RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and... more RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors.
This documented briefing examines the incentives for participants in the Air Force's sourcin... more This documented briefing examines the incentives for participants in the Air Force's sourcing process (encompassing A-76 cost comparisons and direct conversions). The goal of this research is to suggest how process participants can best be induced to start and complete cost-effective sourcing studies that will help the Air Force reduce the cost of support activities without reducing military capability or quality of life. The most effective financial incentive to undertake sourcing studies that we have identified is the operations and maintenance (O&M) cuts that have been allocated to the Air Force's major commands (MAJCOMs). Such cuts provide strong incentives for commands to reduce support costs either by conducting sourcing studies or by using methods such as process improvement. The Air Staff faces an important challenge, however, to determine the least-harmful allocation of O&M cuts across its commands. The MAJCOMs must also delegate incentives to their wing commander...
: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require that U.S. manufacturers phase out the production o... more : The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require that U.S. manufacturers phase out the production of an important class of chemicals by the end of the century. In an executive order in February 1992, President Bush accelerated the phaseout to the beginning of 1996. This phaseout is expected to affect operations in the Department of Defense (DoD). Based on recent modeling and data collection, a scientific and political consensus has formed around the idea that emissions of these man-made chemicals deplete stratospheric ozone. These 'ozone depleting chemicals' or ODCs include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. The United States is the largest user of these chemicals in the world, and DoD is the largest user of these chemicals in the United States.
: This technical report explains an analytic way to design and assess packages of financial incen... more : This technical report explains an analytic way to design and assess packages of financial incentives that the government can use to cost effectively promote early experience with coal-to-liquids (CTL) production of liquid fuels in the face of significant uncertainty about the future. The report applies two complementary analytic methods. The first uses observations from successful voluntary agreements in the commercial world to identify principles that the government can use to design a relationship with a private investor that is likely to ensure that early CTL production experience occurs cost effectively. Such a relationship yields investor and government behavior that, in turn, generates a set of cash flows to and from investor and government over time. The second analytic method takes these cash flows as given and assesses their effects on the investor and the government. It measures effects on an investor in terms of changes in the investor's real (adjusted for inflation...
This research in the public interest was supported by RAND, using discretionary funds made possib... more This research in the public interest was supported by RAND, using discretionary funds made possible by the generosity of RAND's donors, the fees earned on client-funded research, and independent research and development (IR&D) funds provided by the Department of Defense. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND ® is a registered trademark. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors.
• Adjust Air Force acquisition environment to provide relevant training, facilitate information s... more • Adjust Air Force acquisition environment to provide relevant training, facilitate information sharing, and manage the OT workforce. Training can be case-based, focusing on problem-solving. Sharing of OT lessons can be facilitated through more formal coordination, allowing for continuous learning. The OT workforce can be strategically managed to include formal mentoring programs and provide for broader experience (i.e., acquisition, technical, legal). • Adopt an Air Force culture that values taking calculated risks. OT personnel need to be rewarded, not punished, for their willingness to take risks to accomplish the mission and for using sound judgment. To be successful, the culture shift must be adopted not only by senior leaders but also by all levels of management.
This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND... more This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.
Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) faces a difficult cleanup challenge, with thousands of... more Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) faces a difficult cleanup challenge, with thousands of sites at active and closing installations and formerly used defense sites (FUDSs). Efforts to increase the efficiency of cleanup activities, by either reducing costs or accelerating the process, could have a substantial effect on DoD's ability to meet its cleanup obligations within an increasingly constrained budget environment.
Abstract : From 1990 to 1995, as the total defense budget fell from $315 to 291 billion a year, D... more Abstract : From 1990 to 1995, as the total defense budget fell from $315 to 291 billion a year, DoD environmental spending rose to $5.2 billion a year. At the same time, increasingly tight environmental regulations constrained training and vessel mobility in DoD, potentially limiting military readiness. These trends brought environmental management into high focus. Was DoD making appropriate trade-offs among (1) its military mission, (2) its environmental obligations, and (3) constraints on its budget and other resources? Were there opportunities- to increase military performance without compromising environmental obligations or resource constraints? During the 1980s and early 1990s, many U.S. firms found themselves in a similar situation. Even as their environmental obligations were rising in the face of increasingly demanding regulations and threats of liability, increasingly effective global competition squeezed their profit margins, forcing these firms to think about environmental management in a different way. The Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Environmental Security asked RAND to study the environmental management practices of commercial firms recognized as having the best practices of this kind. Such practices should provide lessons that DoD could use to improve its own environmental management practices-. This report summarizes the findings of the study that resulted from this request.
... For more information, see About This Site. Why upgrade? Click here to see how this site'... more ... For more information, see About This Site. Why upgrade? Click here to see how this site's homepage displays with a modern browser. ... Document Information. Social Cost of Technical Control Options to Reduce Emissions of Potential ozone depleters in the United States. ...
... Creator/Author, Camm, F. ... SWEDEN; USA; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; ECONOMICS; ELECTRIC POWER; FOOD ... more ... Creator/Author, Camm, F. ... SWEDEN; USA; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; ECONOMICS; ELECTRIC POWER; FOOD INDUSTRY; METAL INDUSTRY; PAPER INDUSTRY; PRICES; REVIEWS; DEUS; DOCUMENT TYPES; ENERGY SYSTEMS; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; POWER ...
... ECONOMIC IMPACT; NATIONAL GOVERNMENT; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; PRICES; PRODUCTION; STATE GOVERNMEN... more ... ECONOMIC IMPACT; NATIONAL GOVERNMENT; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; PRICES; PRODUCTION; STATE GOVERNMENT; WINDFALL PROFITS TAX; ENERGY SOURCES; FEDERAL REGION IX; FOSSIL FUELS; FUELS; INDUSTRY; NORTH AMERICA; TAXES; USA. ...
This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporatio... more This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. Jump down to document6
This paper discusses performance based accountability systems (PBAS) that organizations can use t... more This paper discusses performance based accountability systems (PBAS) that organizations can use to encourage responsible behavior change, management excellence, and performance measurement. PBAS enable management to define a set of goals and outcome measures, and then work effectively towards achieving those goals and measuring the outcomes. This system can determine whether or not particular performance measures and incentives are allowing the organization to meet its goals.
: Using contractors on the battlefield is risky, but the U.S. Army has relied on contractors on t... more : Using contractors on the battlefield is risky, but the U.S. Army has relied on contractors on the battlefield throughout its history. Beginning with the Vietnam War, a variety of factors have led to growing dependence on contractors. Given the risks that contractors impose, is this increasing dependence appropriate? Throughout history, Army leaders have decried the risks associated with using contractors even as they continued to bring them to the battlefield to provide critical combat service support (CSS) activities. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs (ASA [M&RA]) was concerned that many parts of the Army may make decisions that affect the use of contractors on the battlefield without adequately considering the effects of their decisions on military readiness. ASA (M&RA) asked the Arroyo Center to examine this issue and recommend improvements. This report identifies the major decisions that shape the Army's use of contractors o...
RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and... more RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors.
This documented briefing examines the incentives for participants in the Air Force's sourcin... more This documented briefing examines the incentives for participants in the Air Force's sourcing process (encompassing A-76 cost comparisons and direct conversions). The goal of this research is to suggest how process participants can best be induced to start and complete cost-effective sourcing studies that will help the Air Force reduce the cost of support activities without reducing military capability or quality of life. The most effective financial incentive to undertake sourcing studies that we have identified is the operations and maintenance (O&M) cuts that have been allocated to the Air Force's major commands (MAJCOMs). Such cuts provide strong incentives for commands to reduce support costs either by conducting sourcing studies or by using methods such as process improvement. The Air Staff faces an important challenge, however, to determine the least-harmful allocation of O&M cuts across its commands. The MAJCOMs must also delegate incentives to their wing commander...
: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require that U.S. manufacturers phase out the production o... more : The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require that U.S. manufacturers phase out the production of an important class of chemicals by the end of the century. In an executive order in February 1992, President Bush accelerated the phaseout to the beginning of 1996. This phaseout is expected to affect operations in the Department of Defense (DoD). Based on recent modeling and data collection, a scientific and political consensus has formed around the idea that emissions of these man-made chemicals deplete stratospheric ozone. These 'ozone depleting chemicals' or ODCs include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. The United States is the largest user of these chemicals in the world, and DoD is the largest user of these chemicals in the United States.
: This technical report explains an analytic way to design and assess packages of financial incen... more : This technical report explains an analytic way to design and assess packages of financial incentives that the government can use to cost effectively promote early experience with coal-to-liquids (CTL) production of liquid fuels in the face of significant uncertainty about the future. The report applies two complementary analytic methods. The first uses observations from successful voluntary agreements in the commercial world to identify principles that the government can use to design a relationship with a private investor that is likely to ensure that early CTL production experience occurs cost effectively. Such a relationship yields investor and government behavior that, in turn, generates a set of cash flows to and from investor and government over time. The second analytic method takes these cash flows as given and assesses their effects on the investor and the government. It measures effects on an investor in terms of changes in the investor's real (adjusted for inflation...
This research in the public interest was supported by RAND, using discretionary funds made possib... more This research in the public interest was supported by RAND, using discretionary funds made possible by the generosity of RAND's donors, the fees earned on client-funded research, and independent research and development (IR&D) funds provided by the Department of Defense. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND ® is a registered trademark. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors.
• Adjust Air Force acquisition environment to provide relevant training, facilitate information s... more • Adjust Air Force acquisition environment to provide relevant training, facilitate information sharing, and manage the OT workforce. Training can be case-based, focusing on problem-solving. Sharing of OT lessons can be facilitated through more formal coordination, allowing for continuous learning. The OT workforce can be strategically managed to include formal mentoring programs and provide for broader experience (i.e., acquisition, technical, legal). • Adopt an Air Force culture that values taking calculated risks. OT personnel need to be rewarded, not punished, for their willingness to take risks to accomplish the mission and for using sound judgment. To be successful, the culture shift must be adopted not only by senior leaders but also by all levels of management.
This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND... more This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.
Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) faces a difficult cleanup challenge, with thousands of... more Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) faces a difficult cleanup challenge, with thousands of sites at active and closing installations and formerly used defense sites (FUDSs). Efforts to increase the efficiency of cleanup activities, by either reducing costs or accelerating the process, could have a substantial effect on DoD's ability to meet its cleanup obligations within an increasingly constrained budget environment.
Abstract : From 1990 to 1995, as the total defense budget fell from $315 to 291 billion a year, D... more Abstract : From 1990 to 1995, as the total defense budget fell from $315 to 291 billion a year, DoD environmental spending rose to $5.2 billion a year. At the same time, increasingly tight environmental regulations constrained training and vessel mobility in DoD, potentially limiting military readiness. These trends brought environmental management into high focus. Was DoD making appropriate trade-offs among (1) its military mission, (2) its environmental obligations, and (3) constraints on its budget and other resources? Were there opportunities- to increase military performance without compromising environmental obligations or resource constraints? During the 1980s and early 1990s, many U.S. firms found themselves in a similar situation. Even as their environmental obligations were rising in the face of increasingly demanding regulations and threats of liability, increasingly effective global competition squeezed their profit margins, forcing these firms to think about environmental management in a different way. The Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Environmental Security asked RAND to study the environmental management practices of commercial firms recognized as having the best practices of this kind. Such practices should provide lessons that DoD could use to improve its own environmental management practices-. This report summarizes the findings of the study that resulted from this request.
... For more information, see About This Site. Why upgrade? Click here to see how this site'... more ... For more information, see About This Site. Why upgrade? Click here to see how this site's homepage displays with a modern browser. ... Document Information. Social Cost of Technical Control Options to Reduce Emissions of Potential ozone depleters in the United States. ...
... Creator/Author, Camm, F. ... SWEDEN; USA; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; ECONOMICS; ELECTRIC POWER; FOOD ... more ... Creator/Author, Camm, F. ... SWEDEN; USA; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; ECONOMICS; ELECTRIC POWER; FOOD INDUSTRY; METAL INDUSTRY; PAPER INDUSTRY; PRICES; REVIEWS; DEUS; DOCUMENT TYPES; ENERGY SYSTEMS; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; POWER ...
... ECONOMIC IMPACT; NATIONAL GOVERNMENT; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; PRICES; PRODUCTION; STATE GOVERNMEN... more ... ECONOMIC IMPACT; NATIONAL GOVERNMENT; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; PRICES; PRODUCTION; STATE GOVERNMENT; WINDFALL PROFITS TAX; ENERGY SOURCES; FEDERAL REGION IX; FOSSIL FUELS; FUELS; INDUSTRY; NORTH AMERICA; TAXES; USA. ...
This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporatio... more This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. Jump down to document6
This paper discusses performance based accountability systems (PBAS) that organizations can use t... more This paper discusses performance based accountability systems (PBAS) that organizations can use to encourage responsible behavior change, management excellence, and performance measurement. PBAS enable management to define a set of goals and outcome measures, and then work effectively towards achieving those goals and measuring the outcomes. This system can determine whether or not particular performance measures and incentives are allowing the organization to meet its goals.
: Using contractors on the battlefield is risky, but the U.S. Army has relied on contractors on t... more : Using contractors on the battlefield is risky, but the U.S. Army has relied on contractors on the battlefield throughout its history. Beginning with the Vietnam War, a variety of factors have led to growing dependence on contractors. Given the risks that contractors impose, is this increasing dependence appropriate? Throughout history, Army leaders have decried the risks associated with using contractors even as they continued to bring them to the battlefield to provide critical combat service support (CSS) activities. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs (ASA [M&RA]) was concerned that many parts of the Army may make decisions that affect the use of contractors on the battlefield without adequately considering the effects of their decisions on military readiness. ASA (M&RA) asked the Arroyo Center to examine this issue and recommend improvements. This report identifies the major decisions that shape the Army's use of contractors o...
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