur commande se trouve est prise dans une contingence des crises. Par leur objet et leur mise en suite, l’étude des travaux américains de Wachsmann amène cette recherche dans les difficultés d’une histoire des projets (Jacques Guillerme). A cette fin, cette recherche explore sur le mode de l’enquête historique la prise en charge de la question de l’automation de la construction par les militaires et de son alliage au développement dans de nombreux autres domaines (mécanique, mathématiques, sciences du vivant, sciences du comportement) et de son traçage auprès des activités de Konrad Wachsmann et son aasociation avec des instances étatiques en s’interrogeant sur les ressources comme facteur déterminant à la construction de cette cohérence. Outre le fait que cette hypothèse rencontre une profondeur diachronique dans le complexe militaro-industriel prussien et allemand de la fin des années 1920 mais encore plus avant dans l’Age Classique (Michel Foucault), nous mettrons en évidence que l’Après-Guerre a été le siège de l’établissement d’une nouvelle continuité entre le « souci technique » et une « programmation technologique » redevable à la forme et à la nature des attentes militaires axées sur les propriétés connue d’interchangeabilité (Edwin Layton, Yves Cohen) mais aussi plus largement de la conquête d’une flexibilité de production (Jonathan Zeitlin) d’usage (Yves Cohen) qui s’appuie sur une flexibilité fonctionnelle (totipotence, ouvrabilité). Dans cette perspective,  l’expérience la plus radicale réside dans le système constructif développé au plus près de l’armée (U.S.A.F. Hangar) basé sur le transfert de savoirs issus de la construction en bois vernaculaire pour la mise au point de structures métalliques inédites ; tubulaires, hyperstatiques, assemblées par des coins métalliqus percutés.
L’ensemble des systèmes constructifs (General Partition System, General Panel System, méthode appliquée à un hangar pour avions transportables, Mobilar System, U.S.A.F. Hangar, et des artefacts (Modular Coordination Classification, Localization Orientation Manipulator) conçus ou soutenus par Wachsmann pour les agences américaines forment un ensemble répondant à une problématique de mise en ressource de la  question spatiale (Andrew Pickering, Peter Louis Galison) dans l’agencement du technique, de l’économique et de l’organisation ayant pour centre le récalcitrant projet d’une industrialisation de la construction (David Hounshell) Par l’analyse détaillée des recherches partagées par l’architecte Konrad Wachsmann et le logicien  et stratège Albert Wohlstetter sur les systèmes constructifs (Mobilar System/ Atlas Aicraft Products Corp., General Panel System / General Panel Corporation of California, U.S.A.F. Hangar / Illinois Institute of Technology-Advanced Buidling Research / Rand Corporation-Department of Economics), nous établirons que celles-ci ont contribué d’un point de vue cognitif et généalogique au développement de l’outil de management de l’innovation technique telle que la systems analysis développée au sein de la Rand Corp. En particulier, on avancera que les systèmes constructifs sont des large-scale systems (Thomas Parke Hughes) ayant  formé un modèle d’incorporation et de prise en charge au sein de l’objet technique en termes de flexibilité  (ouvrabilité-totipotence) comme réponse technique à l’intensification prise par l’incertitude décisionnelle dans le contexte de la guerre nucléarisée. Le développement des systèmes constructifs répond donc à des attentes proprement militaires relatives à un agencement du technique et de l’économique dont la dynamique  s’appuie sur une investigation spatiale transitant de façon critique et première auprès des modèle matériels expérimentaux. Il est attendu, par l’étude de ces derniers, de formuler par une histoire sociale et technique qui réinterroge le statut d’échec qu’ont pu revêtir ces projets. Il s’agira de se demander en guise d’alternative, s’il n’ont pas été au contraire – du point de vue d’un dessein militaire- un succès, compte tenu de leur polymorphisme tout d’abord jusqu’à la toute fin des années 1950, mais aussi contradictoirement au début des années 1970, qui verront poindre la revalorisation de la recherche civile américaine à la tête de la Housing and Urban Development en concertation avec le National Bureau of Standards (DoC).

Masalah keagamaan dan kebangsaan terus membengkak dalam internal masyarakat. Perbedaan pemahaman telah menjerumuskan umat islam pada perpecahan bias yang tak kunjung selesai. Diskriminasi minoritas muslim juga muncul dalam skala panjang tanpa ada solusi yang benar-benar memuaskan, melalui studi literasi dan pengumpulan data, menghasilkan sebuah kesimpulan bahwa konflik-konflik tersebut sebenarnya sudah diusut sejak berabad abad lamanya, barat sebagai bapak kapitalis melakukan beragam upaya untuk menghadapi segala hal yang berlawanan dengan ideologinnya. Barat lalu menjalankan proyek global untuk memetakkan umat islam menjadi kelompok-kelompok. Kemudian kelompok-kelompok tersebut direkayasa sedemikian rupa untuk di pecah belah dan di adu domba. Terkait hal tersebut, maka diperlukan adanya upaya untuk membongkar strategi-strategi barat, membongkar bahaya imperealisme epistemologi mereka, serta menyadarkan umat islam agar senantiasa membentengi diri dari paham-paham penjajah seraya mengemballikan pemahaman umat islam agar kembali menuju kebangkitan berpikir yang cemerlang.

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With digital devices becoming ubiquitous, digital evidence is increasingly important to the investigation and prosecution of many types of crimes. This report describes results of a research effort to identify and prioritize criminal justice needs related to digital evidence collection, management, analysis, and use.

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The Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) was developed for use by school-based mental health professionals for any student with symptoms of distress following exposure to trauma. The Supporting Students Exposed to Trauma (SSET) was adapted ...

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Performance-based accountability systems (PBASs), which link incentives to measured performance as a means of improving services to the public, have gained popularity. While PBASs can vary widely across sectors, they share three main components: goals, incentives, and measures. Research suggests that PBASs influence provider behaviors, but little is known about PBAS effectiveness at achieving performance goals or about government and agency experiences. This study examines nine PBASs that are drawn from five sectors: child care, education, health care, public health emergency preparedness, and transportation. In the right circumstances, a PBAS can be an effective strategy for improving service delivery. Optimum circumstances include having a widely shared goal, unambiguous observable measures, meaningful incentives for those with control over the relevant inputs and processes, few competing interests, and adequate resources to design, implement, and operate the PBAS. However, these ...

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The illicit antiquities market has become an area of concern for policymakers. It is fueled by a well-documented rise in looting at archaeological sites and a fear that the proceeds of such looting may be financing terrorism or rogue states. Efforts to craft effective policy responses are hindered by the lack of data and evidence on two fronts: the size of the market and the network structure of participants. In lieu of reliable evidence on these two fronts, the conversation has been dominated by speculation and hypotheses and has generated some widely accepted theories of how the illicit antiquities market operates. In this report, the authors compile evidence from numerous open sources to outline the major policy-relevant characteristics of that market and to propose the way forward for developing policies intended to disrupt illicit networks. The approach uses multiple methods and data sources, with the understanding that no single piece of evidence can provide a complete picture of the market and that only by cross-referencing and triangulating among various sources can salient market characteristics be illuminated.

The decade of the Sixties has brought with it an important change in the intellectual climate throughout any parts of the world, evidenced by a new attitude toward the future […] The effect has been to extend customary planning horizons into a more distant future and to replace haphazard intuitive gambles, as a basis for planning, by sober and craftsmanlike analysis of the opportunities the future has to offer. Olaf Helmer: Analysis of the Future -The Delphi Method (The RAND Corporation, 1967) Die Analyse der Zukunft weist mitunter in Vergangenheiten. Etwa in das Jahr 1647. Gegen Ende des spanischen Siglo de Oro, in dem Literatur und Kunst eine fulminante Blüte erleben, in einem Spanien, das noch koloniale Weltmacht ist, dessen ökonomische und politische Vorherrschaft allerdings unwiderruflich zu zerfallen droht, in einer Sphäre, in der religiöse und soziale Ordnung in Bewegung geraten, erscheint unter Pseudonym ein Brevier höfischer Spielund Lebensregeln: Baltasar Graciáns Handorakel und Kunst der Weltklugheit, im Original Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia. 1 Der Jesuitenpater Gracián wird wegen seiner protoaufklärerischen Ideen und regen Publikationstätigkeit unter Decknamen als Professor für humanistische Studien abgesetzt, 1 | Balthasar Gracián: Handorakel und Kunst der Weltklugheit. Aus dessen Werken gezogen von D. Vicencio Juan de Lastanosa und aus dem spanischen Original treu und sorgfältig übersetzt von Arthur Schopenhauer, München 2008. Die Nachweise erfolgen unter Angabe der Aphorismus-Nummer im Fließtext. Kursivierungen sind von Gracián übernommen.

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PREFACE This report, prepared for and funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the Environment, presents the results of an international analysis of government programs and initiatives aimed at stimulating innovation and sustainable development. The main objective was to find out whether the Dutch government can learn from such foreign initiatives and incorporate certain elements in its own ongoing programs and initiatives. The report is organized in two volumes. The first volume is an overall analysis based on the examination of individual countries complemented by knowledge and expertise of related studies. This overall analysis does not contain overview of activities per country. The second volume is a collection of nine individual country reports, i.e. and the United States. These country reports all follow a similar format: a description of institutional context, a classification of the different policy instruments in use, and a detailed description ...

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Supported by the Annenberg Foundation, the William Penn Foundation, and the Accountability Review Council for the School District of Philadelphia The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R ® is a registered trademark.

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Guy Pauker and US-Indonesia Relationships of the 1950s-70s



During the 1950s and early 1950s, the Romanian-born political scientist, Guy Pauker, played a significant role in role in studies about the Indonesian military and politics after his emigration from a country rapidly falling behind the iron curtain. As Pauker began his professional career, and began his involvement with Indonesia, blind American anti-communism and Indonesian support for left-leaning nationalist movements helped lead to worsening relations, with the US actively supporting revolts against the Indonesian government and the CIA even caught flying bombing missions in Indonesia. Constructive contacts between the US and Indonesian governments became increasingly impossible, requiring assistance of an intermediaries or requiring “private” connections. During this period of strained relations, Pauker seems to have played a critical role in maintaining some kind of contact between Indonesians and the US.
This article seeks to shed light on Guy Pauker’s background and life during the cold war years with an eye to better understanding his motivations for studying Indonesia and working with the CIA, Defence Department and other US government institutions on the one hand, and maintaining his “legendary” Indonesian contacts. Pauker’s history in Romania remains the subject of speculation, but seems to be closely associated with his cold-war warrior stance. Like his relationships formed at Harvard, Pauker’s relationships formed in Indonesia in the 1950s with PSI oriented intellectuals and Army officers in Jakarta and West Java seem to have been central for his research, but especially by the 1980s, these relationships were rarely seen publicly.

The rapid diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) during the last two decades has had a profound impact on all spheres of human endeavors, changes that are collectively referred to as the Information Revolution (IR). But the revolution has been uneven, with some countries being far ahead and others far behind in IR, resulting in the so called digital divide. Laggard countries need means to move ahead if they are to access the benefits that IR offers and not suffer the consequences of being left out. This study identifies stages of IR, classifies countries according to their various stages, and using country-level data, identifies the drivers that are important across stages of IR. This is done at two levels: (1) drivers of diffusion of IR artifacts (short term dynamics) and drivers of the broader IR concept (long term dynamics). This study finds that at lower stages, the factors that drive the information revolution tend to be those that have to do with the de...