Preamble

From Plato's Laws through common law and until modern legal systems, preambles to constitutions have played an important role in law and policy making. Through a qualitative analysis of the legal status of preambles in different common law and civil law countries, the article highlights a recent trend in comparative constitutional law: the growing use of preambles in constitutional adjudication and constitutional design. The article also explores the theory of preambles and their functions. It examines the legal status of the U.S. preamble and shows how the U.S. preamble remains the most neglected section in American constitutional theory. The article then presents a typology for determining the legal status of preambles: a symbolic preamble, an interpretive preamble, and a substantive preamble. While focusing on Macedonia, Israel, Australia, and the Treaty of Lisbon, the article discusses the sociological function of preambles in top-down and bottom-up constitutional designs.

The Preamble of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 states that it is “ an Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the Criminal Procedure”. What is meant by this statement? The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 was passed and made a law in the British India on 22 March 1898. The British rule was established in 1857. The intervening period (1857-1898) was not a period without any law. There was general Criminal Procedure Code of 1861 (Act XXV of 1861). It was replaced by Act X of 1872. After a decade in 1882 a uniform law of procedure came in the form of Act X of 1882 for the whole of the British India. It was supplemented by a new Code in 1898.

Consolidation means bringing the scattered law at one place. Consolidation speaks itself that the law existed in the sub-continent prior to the process of consolidation. Why consolidation? It is done in the interest and betterment of the people subject to law when seen expedient by the competent legislature.

Amendment means modification by way of making addition, omission, or substitution in the already made law. Law maker has the right to rescind or repeal or amend the law. The expediency is to be seen by the legislature for doing so. An amendment is effective prospectively unless the law maker shows its intention in the very law that it will have retrospectively or from any particular date.

In this paper a two-step method for designing multi-tone preambles is proposed and its performance in the frequency-selective fading channel is optimized. The first step is to find an analytical solution for obtaining the optimum normalized tone frequencies of the multi-tone preamble in order to perform better in frequency-selective fading channel. In order to measure the quality of the preamble we also propose a timing metric that provides a measure of impulsiveness of the auto-correlation function of the preamble. The second step is to de-normalize the tone frequencies to obtain the best performance in the presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) regarding a specific number of tones in a specific frequency interval. The tone frequencies are de-normalized using a factor that maximizes the impulsiveness of the auto-correlation of the preamble. In order to compare our work with other methods, computer simulations are done using Monte-Carlo method and the Mean Square Error (MSE) of the timing estimation is then calculated. Our work is mostly suitable for use in applications with high SNR such as M-QAM high rate links because we shown that our method outperforms other methods in high SNR scenarios.

Underwater Communication has been a thrust area for researchers and engineers. The major challenges faced in this underwater acoustic channel are due to multipath, frequency selective absorption, noise, and the Doppler Ef ect which is very much dif erent from the terrestrial channel. Of all the challenges in UAC, this paper provides two robust techniques for Doppler Shift Estimation. The Doppler Shift estimation is performed at the receiver using any one of the two techniques; Preamble based method or MUSIC algorithm. Using these two techniques, the Doppler Shift within an OFDM frame is estimated in this paper. Based on estimated shift, compensation is performed later in frequency domain to reduce the errors..

Artykuł ma na celu poszerzenie wiedzy czytelnika na temat preambuły. Jego wprowadzenie opiera się na etymologii słowa „preambuła”. Pozwala również zapoznać się z podstawowymi cechami i funkcjami preambuły. Kolejna część opisuje pochodzenie preambuły jako formy wstępu do aktu normatywnego. Przedstawia jej historię w odwołaniu do źródeł archaicznych oraz do pierwszych polskich aktów prawnych. W części trzeciej przedstawione są cechy wstępu na przykładzie polskich aktów normatywnych. Dokładnej analizie poddawane są poszczególne elementy preambuły. Część ta porusza również problematykę celu zamieszczania areng. Dalej opisywane są preambuły pojawiające się w zagranicznych aktach prawnych takich jak: Deklaracja Niepodległości Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki, Konstytucja USA, Deklaracja Praw Człowieka i Obywatela oraz Ustawa zasadnicza Republiki Federalnej Niemiec. Piąta część traktuje o sporze prawników, dotyczącym charakteru preambuły – jako części normatywnej lub deklaratoryjnej aktu normatywnego. Przytoczono argumenty obu stron oraz powołano się na opinie ekspertów, a także orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. W zakończeniu artykułu podkreślona została istotna rola preambuły w aktach normatywnych. Wyjaśnione jest także dlaczego zrezygnowanie z tej formy wstępu jest niepożądane i jakie byłyby tego ewentualnie konsekwencje.

The article is to expand the reader’s knowledge about a preamble. Its introduction is based on the etymology of the word “preamble”. It also allows for learning about its basic features and functions. The next part describes the origin of preamble as a form of an introduction to a normative act. It presents its history with reference to the archaic sources and the first Polish legislation. The third part describes the features of a preamble on the example of Polish normative acts. Various elements of a preamble are subjected to a thorough analysis. This part also touches the issue of the insertion of a preamble. Then, there are described preambles appearing in the international legal acts, such as The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, the US Constitution, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. The fifth part is about the eternal dispute of lawyers on the nature of preamble – as a normative or declarative part of the legal act. It quotes the arguments of both parties and relies on experts’ opinions and judgment of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. At the end of the article the significant role of a preamble in the normative acts is emphasized. It is also explained why the resignation of this form of an introduction is undesirable and what possible consequences it would have.

The positive and constructive paradigms have typically been popular among researchers as two main approaches to scientifically investigate issues of life and social sciences. Particularly novice researchers unconsciously tend to fit their studies in one of the framework set up by either of these approaches. This paper develops arguments in the perspective of paradigmatic issues in research to highlight the comparatively young paradigm of critical theory which has not yet gained due projection. The discussion informs on how critical approach to research may gain equally, or even more, valuable insight not only by analyzing and exploring the situation but also by offering a change agenda for reformation. The paper also appraises one of the critical research tools, critical discourse analysis in depth, to elaborate the philosophical and theoretical basis of this research methodology in order to enhance awareness among novice researchers investigating under the umbrella of critical para...

Konkordat między Stolicą Apostolską i Rzecząpospolitą Polską z 1993 roku 1 składa się z dwóch części: 1) preambuły i 2) zasadniczej części, którą stanowi 29 arty-kułów. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wyjaśnienie "znaczenia" pierwszej części konkordatu. Słowo "znaczenie" nie konotuje tu semantycznego odniesienia nazw do przedmiotów, ale w tym kontekście oznacza "treść" preambuły, która przekłada się na jej "wartość" lub "użyteczność" dla interpretatora tego aktu normatywne-go. Chodzi więc o weryfikację w konkretnym przypadku polskiego konkordatu doktrynalnej zasady głoszącej, że preambuła (wstęp) pomaga w wykładni tekstu normatywnego 2. Wprawdzie Konwencja wiedeńska o prawie traktatów z dnia 23 maja 1969 r. 3 w art. 31 ust. 2 stwierdza, że dla celów interpretacji traktatu kontekst obejmuje oprócz tekstu także jego wstęp i załącznik, jednakże na jej podstawie nie można twierdzić, że umieszczenie preambuły jest apriorycznie zabiegiem pożądanym z punktu widzenia jego wykładni. Norma ta jedynie naka-zuje uwzględnienie preambuły, o ile ona istnieje. Realizacja powyższego zadania badawczego będzie dokonana poprzez prezentację argumentów odnoszących się do samego istnienia preambuły i jej treści.

Artykuł ma na celu poszerzenie wiedzy czytelnika na temat preambuły. Jego wprowadzenie opiera się na etymologii słowa „preambuła”. Pozwala również zapoznać się z podstawowymi cechami i funkcjami preambuły. Kolejna część opisuje pochodzenie preambuły jako formy wstępu do aktu normatywnego. Przedstawia jej historię w odwołaniu do źródeł archaicznych oraz do pierwszych polskich aktów prawnych. W części trzeciej przedstawione są cechy wstępu na przykładzie polskich aktów normatywnych. Dokładnej analizie poddawane są poszczególne elementy preambuły. Część ta porusza również problematykę celu zamieszczania areng. Dalej opisywane są preambuły pojawiające się w zagranicznych aktach prawnych takich jak: Deklaracja Niepodległości Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki, Konstytucja USA, Deklaracja Praw Człowieka i Obywatela oraz Ustawa zasadnicza Republiki Federalnej Niemiec. Piąta część traktuje o sporze prawników, dotyczącym charakteru preambuły – jako części normatywnej lub deklaratoryjnej aktu normatywnego. Przytoczono argumenty obu stron oraz powołano się na opinie ekspertów, a także orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. W zakończeniu artykułu podkreślona została istotna rola preambuły w aktach normatywnych. Wyjaśnione jest także dlaczego zrezygnowanie z tej formy wstępu jest niepożądane i jakie byłyby tego ewentualnie konsekwencje. The article is to expand the reader’s knowledge about a preamble. Its introduction is based on the etymology of the word “preamble”. It also allows for learning about its basic features and functions. The next part describes the origin of preamble as a form of an introduction to a normative act. It presents its history with reference to the archaic sources and the first Polish legislation. The third part describes the features of a preamble on the example of Polish normative acts. Various elements of a preamble are subjected to a thorough analysis. This part also touches the issue of the insertion of a preamble. Then, there are described preambles appearing in the international legal acts, such as The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, the US Constitution, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. The fifth part is about the eternal dispute of lawyers on the nature of preamble – as a normative or declarative part of the legal act. It quotes the arguments of both parties and relies on experts’ opinions and judgment of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. At the end of the article the significant role of a preamble in the normative acts is emphasized. It is also explained why the resignation of this form of an introduction is undesirable and what possible consequences it would have.

The fast growing of the number of users requires the development of reliable communication systems able to provide higher data rates. In order to meet those requirements, techniques such as Multiple Input Multiple Out (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM) have been developed in the recent years. In order to combine the benefits of both techniques, the research activity is currently focused on MIMO-OFDM systems. In addition, for a fast wireless channel environment, the data rate and reliability can be optimized by setting the modulation and coding adaptively according to the channel conditions; and using sub-carrier frequency, and power allocation techniques. Depending on how accurate the feedback-based system obtain the channel state information (CSI) and feed it back to the transmitter without delay, the overall system performance would be poor or optimal. In this paper, we propose a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation algorithm where the preamble is known for both sides of the transciever. Through simulations made over several channel environments, we prove that our proposed SNR estimation algorithm is more accurate compared with the traditional SNR estimation.

Underwater Communication has been a thrust area for researchers and engineers. The major challenges faced in this underwater acoustic channel are due to multipath, frequency selective absorption, noise, and the Doppler Effect which is very much different from the terrestrial channel. Of all the challenges in UAC, this paper provides two robust techniques for Doppler Shift Estimation. The Doppler Shift estimation is performed at the receiver using any one of the two techniques; Preamble based method or MUSIC algorithm. Using these two techniques, the Doppler Shift within an OFDM frame is estimated in this paper. Based on estimated shift, compensation is performed later in frequency domain to reduce the errors

Tekst przedstawia próbę omówienia kształtu prozodyjnego Preambuły Konstytucji RP z 1997 r. w kontekście definicji wiersza i dać odpowiedź na pytanie o jej domniemany wierszowy zapis. Na podstawie istniejących edycji i pre-tekstu S. Wilkanowicza autor rekonstruuje autorska intencje segmentacyjną leżąca u podstaw tekstu, proponuje też ujednoznaczniająca formę zapisu opartą na rozwiązaniach typograficznych stosowanych w zapisie wierszowym.

LTE-Advanced networks employ random access based on preambles transmitted according to multi-channel slotted Aloha principles. The random access is controlled through a limit W on the number of transmission attempts and a timeout period for uniform backoff after a collision. We model the LTE-Advanced random access system by formulating the equilibrium condition for the ratio of the number of requests successful within the permitted number of transmission attempts to those successful in one attempt. We prove that for W ≤ 8 there is only one equilibrium operating point and for W ≥ 9 there are three operating points if the request load ρ is between load boundaries ρ 1 and ρ 2. We analytically identify these load boundaries as well as the corresponding system operating points. We analyze the throughput and delay of successful requests at the operating points and validate the analytical results through simulations.

Compared with conventional spindles, motorized spindles are equipped with a built-in-motor, so that power transmission devices such as gears and belts are eliminated. This design also reduces vibrations and achieves high rotational balance, and enables precise control of rotational accelerations and decelerations. The objective of this work is to optimize the parameters influencing the stiffness of the high frequency milling spindle running at 12000 rpm with power rating of 10 KW. Theoretical analysis has been carried out to evaluate the spindle stiffness and to minimize deflection at the nose by varying the following parameters: (i) Bearing arrangement, (ii) Overhang of spindle nose from the front bearing, (iii) Spindle diameter between the bearings. The static analysis was also carried out using ANSYS and there is a good correlation between the results obtained by theoretical approach and ANSYS.

The reference to the supremacy of God (the clause) found in the preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has been either marginalized or completely ignored by Courts and legal scholars. This leaves the impression that most are either embarrassed by the clause, or just wish to ignore it. Given the importance the Supreme Court of Canada has ascribed to constitutional preambles, it is time to acknowledge the supremacy of God clause and make a good faith attempt to determine its meaning and role in Canadian constitutionalism. This paper constitutes just such an attempt. Our thesis is straightforward. The clause recognizes a fundamental principle upon which the theory of the Charter is based: people possess universal and inalienable rights derived from sources beyond the state, and the Charter purports to enumerate positivist protections for these pre-existing human rights. This understanding of the clause is rooted in the historical development of human rights theory out ...

CHAPTER 14 LIFE, LIFE WORLD, AND LIFE CHANCES: VULNERABILITY AND SURVIVAL IN INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Shiv Visvanathan and Chandrika Parmar 14-1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is a series of observations on a thought experiment. It is written by two ...

Filter bank-based multicarrier communications (FBMC) have recently attracted increased interest in both wired (e.g., xDSL, PLC) and wireless (e.g., cognitive radio) applications, due to their enhanced flexibility, higher spectral efficiency, and better spectral containment compared to conventional OFDM. A particular type of FBMC, the so-called FBMC/OQAM or OFDM/OQAM system, consisting of pulse shaped OFDM carrying offset QAM (OQAM) symbols, has received increasing attention due to, among other features, its higher spectral efficiency and implementation simplicity. It suffers, however, from an imaginary inter-carrier/inter-symbol interference that complicates signal processing tasks such as channel estimation. This paper focuses on channel estimation for OFDM/OQAM systems based on a known preamble. A review of the existing preamble structures and associated channel estimation methods is given, for both single-(SISO) and multiple-antenna (MIMO) systems. The various preambles are compared via simulations in both mildly and highly frequency selective channels.

In the last of a series of experiments 48 3-5-year old children were tested on an alternative naming game with "synonyms," e.g., if puppet calls the depicted item a "rabbit" the child has to call it a "bunny," or the child has to judge puppet's performance when roles are reversed. The game was also played with categories (rabbit-animal), name/colour (rabbit-black), colour/colour (black-white), and part/part (head-tail). The younger children (≤3.5 years) had severe problems with "synonyms" and categories (alternative names for the items, <10% correct), but not with names and colours, only colours, or only parts (>80% correct). Children's increasing success with age on the alternative names tasks was closely paralleled (.53 ≤ r ≤ .72) by their mastery of the false belief task in which they had to predict that a mistaken story character would look for a desired object in the wrong location. For explaining the synchrony between alternative naming and understanding false belief we draw on the Piagetian idea that children come to represent perspective at some point in their development. To apply this idea to the alternative naming game we draw on the philosophical discussion about sortals (terms that specify what sort of object something is) creating perspective differences.

Filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) seems to be one of the new waveforms candidate for fifth generation (5G) to utilize the available bandwidth and fit the requirements of high spectral efficiency (SE), less Out-of-band emission (OOBE) and self equalization. Although it has powerful advantages, FBMC has some drawbacks. Some of the most significant drawbacks are Imaginary Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and/or Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) problems. The main objective of this paper is to compare between different types of preamble-based channel estimation (CE) methods for time invariant channels using single/multiple antenna systems with special attention in Interference Approximation Methods (IAM). A comparison among different structures of IAM such as: IAM-R, IAM-C, E-IAM-C, NPS and N-IAM is presented. It is performed mainly in terms of performance metrics such as: Bit Error Rate (BER), Peak to average power ratio (PAPR), and Mean Square Error (MSE).

The second-generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting standard adopts the so-called P1 symbol as the preamble for initial synchronization. The P1 symbol also carries a number of basic transmission parameters, including the fast Fourier transform size and the single-input/single-output as well as multiple-input/single-output mode, to appropriately configure the receiver for carrying out the subsequent processing. In this paper, an improved preamble design is proposed, where a pair of training sequences is inserted in the frequency domain, and their distance is used for transmission parameter signaling. At the receiver, only a low-complexity correlator is required for the detection of the signaling. Both the coarse carrier frequency offset and the signaling can simultaneously be estimated by detecting the aforementioned correlation. Compared with the standardized P1 symbol, the proposed preamble design significantly reduces the complexity of the receiver while retaining high robustness in frequency-selective fading channels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed preamble design achieves better signaling performance than the standardized P1 symbol despite reducing the numbers of multiplications and additions by about 40% and 20%, respectively.

Underwater Communication has been a thrust area for researchers and engineers. The major challenges faced in this underwater acoustic channel are due to multipath, frequency selective absorption, noise, and the Doppler Effect which is very much different from the terrestrial channel. Of all the challenges in UAC, this paper provides two robust techniques for Doppler Shift Estimation. The Doppler Shift estimation is performed at the receiver using any one of the two techniques; Preamble based method or MUSIC algorithm. Using these two techniques, the Doppler Shift within an OFDM frame is estimated in this paper. Based on estimated shift, compensation is performed later in frequency domain to reduce the errors.

Compact Cinematics challenges the dominant understanding of cinema to focus on the various compact, short, miniature, pocket-sized forms of cinematics that have existed from even before its standardization in theatrical form, and in recent years have multiplied and proliferated, taking up an increasingly important part of our everyday multimedia environment.

Short films or micro-narratives, cinematic pieces or units re-assembled into image archives and looping themes, challenge the concepts that have traditionally been used to understand cinematic experience, like linear causality, sequentiality, and closure, and call attention to complex and modular forms of cinematic expression and perception. Such forms, in turn, seem to meet the requirements of digital convergence, which has pushed the development of more compact and mobile hardware for the display and use of audiovisual content on laptops, smartphones, and tablets. Meanwhile, contemporary economies of digital content acquisition, filing, and sharing equally require the shrinking of cinematic content for it to be recorded, played, projected, distributed, and installed with ease and speed. In this process, cinematic experience is shortened and condensed as well, so as to fit the late-capitalist attention economy.

The essays in this volume ask what this changed technical, socio-economic and political situation entails for the aesthetics and experience of contemporary cinematics, and call attention to different concepts, theories and tools at our disposal to analyze these changes.

Compact Cinematics: The Moving Image in the Age of Bit-Sized Media (2017)
Dr. Pepita Hesselberth, Dr. Maria Poulaki (Eds)