Preamble

In the last of a series of experiments 48 3-5-year old children were tested on an alternative naming game with "synonyms," e.g., if puppet calls the depicted item a "rabbit" the child has to call it a "bunny," or the child has to judge puppet's performance when roles are reversed. The game was also played with categories (rabbit-animal), name/colour (rabbit-black), colour/colour (black-white), and part/part (head-tail). The younger children (≤3.5 years) had severe problems with "synonyms" and categories (alternative names for the items, <10% correct), but not with names and colours, only colours, or only parts (>80% correct). Children's increasing success with age on the alternative names tasks was closely paralleled (.53 ≤ r ≤ .72) by their mastery of the false belief task in which they had to predict that a mistaken story character would look for a desired object in the wrong location. For explaining the synchrony between alternative naming and understanding false belief we draw on the Piagetian idea that children come to represent perspective at some point in their development. To apply this idea to the alternative naming game we draw on the philosophical discussion about sortals (terms that specify what sort of object something is) creating perspective differences.

Underwater Communication has been a thrust area for researchers and engineers. The major challenges faced in this underwater acoustic channel are due to multipath, frequency selective absorption, noise, and the Doppler Ef ect which is very much dif erent from the terrestrial channel. Of all the challenges in UAC, this paper provides two robust techniques for Doppler Shift Estimation. The Doppler Shift estimation is performed at the receiver using any one of the two techniques; Preamble based method or MUSIC algorithm. Using these two techniques, the Doppler Shift within an OFDM frame is estimated in this paper. Based on estimated shift, compensation is performed later in frequency domain to reduce the errors..

Compact Cinematics challenges the dominant understanding of cinema to focus on the various compact, short, miniature, pocket-sized forms of cinematics that have existed from even before its standardization in theatrical form, and in recent years have multiplied and proliferated, taking up an increasingly important part of our everyday multimedia environment.

Short films or micro-narratives, cinematic pieces or units re-assembled into image archives and looping themes, challenge the concepts that have traditionally been used to understand cinematic experience, like linear causality, sequentiality, and closure, and call attention to complex and modular forms of cinematic expression and perception. Such forms, in turn, seem to meet the requirements of digital convergence, which has pushed the development of more compact and mobile hardware for the display and use of audiovisual content on laptops, smartphones, and tablets. Meanwhile, contemporary economies of digital content acquisition, filing, and sharing equally require the shrinking of cinematic content for it to be recorded, played, projected, distributed, and installed with ease and speed. In this process, cinematic experience is shortened and condensed as well, so as to fit the late-capitalist attention economy.

The essays in this volume ask what this changed technical, socio-economic and political situation entails for the aesthetics and experience of contemporary cinematics, and call attention to different concepts, theories and tools at our disposal to analyze these changes.

Compact Cinematics: The Moving Image in the Age of Bit-Sized Media (2017)
Dr. Pepita Hesselberth, Dr. Maria Poulaki (Eds)

In this paper a two-step method for designing multi-tone preambles is proposed and its performance in the frequency-selective fading channel is optimized. The first step is to find an analytical solution for obtaining the optimum normalized tone frequencies of the multi-tone preamble in order to perform better in frequency-selective fading channel. In order to measure the quality of the preamble we also propose a timing metric that provides a measure of impulsiveness of the auto-correlation function of the preamble. The second step is to de-normalize the tone frequencies to obtain the best performance in the presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) regarding a specific number of tones in a specific frequency interval. The tone frequencies are de-normalized using a factor that maximizes the impulsiveness of the auto-correlation of the preamble. In order to compare our work with other methods, computer simulations are done using Monte-Carlo method and the Mean Square Error (MSE) of the timing estimation is then calculated. Our work is mostly suitable for use in applications with high SNR such as M-QAM high rate links because we shown that our method outperforms other methods in high SNR scenarios.

Konkordat między Stolicą Apostolską i Rzecząpospolitą Polską z 1993 roku 1 składa się z dwóch części: 1) preambuły i 2) zasadniczej części, którą stanowi 29 arty-kułów. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wyjaśnienie "znaczenia" pierwszej części konkordatu. Słowo "znaczenie" nie konotuje tu semantycznego odniesienia nazw do przedmiotów, ale w tym kontekście oznacza "treść" preambuły, która przekłada się na jej "wartość" lub "użyteczność" dla interpretatora tego aktu normatywne-go. Chodzi więc o weryfikację w konkretnym przypadku polskiego konkordatu doktrynalnej zasady głoszącej, że preambuła (wstęp) pomaga w wykładni tekstu normatywnego 2. Wprawdzie Konwencja wiedeńska o prawie traktatów z dnia 23 maja 1969 r. 3 w art. 31 ust. 2 stwierdza, że dla celów interpretacji traktatu kontekst obejmuje oprócz tekstu także jego wstęp i załącznik, jednakże na jej podstawie nie można twierdzić, że umieszczenie preambuły jest apriorycznie zabiegiem pożądanym z punktu widzenia jego wykładni. Norma ta jedynie naka-zuje uwzględnienie preambuły, o ile ona istnieje. Realizacja powyższego zadania badawczego będzie dokonana poprzez prezentację argumentów odnoszących się do samego istnienia preambuły i jej treści.

Underwater Communication has been a thrust area for researchers and engineers. The major challenges faced in this underwater acoustic channel are due to multipath, frequency selective absorption, noise, and the Doppler Effect which is very much different from the terrestrial channel. Of all the challenges in UAC, this paper provides two robust techniques for Doppler Shift Estimation. The Doppler Shift estimation is performed at the receiver using any one of the two techniques; Preamble based method or MUSIC algorithm. Using these two techniques, the Doppler Shift within an OFDM frame is estimated in this paper. Based on estimated shift, compensation is performed later in frequency domain to reduce the errors.

Underwater Communication has been a thrust area for researchers and engineers. The major challenges faced in this underwater acoustic channel are due to multipath, frequency selective absorption, noise, and the Doppler Effect which is very much different from the terrestrial channel. Of all the challenges in UAC, this paper provides two robust techniques for Doppler Shift Estimation. The Doppler Shift estimation is performed at the receiver using any one of the two techniques; Preamble based method or MUSIC algorithm. Using these two techniques, the Doppler Shift within an OFDM frame is estimated in this paper. Based on estimated shift, compensation is performed later in frequency domain to reduce the errors

Artykuł ma na celu poszerzenie wiedzy czytelnika na temat preambuły. Jego wprowadzenie opiera się na etymologii słowa „preambuła”. Pozwala również zapoznać się z podstawowymi cechami i funkcjami preambuły. Kolejna część opisuje pochodzenie preambuły jako formy wstępu do aktu normatywnego. Przedstawia jej historię w odwołaniu do źródeł archaicznych oraz do pierwszych polskich aktów prawnych. W części trzeciej przedstawione są cechy wstępu na przykładzie polskich aktów normatywnych. Dokładnej analizie poddawane są poszczególne elementy preambuły. Część ta porusza również problematykę celu zamieszczania areng. Dalej opisywane są preambuły pojawiające się w zagranicznych aktach prawnych takich jak: Deklaracja Niepodległości Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki, Konstytucja USA, Deklaracja Praw Człowieka i Obywatela oraz Ustawa zasadnicza Republiki Federalnej Niemiec. Piąta część traktuje o sporze prawników, dotyczącym charakteru preambuły – jako części normatywnej lub deklaratoryjnej aktu normatywnego. Przytoczono argumenty obu stron oraz powołano się na opinie ekspertów, a także orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. W zakończeniu artykułu podkreślona została istotna rola preambuły w aktach normatywnych. Wyjaśnione jest także dlaczego zrezygnowanie z tej formy wstępu jest niepożądane i jakie byłyby tego ewentualnie konsekwencje.

The article is to expand the reader’s knowledge about a preamble. Its introduction is based on the etymology of the word “preamble”. It also allows for learning about its basic features and functions. The next part describes the origin of preamble as a form of an introduction to a normative act. It presents its history with reference to the archaic sources and the first Polish legislation. The third part describes the features of a preamble on the example of Polish normative acts. Various elements of a preamble are subjected to a thorough analysis. This part also touches the issue of the insertion of a preamble. Then, there are described preambles appearing in the international legal acts, such as The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, the US Constitution, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. The fifth part is about the eternal dispute of lawyers on the nature of preamble – as a normative or declarative part of the legal act. It quotes the arguments of both parties and relies on experts’ opinions and judgment of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. At the end of the article the significant role of a preamble in the normative acts is emphasized. It is also explained why the resignation of this form of an introduction is undesirable and what possible consequences it would have.