Young Adults

This article sets the scene for the other papers in this Special Issue on children's and young people's participation, by outlining the nature of the ESRC Seminar Series from which all are derived and by developing the main themes discussed at the seminars. The focus of this Issue is participation by children and young people as this relates to differing notions of social exclusion and inclusion. This article critically examines participation in the contexts of policy, practice, research and theory. In many respects the environments in each of these domains is supportive of increased participation, yet there is also much evidence of limited impact by recent participative measures and of disillusionment by many young people who have been engaged in consultation and decision-making. A way forward is suggested, which entails collaboration among all the key stakeholders including children and young people, connects participatory and social inclusion aims and mechanisms, and is committed to achieving tangible outcomes based on the wishes of children and young people.

This report refers to a generation under challenge, meaning the 18-to-24-year-olds who have recently come of age in the United States. A significant part of this generation has fallen victim to a neglected past and may be overwhelmed by its future. The report argues for an integrated and comprehensive service delivery system that can make a difference in disconnected lives in the following chapters: (1) "Confronting the Demographic Challenge: Future Labor Market Prospects of Out-of-School Young Adults" (Andrew Sum, Neeta Fogg, and Neal Fogg); (2) "Investments in People Matter" (Stephen Mangum and Nancy Waldeck); (3) ;'Tales from the Bright Side: Conversations with Successful Graduates of Youth Employment Programs" (Edward deJesus); (4) "Out of School and Unemployed: Principles fcr More Effective Policies and Programs" (Gary Walker); (5) "Creative Resource Development: An Assessment of Potential in Selected Cities" (David Gruber); and (6) "Moving into the Mainstream: Making Connections for Disconnected Youth" (Marion Pines and Bill Spring). (Contains 17 tables and 1 chart.) (SLD)

V članku predstavljava rezultate raziskave o stanovanjskem osamosvajanju mladih v Mestni občini Ljubljana. Izhajali sva iz ugotovitev dosedanjih raziskav o podalj-ševanju bivanja mladih v izvorni družini, namen raziskave pa je bil preveriti, ali podatki, pridobljeni za mlade v MOL (2017), potrjujejo že znane ugotovitve ali pa se kažejo morebitne spremembe v vzorcih odseljevanja od izvorne družine oz. specifike, ki veljajo za mlade v MOL. Rezultati so sicer pokazali konsistentno sliko, ki potrjuje 1. odloženo osamosvajanje od staršev (predvsem so znani dejavniki stanovanjskega osamosvajanja: spol, partnerska zveza, zaposlitev); 2. poudarjeno finančno podporo staršev tudi pri mladih, ki so se odselili; 3. vrinjanje raznolikega in dinamičnega obdobja različnih bivanjskih aranžmajev med bivanjem pri star-ših in popolno stanovanjsko osamosvojenostjo, kar potrjuje, da je stanovanjsko osamosvajanje kompleksen proces. Rezultati so pokazali novo značilnost: večji delež odseljenih mladih, ki bivajo v najetih stanovanjih, kar bi lahko bila specifika bivanja v MOL. 
ABSTRACT The article presents research results concerning young adults who leave home in the Municipality of Ljubljana. By considering already known patterns of young adults' prolonged co-residence with their parents, the article aims to find out whether data on young adults from the Ljubljana municipality (2017) confirm what is already known or reveal changes or specific aspects. The results show: 1. a consistent picture of prolonged living in the family of origin (with gender, intimate partnership, employment as the main predictors); 2. paternal financial support even for young people who have left the parental home; and 3. a diverse and dynamic period of various living arrangements ranging between fully living in the family of origin and having one’s own full residential independence. The results point to a new characteristic of a greater share of young people living in privately rented apartments, which may be specific to the Ljubljana municipality.

Objective: To examine whether age of first use or frequency of use of cannabis is associated with anxiety and depression (AD) in young adults, independent of known potential confounders, including the use of other illicit drugs. Method: A cohort of 3,239 Australian young adults was followed from birth to the age of 21 when data on AD were obtained from sample members along with information on their use of cannabis at 21 years. Potential confounding factors were prospectively measured when the child was born and at 14 years. Results: After controlling for confounding factors, those who started using cannabis before age 15 years and used it frequently at 21 years were more likely to report symptoms of AD in early adulthood (odds ratio 3.4; 95% CI 1.9Y6.1). This association was of similar magnitude for those who had only used cannabis and those who reported having used cannabis and other illicit drugs. Conclusion: The relationship between early-onset and frequent use of cannabis and symptoms of AD is independent of individual and family backgrounds.

This paper empirically examines the impact of minimum wages on educational enrollments in New Zealand. A significant reform to the youth minimum wage since 2000 has resulted in some age groups undergoing a 91% rise in their real minimum wage over the last 10 years. Three panel least squares multivariate models are estimated from a national sample of nine age cohorts each year over 19 years. This allows analysis of the impact of increases in minimum wage over time and of the introduction of the minimum wage for teenagers in 1994. Our findings indicate that in New Zealand, changes to minimum wages appear to have an insignificant impact on the enrollment levels of 16-24 year olds and the subgroup of 20-24 year olds. In both cases, the standard errors are large making these results unclear. For the subgroup of 16-19 year olds, minimum wage rises have a statistically significant negative effect on enrollment levels. However, the introduction of the minimum wage appears to have had a significantly positive impact on teenagers' enrollment levels, a possible indication of the ineffective level the minimum wage was set at, in terms of reservation wages of youth in New Zealand.

We conducted a study to examine individual differences in retention, with particular emphasis on its relationship with item-specific learning speed, general learning speed, and general cognitive factors. Young adults (N = 710) were taught 13 name-number pairs to varying successive success criteria using an item dropout procedure to ensure equal learning. Subjects were then taught re-pairings to varying criteria, in an A-B, A-Br design, so as to produce a range of forgetting conditions. Subjects then were asked to recall and relearn the original pairs. Item-specific learning speed predicted retention and reacquisition speed: The fastest learners, despite having the fewest number of study opportunities, remembered more and relearned faster. This relationship held over all forgetting conditions, and after statistically equating for within-list interference. General learning speed, as indicated by performance on an independent set of items administered in a variety of formats, also predicted retention and relearning. To examine the effects of other cognitive factors on learning and retention, various latent-variable path models were fit to the data. The best model (by parsimony and goodness-of-fit criteria) specified that retention is determined by item-specific learning speed (r 2 = .14), which in turn is determined by general learning speed (r 2 =. 16). General learning speed itself is reasonably well predicted by other cognitive factors (r 2 = .62), especially general knowledge. Our results are contrasted with those of other investigators who, by employing different procedures for equating degree of learning, have concluded that there are no individual differences in retention. Implications for the discrepancy in conclusions are discussed. Development of this paper was supported by the Air Force Learning Abilities Measurement Program, a multi-year basic research program conducted at the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL) and sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). The goals of the program are to specify the basic parameters of learning ability, to develop techniques for the assessment of individuals' knowledge and skill levels, and to explore the feasibility of a model-based system of psychological assessment. Support was provided by AFHRL and AFOSR through Universal Energy Systems, Inc., under contract number F41689-84-D-0002/58420360 and subcontract number S-744-031-001 to the University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. We thank Raymond Christal, Dan Woltz, and Reed Hunt for their valuable comments on a previous version of this report, and we especially thank Earl Hunt and Norman Slamecka for suggesting some clarifying reanalyses of the data reported here. We thank Major Hector Acosta and his crew at Lackland Air Force Base for their data collection efforts. We thank Janice Hereford, Frank Rilling, Rich Walker, and other members of the OAO corporation for their technical assistance on all phases of the study.

As computer games are becoming more widespread, there is a tendency for young people to spend a growing amount of time playing games. The market is steadily expanding with new games coming onto it daily, and there is a question raised on whether it has been beneficial to issue all of them.

In anticipation of World Youth Day and the Synod on Young Adults, this book collects the various perspectives of young Catholic adults to help parishes, seminaries, and other Catholic leaders make sense of the pastoral needs and understanding of "vocation" among young adults. This edited collection provides both research findings from the latest data as well as first-hand experiences spoken from the populations under study. In using both scholarship and first-person stories, this book provides keen insight on a variety of young adult groups in a language that is accessible and engaging to a variety of readers.

The three parts of the book—life cycle, identity and practice, and ecclesial leadership—provide three lenses with which to view vocation. Life-course, the first part, follows Catholics over time, allowing a window to view the changing needs of young adults as they enter college, forge their own path as single adults, and raise children. In examining identity and practice within the second part, the reader will discover the ways various commitments and aspects of identity—such as political ideology or ethnicity—shape understandings of religious vocation. The final part  examines understandings of vocation among those directly working within the church as priests, sisters, and lay ecclesial ministers. These three parts together will get at vocation from a variety of angles, collectively offering a complete picture of vocation among young adult Catholics today.

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Attitudes toward alternative behaviors, such as drinking soda instead of alcohol, might contribute to the prediction of young people's drinking behavior. The current study explored the associations between late adolescents' and young adults' attitudes toward alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks and their alcohol consumption, and whether these associations were moderated by participants' sex, age and education level. Cross-sectional data were collected among 1012 15 to 25-year-olds. Participants completed an online questionnaire on attitudes toward alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, binge drinking and monthly alcohol consumption. Data were analyzed by employing structural equation modeling in Mplus. After controlling for the shared variance in both attitudes, attitudes toward alcoholic drinks were positively related and attitudes toward non-alcoholic drinks were negatively related to participants' monthly alcohol use and binge drinking. Relations between attitudes towards alcoholic drinks and monthly alcohol consumption were stronger for boys than for girls and stronger for participants with intermediate education background. Relations between both attitudes and binge drinking were strongest for high educated participants. According to our data, nonalcohol attitudes provide a unique contribution to the prediction of alcohol use.

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Background: Emerging adulthood (ages 18-25 years) is a key turning point in the life course characterized by particularly poor eating behaviors (e.g., low in fruits and vegetables, and high in fast food) and weight gain. Emerging adults are also prime consumers of personal care and other consumer products that may result in differential exposures to environmental contaminants, such as Bisphenol A (BPA), compared to adults aged 26+ years. This is of concern given BPA has been associated with adverse health outcomes such as obesity, metabolic disorders, miscarriage, infertility and breast cancer. However, no research has examined exposure to BPA among emerging adults. Objective: To assess trends of exposure to urinary BPA among a representative sample of emerging adults compared to adults aged 26+ years. Secondarily, we aimed to identify differential associations between BPA concentrations and sociodemographic characteristics and BMI by age group. Methods: This study uses National Health and Examination Surveys (NHANES) over 2003-2014 to test differences in BPA concentrations comparing emerging adults to adults aged 26+ years. Generalized linear models predicting log BPA by age group and sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, and food security status, and generalized linear models predicting BMI by log BPA, both age group and age as a continuous variable, sex, race/ ethnicity, education, income, and food security status were conducted. Interactions with age group (i.e., age group x sex) were examined for the mutually adjusted models. All models controlled for survey year, month, and time of day, and were run with, and without, an adjustment for urinary creatinine. Results: In models adjusted, and not adjusted, for urinary creatinine, emerging adults had a higher log BPA concentration than adults aged 26+ years (β=0.153, p=0.004; β=0.544, p < 0.001), and a significantly steeper decline in BPA concentration between 2003-2004 and 2013-2014 than adults aged 26+ years (ß=−0.051, p=0.002; ß=−0.071, p=0.001). Males' log BPA concentration were lower than that for females when urinary creatinine was included in the model, and higher when urinary creatinine was excluded from the model (ß=−0.188, p < 0.001; β=0.203, p < 0.001). Higher income was significantly associated with lower log BPA concentration (ß=−0.220, p < 0.001; ß=−0.166, p < 0.001). A significant interaction between emerging adult age group and food security status was observed, which was associated with higher BPA exposures. Log BPA concentration was associated with BMI only when urinary creatinine was excluded from the models (urinary creatinine included: β=0.031, p=0.747; β=0.022, p=0.815, urinary creatinine excluded: β=0.528, p < 0.001; β=0.552, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Findings indicate that emerging adults had higher BPA exposures than adults aged 26+ years in 2003-2004, and that emerging adults' exposure level has decreased faster than that of adults aged 26+ years. There were suggestions that the BPA concentration of emerging adults in 2013-2014 was lower than that for adults aged 26+ years, and that BPA exposure is associated with higher BMI. Our results highlight the need for additional research to identify the sources and routes of exposure to BPA and BPA replacements among emerging adults and to better characterize the variability in exposure. Intervention studies are needed to assist emerging adults in limiting their exposure to BPA, and potentially also the BPA alternatives.

Developing sexual competence? Exploring strategies for the provision of effective sexualities and relationships education School-based sexualities and relationships education (SRE) offers one of the most promising means of improving young people's sexual health through developing 'sexual competence'. In the absence of evidence on whether the term holds the same meanings for young people and adults (e.g. teachers, researchers, policy makers), the paper explores 'adult' notions of sexual competence as construed in research data and alluded to in government guidance on SRE, then draws on empirical research with young people on factors which affect the contexts, motivations and outcomes of sexual encounters, and therefore have implications for sexual competence. These data from young people also challenge more traditional approaches to sexualities education in highlighting disjunctions between the content of school-based input and their reported sexual experience. The paper concludes by considering the implications of these insights for developing a shared notion of what SRE is trying to achieve and suggestions for recognition in the content and approaches to SRE.

Volume 41 Number A positive approach to change: the role of appreciative inquiry in library and information organisations Tricia Kelly Investigating the news seeking behavior of young adults M. Asim Qayyum, Kirsty Williamson, Ying-Hsang Liu, and Philip Hider Higher education in TAFE: a new "mixed sector" library paradigm Paul Kloppenborg Is an online learning module an effective way to develop information literacy skills?

Students with intellectual disabilities are taking the lead conducting participatory action research (PAR) to chronicle their college experience as part of a national college access initiative. This research currently involves college students with intellectual disabilities documenting their experiences using multimedia tools. These data are then shared via a digital storytelling website, VoiceThread. This article presents an overview of PAR, digital storytelling, and the methodology used to implement PAR with students with intellectual disabilities. Themes from the students' work highlight their impressions of college, their adjustment to new expectations and responsibilities, and their recommendations to improve this experience. The researcher's findings and conclusions about facilitating research with young adults with intellectual disabilities are described.

Depression is emerging as one of the major threats to public health in the 21st century. Yet, unexpectedly few studies have looked into how defining features of late modernity, like increased complexity, detraditionalization and individualization, may upset young people’s subjectivation, well-being and mental
health. This study provides qualitative interviews with seven Norwegian young adults between 20 and 31 years that have experienced a bout of depression. The results reveal that failure to live up to perceived standards and ideals of contemporary Western neoliberal culture of the sovereign, self-governing
individual, in total control of all aspects of life, looms large over their heads. However, there were also more personal unique themes about bullying and genetic dispositions for depression that suggest that sociocultural theories about late modern life
as producing conditions for depression must be interpreted in line with more individual biographic and biological factors.

Abstract
Purpose: Positive thinking and positive orientation towards crises have wide implications in appraisal and recovery from stressful events as well as in one’s reactions to everyday experiences. Positive life orientation, a comparatively newer concept, is defined as a disposition about a positive outlook on various life domains as well as on mental and physical well-being. The present study is an attempt to find out whether positive life orientation moderates the relationship between self-esteem and happiness among young adults.
Approach: The present quantitatively tries to ascertain the moderating effect of positive life orientation on the relationship between self-esteem and happiness. This study was conducted on 745 (400 males and 345 females) young adults (aged 20-24 years) studying in a private university of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
Findings: Results revealed significant gender differences on self-esteem and positive life orientation of the respondents. Young adult females are found to have better feelings of worth and positive orientation towards life than males. Results also indicated that positive life orientation moderated the relationship between self-esteem and happiness for both genders indicating that when positive life orientation is high, the strength of the relationship between self-esteem and happiness is stronger as compared to the strength when positive life orientation is low.
Value: The research brings to fore the need for studying positive life orientation in conjunction with other constructs like experiencing flow at work, flourishing, etc.

Keywords: Positive life orientation, Self-esteem, Happiness, Young adults

With the lack of attention to the attrition of child participants, loss to follow up (LTFU) holds significant implications for the health of young adults in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS), a multi-center cohort study with children either perinatally infected with HIV (PHIV) or HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU). Young adults (18+) face barriers to being retained in the study, including competing time demands, geographic relocation, study fatigue, stigma, and low health literacy. Formative research, Photovoice (participatory photo elicitation), and a focus group informed the design of a web-based media strategy based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) to increase study engagement. Six members of the Young Adult and Adult Community Advisory Boards (CABs) were recruited via email and given Photovoice training via Prezi. Photos were taken around the theme of self-identity. A teleconference focus group facilitated reflections and salient themes for the video compilation exhibit. Themes included: 1) stereotypes, 2) layered-identities, 3) stigma, and 4) self-identity. Additional meta-themes were also codified. Media strategy recommendations included: 1) participatory media and photography, 2) digital story maps, 3) social media, and 4) content and topics. Based on the results of this project with a limited sample, participatory media like Photovoice may have a positive impact on participants at risk for LTFU by increasing study engagement. While some research supports this qualitative methodology, limitations must be considered. Future PHACS projects should incorporate a needs assessment and evaluation. Moreover, further research in this area of public health and health communication needs to continue overall.

This paper presents data about the emotional, behavioural and substance abuse disorders of youth in foster care and former recipients of foster care ('alumni') in the USA. The prevalence rates of these groups are compared to those of the youth and young adults in the US general population. The implications of these data for policy and program design are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to describe and test a conceptual model of the potential antecedents and consequences of financial well-being in young adulthood. Data (N = 781) were collected via an online survey conducted at a large state university in the southwestern United States. Our results suggest that self-actualizing personal values, financial education at home, and formal financial education at school may play important anticipatory socialization roles in the ways that young adults acquire knowledge about financial matters and form attitudes and behavioral intentions based on that knowledge. These financial domains, along with parental normative expectations and young adults' perceived behavioral control, were related to their financial well-being, which was in turn related to academic success and overall life satisfaction, as well as psychological and physical health. Theoretical and applied implications are provided.

Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25. A theoretical background is presented, Then evidence is provided to support the idea that emerging adulthood is a distinct period demographically, subjectively, and in terms of identity explorations. How emerging adulthood differs from adolescence and young adulthood is explained. Finally, a cultural context for the idea of emerging adulthood is outlined, and it is specified that emerging adulthood exists only in cultures that allow young people a prolonged period of independent role. exploration during the late teens and twenties. When our mothers were our age, they were engaged .... They at least had some idea what they were going to do with their lives .... I, on the other hand, will have a dual degree in majors that are ambiguous at best and impractical at worst (English and political science), no ring on my finger and no idea who I am, much less what I want to do .... Under duress, I will admit that this is a pretty exciting time. Sometimes, when I look out across the wide expanse that is my future, I can see beyond the void. I realize that having nothing ahead to count on means I now have to count on myself; that having no direction means forging one of my own.

This report forms part of the research program Longitudinal surveys of Australian youth (LSAY), conducted by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) and financially supported by the Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DEETYA).

Health Authorities to assess the AIDS awareness and sexual behaviour of young people, in order to help the development and implementation of HIV/AIDS risk-reduction strategies. Given that the patterns of findings were strongly replicated in the different districts, the data is presented in terms of a combined data set comprising 2955 respondents aged 16-24. The surveys indicate fairly reasonable levels of knowledge about HIV/ AIDS but very low personally perceived vulnerability to infection. The sexual culture is one of fairly early ages of first intercourse, moderate levels of partner change and low (one third) levels of condom use. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for HIV/AIDS risk-reduction strategies.

Purpose: To evaluate effects of an exercise program on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) or a Fontan circulation. Methods: Stratified, randomized, controlled intervention study conducted in five participating centers of pediatric cardiology in The Netherlands. In total, 93 patients, aged 10e25 years, with surgical repair for tetralogy of Fallot or with a Fontan circulation for single-ventricle physiology were included. They were randomly allocated with a ratio of 2:1 to: (1) a 12-week period with an exercise program for 3 times per week or (2) to a control group. Randomization was stratified by age, gender, and cardiac diagnosis. At baseline and follow-up after 12 weeks, all participants completed Web-based age-appropriate HRQoL questionnaires. Primary analyses involved change in HRQoL during follow-up. Secondary analyses concerned influence of cardiac diagnosis and comparison with normative data. Results: Forty-eight (86%) and 32 (86%) patients in the exercise-group and control-group respectively completed all questionnaires at baseline and follow-up. Compared with the control-group, children, aged 10e15 years, in the exercise-group improved significantly on self-reported cognitive functioning, p < .05, r ¼ .30, and parent-reported social functioning, p < .05, r ¼ .30. Youngsters aged 16e25 years did not change their HRQoL. Cardiac diagnosis had no influence on pre/post changes. Children and youngsters in this study reported comparable or better HRQoL than norm groups. Conclusions: Participation in an exercise program improved HRQoL of children with ToF or a Fontan circulation, especially in those with low baseline QoL.

This study explored possible deficits in selective attention brought about by Dementia of Alzheimer Type (DAT). In three experiments, we tested patients with early DAT, healthy elderly, and young adults under low memory demands to assess perceptual filtering, conflict resolution, and set switching abilities. We found no evidence of impaired perceptual filtering nor evidence of impaired conflict resolution in early DAT. In contrast, early DAT patients did exhibit a global cost in set switching consistent with an inability to maintain the goals of the task (mental set). We discuss these findings in relation to the DAT literature on executive attention, dual-tasking, and working memory.

This study applied the gender role model of socialization theory, the developmental aging theory, and the topic salience perspective to the investigation of parent-child value transmissions. Specifically, we examined whether the bi-directionality and selectivity of value transmissions differed as a function of parents' and children's gender and children's developmental phase (adolescence versus emerging adulthood). Transmissions between parents and children from 402 Dutch families on the topics of work as duty and hedonism were studied across a 5-year period using structural equation modeling. As expected, we did not find convincing support for the general models of gender socialization and developmental aging. Instead, parent-child value transmissions appeared to be qualified by value salience. Particularly, high salience of work as duty for fathers was related with great paternal involvement in transmissions on this value orientation and high salience of hedonism for sons and adolescents was linked to transmissions from these groups to parents. Ó

This is the first work exploring the application of new technologies, concretely virtual reality, to facilitate emotional processing in the treatment of Complicated Grief. Our research team has designed a virtual reality environment (EMMA's World) to foster the expression and processing of emotions. In this study the authors present a description of EMMA's World, the clinical protocol, and a case report. The treatment program was applied in eight sessions. We present a brief description of the session agendas including the techniques used. We offer shortterm (from pre-test to post-test) and long-term (2-, 6-and 12-month follow-ups) efficacy data. Our results offer preliminary support of the use of EMMA's World for the treatment of Complicated Grief.

This study examined sex differences in the processes of identity and intimacy development among college youth. Fifty males, and 50females were given measures of identity status, intimacy status, and self-esteem. Males were found to focus on intrapersonal aspects of identity status, intimacy status, and self-esteem. Males were found to focus on intrapersonal aspects of identity, females on interpersonal aspects. The pursuit of various identity development pathways affected self-esteem differentially for the two sexes. More females than males were found to be intimate and the achievement of intimacy seemed more closely related to identity in males than in females. The findings were interpreted in the context of Eriksonian theory, which seemed more adequate in explaining male than female development.

Autism is classified as a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairments in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interaction, imagination, and restricted, repetitive behaviour (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; National Institute of Mental Health, 2008). The social deficits are among the most distinguishing features of autism. As children, autistic individuals may seem distant, unresponsiveness, and lack cooperation and engagement with others (Prior & Ozonoff, 1998). As a result of the social deficits inherent in autistic individuals, such individuals experience difficulty in sexual interactions (Henault, 2005). Few studies have investigated sexuality in autistic individuals or compared the results to Typically Developing (TD) individuals. Attwood (1998) explains that readily available sources such as pornography may cause autistic males to display unintentional aggressive or stalking behaviour because they may consider pornography as the authoritative source. Autistic females may learn from the 'soap operas' on television as a guide to being intimate, and they may be overly naïve or promiscuous without being able to recognize a precarious situation due to lack of experience and poor judgment (Attwood, 1998; Henault, 2005). Thus, it is important for studies to investigate where autistic individuals obtain their information about socio-sexuality and how much of it is actually applied in real life.

Finding and cultivating a sense of authentic self is an important life goal for emerging adults. In collectivist cultures, youngsters might need to distance themselves to fi nd and discover their authentic selves separate of the expectations of society and signifi cant others. Creating an autonomous time bubble that focuses on the present allows youngsters to forge a sense of personal meaning and authenticity that subsequently paves the way to reintegration into long-term life goals. The results focusing on Israeli emerging adults demonstrate that a sense of authentic self plays a central role in their well-being and socioemotional functioning.

Historical Dictionary of Fantasy Literature-Scarecrow Press Children's literature comes from a number of different sources-folklore folk-and fairy tales, books originally for adults and subsequently adapted for children,. Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature-Emer O'Sullivan. ERIC-Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature. Historical historical dictionary of childrens literature pdf-Free Download Ebook About this title: The Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature relates the history of children's literature through a chronology, an introductory essay,. Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature. Emer O-ResearchGate Reference Highlights-English Literature and Linguistics. Children's literature comes from a number of different sources-folklore folk-and fairy tales, books originally for adults and subsequently adapted for children,. Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature-Rowman & Littlefield historical dictionary of childrens literature How can you alter your mind to be more open? There many resources that can aid you to improve your thoughts. Manly Library. The Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature is designed as an aid for teachers and school librarians to provide a ready reference of common. Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature-Waterstones Marketplace com?Historical+Dictionary+of+Children27s+Literature. For this entry in the publisher's Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts series, author Historical dictionary of children's literature Book Review

In this study, 116 emerging adults and adolescents completed questionnaires and were interviewed about their relationship with a sibling. Respondents'siblings and their mothers also rated the quality of the sibling relationship. Emerging adults were found to spend less time and to be less involved in joint activities with their siblings than adolescents, but they reported being more involved in emotional exchanges with and feeling more warmth toward their siblings. Conflict and rivalry were also reported by emerging adults to be less intense than by adolescents. Narrative analyses showed that emerging adults had a more mature perception of their relationship with their siblings. Unlike in adolescence, the quality of emerging adults' relationships with their siblings was less related to their relationship with their parents. The results are discussed in the framework of changes in close relationships from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

This article provides an overview of promising essential elements for fostering vocational success among students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs) by drawing literature from the fields of school-to-work transition for post-secondary students and vocational rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities. We highlight seven important elements of high-quality transition services, including (a) individualized, strengths-based transition services and supports; (b) positive career development and early work experiences; (c) meaningful collaboration and interagency involvement; (d) family supports and expectations; (e) fostering self-determination and independence; (f) social and employment-related skill instruction; and (g) establishing job-related supports. These elements provide a comprehensive, collaborative, and longitudinal framework for clinical and research interventions aimed at fostering successful employment for students with HFASDs. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Previous research has indicated that media technologies and media use form an important cultural glue within generations. Younger generations, in particular, have been noted to build their generational identity around the technology and devices that they use. We believe it is important to explore how generations and shared identities are constructed, especially in unusual circumstances that lead to in-depth self-reflexivity. The aim of this study was to see how the disruption of habitual social media use helps to outline the generational self-construction of young adults. We invited 19-23-year-old students (N=42) to disrupt their habitual media use by participating in a five-day social media detox and to reflect upon this experience in their social media detox diaries. By doing so, the young in our sample helped to self-narrate and construct their generation-al identity characteristic of present-day youth. Our findings indicate that many of the young participants, indeed recognized social media as dominant generational glue, and expressed annoyance and submissive resignation when looking at the practices of themselves and their peers, who were described in most cases as "addicted" to smart devices. Disruption from the norm of constant availability and affordances of social media offered the participants an outsider's look at their own everyday lives: seeing their peers engaged with technology and not being able to do the same enabled them to assume a reflexive attitude, contributing to the making of a generation and offered a novel perspective on both individual and generational media use. As people are increasingly encouraged to resist and self-regulate in the context of pervasive media, self-reflexivity-heavy social media detoxes can be used as tools for building resilience and can even unfold to become a part of the generational glue itself.

One conception of inhibitory functioning suggests that the ability to successfully inhibit a predominant response depends mainly on the strength of that response, the general functioning of working memory processes, and the working memory demand of the task . The proposal that inhibition and functional working memory capacity interact was assessed in the present study using two motor inhibition tasks (Go/No-Go and response incompatibility) in young and older participants. The strength of prepotency was assessed with a short or long training phase for the response to be inhibited. The influence of working memory resources was evaluated by administering the tasks in full vs. divided attention conditions. The effect of working memory load was manipulated by increasing the number of target and distracter items in each task. Results showed no effect of prepotency strength, whereas dividing attentional resources and increasing working memory load were associated with greater inhibitory effects in both groups and for both tasks. This deleterious effect was higher for older participants, except in the working memory load condition of the Go/No-Go task. These results suggest an interactive link between working memory and response inhibition by showing that taxing working memory resources increases the difficulty of inhibiting prepotent responses in younger and older subjects. The additional detrimental effect of these factors on healthy elderly subjects was related to their decreased cognitive resources and to their shorter span size.