Philanthropic Foundations

Scholarship on leftist movements suggests a moderating impact of foundation funding, but for conservative movements, more radical ideology potentially attracts patrons, as evidenced in the development of the New Right. This paper looks at the grant-making behavior of 15 core conservative foundations from 1971-1997, and their role in the right-wing realignment of the Republican Party. All the foundations under analysis were major funders of the Heritage Foundation, the leading organization of the New Right network, founded by serial entrepreneur Paul Weyrich to pursue grander policy and cultural change than existing “Old Right” organizations like the American Enterprise Institute. The dataset includes the Adolph Coors, Sarah Scaife, Bradley, Olin, and Samuel Roberts Noble foundations, among other prominent conservative foundations. Incorporating a unique database of conservative foundation grants with the history of the development of the New Right infrastructure, this paper seeks to understand the relationship between movement organizations and funders as a dynamic process. By establishing bonds of trust, taking a movement approach to giving, and accepting risk and failures as part of the process toward building substantive long-term change, conservative funders and entrepreneurs active in the 1970s and 1980s established a sustainable and influential network that impacts the present day political spectrum. Infamous contemporary funders like the Koch brothers, who spent those years promoting the Libertarian Party, both benefit from and are limited by the entities and agendas entrenched by the New Right.

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The Society's artistic justification and value will grow and develop over time in synchrony with the scientific content, becoming an important illustration of the possibility of unifying science and art in the life of Man. This indeed may reveal itself to be the highest value generated by the study of the human visage in all its mysterious dimensions through the worldwide activities of the Society for Faces.

Readers are advised that this paper forms the foundation for three newer writings that should be read together with it for an integrated and particularized approach to the context, the form (or plan), the neurophysiological underpinnings, and the exhibition of the Trifurcated Face of Man (see 'Plan of Face Derived and Explained,' The Soul of Life and the Spirit of War,' and 'Desiderata for Primary Exhibition of the Face' on this page).

A fifth paper ('Convergences of Human Face in Life and Death') will, in due course, clarify and strengthen the contributions to the theory of the face by the present author and form the basis for substantial new research on the idealist theory of the Visage of Man by theorizing the integration of the individual facial conformation at first maturity with the totalized face in death (the Totenmask), all as envisioned by the 'Prospectus of the Society for Faces,' but now at last rooted in true psychology and demonstrable neurophysical reality.

Readers of this foundational paper originally dated 2000 will benefit from our recently uploaded analytical conspectus ('Analysis of Max Picard's "Human Face" With Implications for Portraiture and Its Exhibition') (which is essentially paper #6).

Coming soon in addition is a further paper ('Thematic Apperceptions of Max Picard's "Human Face" With Implications for Portraiture and Its Exhibition') (which will be #7) based on a close re-reading of Picard's masterwork in the astoundingly faithful poetical dress given to it by the late screenwriter S. Goldstein (1930), originally published in New York.

The translation of Picard is not mentioned in published accounts of Goldstein's career or in his 'New York Times' obituary (he died in 1970) but it undoubtedly constitutes Goldstein's most notable literary achievement. This is especially noteworthy since Goldstein, who studied languages at Columbia University, was by all accounts obstreperously leftist-materialist in outlook (actually a communist) but in Picard brilliantly and objectively handled the masterwork of an extraordinarily strong idealist at the height of his powers.

The rebellious heirs. Philanthropy as class suicide
This article deals with an alternative, minority current within the philanthropic field in the United States : social change philanthropy. We introduce the actions of these foundations that aim to both change society by fighting against social, economic, and political inequalities, and to change philanthropy itself by creating mechanisms that do not reproduce these inequalities. We analyze this development, first as an organizational challenge, by studying the experiments carried out since 1970s, then as a personal challenge for these rebellious inheritors, who use their fortune to fight against the hegemony of their own social class.

Notre article porte sur un courant minoritaire et alternatif au sein du champ philanthropique aux États-Unis : la philanthropie de changement social. Nous présentons l’action de fondations qui visent à la fois à changer la société en luttant contre les inégalités sociales, économiques et politiques, mais aussi à changer la philanthropie, en créant des mécanismes qui ne reproduisent pas ces inégalités. Nous analysons ce projet d’abord comme une épreuve organisationnelle, en étudiant les expériences menées depuis les années 1970, puis comme une épreuve personnelle, pour les héritiers rebelles qui utilisent leur fortune afin de lutter contre l’hégémonie de leur propre classe sociale.

This paper focuses on the co-operation of Independent Publishing Houses and private foundations in the US.

These publishing houses are a counter reaction to the conglomeration of the US book market. They challenge the pressure for higher financial profit in the publishing industry that went along with this development. Many of these publishers have found new ways of funding to publish titles that they consider culturally and or politically relevant but which probably generate lower revenues. Some have chosen the nonprofit status to finance their enterprise, gaining support from major foundations to render such publications possible.

The case of The New Press, a nonprofit independent publishing house which was founded by a former Pantheon (Random House) editor, exemplifies the predicament of this development. Their cooperation with private foundations, such as the Ford Foundation, serve as an example for alternative publishing strategies and illustrate the relevance of independent publishing houses as agents of civil society in times of a conglomerated and monopolized book market in the US.

On May 19 this year, U.S. President Donald Trump threatened to permanently cancel U.S. payments to the World Health Organization (WHO). One month earlier, Trump had already announced that the U.S. would not honour its biannual 500 million USD commitment. The next day, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation stated that they
would donate an additional 150 million to the WHO, on top of a previous 100 million USD. The Gates’ largesse precedes COVID19. Since 2000, their foundation has granted almost four billion USD to the WHO to support a gigantic program against polio, and additional hundreds of millions for other programs on malaria, HIV, and maternal health, and the escalated use of technology in health. The Gates Foundation is a crucial contributor to the WHO, second only to the U.S.

The Israeli environmental movement has been growing in the past twenty years, and the number of environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) is on the rise. One of the reasons for this growth is the inflow of money from foreign donors, especially Jewish American philanthropic foundations. Yet, a study of ENGOs’ funding sources that focuses on the centrality of foundation funding is still missing. This study examines the idea of environmental philanthropy, which refers to the relationship between philanthropic foundations and environmental NGOs in Israel. In particular, it assesses three key questions: 1) What are the financial resources of environmental NGOs in Israel? 2) What is the level of dependence of Israeli ENGOs on foundation funding? And 3) What are the organizational characteristics associated with an ENGO’s likelihood of
receiving foundation funding?
While a growing body of literature has been devoted in past research to foundation philanthropy in support of ENGOs, much of this literature focused on outcomes: how does foundation funding affect organizational behavior, structure and success of grantees. However, the research did not pay enough attention to the processes leading up to such outcomes. Little is known about the selection decisions of philanthropic foundations to support ENGOs or the organizational characteristics associated with these selection decisions. Analysis of survey data from a sample of Israeli ENGOs (n=100) is used to assess the relationships between organizational characteristics and foundation funding. Four key organizational characteristics were examined: organizational demographics, organizational structure, strategies of operation, and ideational characteristics (environmental paradigms). The results point to significant association of foundation funding with ideational characteristics and strategies of operation, and only a partial association with organizational structures. The results contribute to the emerging literature on philanthropy in Israel, to the sparse study of Israeli ENGOs, and to theoretical understanding of environmental foundation philanthropy.

La finance socialement responsable est une branche de la finance qui regroupe une variété de stratégies à l’aide desquelles les investisseurs peuvent intégrer des considérations éthiques, sociales, environnementales et politiques dans leurs choix d’investissement. En tant qu’investisseur institutionnel, un nombre croissant de fondations philanthropiques canadiennes développent ces stratégies pour gérer leur portefeuille d’investissement d’une manière plus cohérente par rapport à leur mission sociale. La finance socialement responsable se présente ainsi comme un outil complémentaire aux dons, ouvrant la possibilité aux fondations de diversifier leurs champs d’intervention et d’agir au-delà des cadres traditionnels de la bienfaisance. Toutefois, malgré d’importantes avancées dans les dernières années, notre recherche part du constat que ces alternatives financières évoluent difficilement dans les organisations du secteur philanthropique. Un grand nombre de fondations se démontrent encore aujourd’hui peu ou pas interpellées par les enjeux éthiques que soulève la gestion d’un portefeuille financier.

Afin d’explorer la manière dont ce courant financier transforme l’action philanthropique, notre mémoire s’est intéressé à la Fondation Béati et à la Fondation de la famille J.W. McConnell, deux fondations subventionnaires qui ont développé des approches philanthropiques qui incorporent différentes stratégies issues de la finance socialement responsable. Ces dernières ont été sélectionnées spécialement en raison de l’expérience qu’elles ont accumulée dans le domaine au cours des dernières années. En mobilisant une méthodologie qualitative, nous avons retracé l’entièreté de leurs trajectoires dans ce mouvement financier alternatif. L’analyse de ces deux trajectoires nous a permis de dégager des observations de deux ordres. Dans un premier temps, nous avons identifié les conditions et les processus qui favorisent l’émergence et le développement de ce type de pratiques financières dans les fondations. Dans un second temps, nous avons mis en exergue des fonctions particulières que les fondations peuvent accomplir pour favoriser la croissance et la structuration de l’écosystème de la finance socialement responsable au Québec et au Canada.

This article investigates the factors that prevent and facilitate impact investing strategies for philanthropic foundations to align their capital with their mission. Using qualitative data from foundations in both the US and South Africa, we identify five factors (i.e. mandate and country legislation, internal skills capacities, supporting infrastructure, market capacity and strong leadership) that pertain to the international foundations located in the North, and three factors pertaining to foundations in the South (i.e. understanding of fiduciary duty, the role of financial advisors and tax legislation) which influence the deployment and uptake of impact investing strategies. Findings also suggest that the adoption of a total portfolio management approach is the most adequate strategy to align fiduciary duty and mission, and therefore resolve this ethical tension that can be present in foundations. It concludes with suggestions for future theory and practice.

Cet article défend la pertinence d’une approche sociopolitique de la philanthropie, à
travers cinq clés de lecture : 1) le recours à la science comme point d’appui externe ;
2) l’articulation entre le don et l’action collective ; 3) le lien entre la richesse, les inégalités
et la philanthropie financière ; 4) le rapport entre le don et l’impôt ; et 5) la relation
entre l’État et la philanthropie. Cette recherche, appuyée par un recul historique, invite
ainsi à analyser la philanthropie comme un phénomène politique, malgré son apparente
dépolitisation et sa distance du champ politique. Cette étude est donc également un défi
proposé à la science politique.

This article highlights the relevance of a sociopolitical approach of philanthropy, through
five crosscutting issues: 1) the use of science as an external point of view; 2) the links
between donation and collective action; 3) the relationship between wealth, inequalities
and financial philanthropy; 4) the relations between donation and taxes; and 5) the
relationship between government and philanthropy as a political act. This research is
based on a historical perspective and proposes to analyse philanthropy as a political
phenomenon despite its distance from the political field. This study is also a challenge to
political science.

Captain Josiah W. Macy, Jr. (1838?-1876) was an American Sea Captain and philanthropist.

The Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation was endowed in the name of Captain Josiah W. Macy, Jr., by his daughter (Catherine "Kate" Everit Macy), in 1930. Time Magazine in 1930 reported[3] that the Foundation created a fellowship fund for the expenses of Albert Einstein's assistant. "First incumbent will be Dr. Einstein's good friend and familiar, Dr. Walter Mayer, mathematician at the University of Vienna."

The Global Community Foundation Practice: Experiences, Observations and Implications for Turkey (Executive Summary)
Unlike private or corporate foundations (established based on philanthropic contributions from the wealth of a single person, family or company), community foundations provide a diverse range of individuals with an opportunity to contribute separate funds under the auspices of one foundation. The term ‘community’ refers to the donor community it serves, as well as the population it aims to benefit, which is typically defined geographically (by country, region, city). Ultimately, the donor decides for what purpose (education, health, youth, etc.), to whom (recipient organization), and how (all at once or over a period of time) their funds will be used. Separate funds are managed by the community foundation, which also provides strategic guidance to donors and allocates funds as grants to civil society organizations (CSOs). A portion of donor’s funds (anywhere from 1 to 5 percent) contributes to the foundations’ endowment, which yields income for the operational costs and future sustainability of the organization to ensure its existence for generations to come. This study looks at the community foundation model, examines global practices and functions, and assesses the feasibility of the model for adaption in Turkey.

Following this report and initiatives undertaken by the Third Sector Foundation of Turkey (TUSEV), the first community foundation was established in Turkey (Bolu Donors Foundation).

The lack of systematic, detailed and publicly available information on Mexican civil society organizations, especially donor institutions, has been an important handicap in terms of policy making, organizational strategy, donor coordination and public accountability. As part of the Fiscal Reform of 2007 the national Congress mandated that the Tax Administration Service (or SAT) promote  greater  transparency  among  Mexico’s  tax-exempt organizations. The Philanthropy and Civil Society Project has created a database drawing on financial information made available publicly for the first time in 2009 on nearly 5,000 tax-exempt institutions. As Mexico’s fiscal framework does not distinguish between donor institutions and other not-for-profits, the PCSP identifies donor institutions based on grants made. The data indicate that donor institutions are few and far between in Mexico and that their resources are highly concentrated. Given an unfavorable context and these characteristics the authors conclude that efforts to encourage and strengthen these organizations should focus on making their information more accessible to various stakeholders – including their peers – and working towards greater public accountability in their use of private resources for public purposes.

and the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) in the inter-war period. I will be able to fully evaluate the implications of the records of the RAC once I complete the investigation of additional archival material from other German archives-Staatsbibliothek Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Landesarchiv Berlin, and Deutsches Bundesarchiv.

This publication marks the culmination of a two year research initiative undertaken by TUSEV (Third Sector Foundation of Turkey) to understand and measure the potential for social justice philanthropy in Turkey. This study was part of a larger effort supported by the Ford Foundation to encourage philanthropy in Islamic societies.

The role of institutionalized philanthropy is a blind spot in Canadian scholarship on public management. This article identifies five ways in which private "family" foundations add value to public management: through their roles in grantmaking; advancing social innovation; field building; shaping ideas; and advocating for policy and social change. An assessment of how well Canada's largest family foundations-those holding more than $100 million in assets-perform on each of these indicates they are not realizing their potential and need to be more attentive to their claim to public legitimacy. Equally, governments need to be more creative in how they work with the philanthropic sector. Sommaire : Le rôle de la philanthropie institutionnalis ee est un angle mort dans le travail des erudits canadiens portant sur la gestion publique. Cet article r epertorie cinq manières par lesquelles des fondations familiales priv ees sont une valeur ajout ee a la gestion publique : a travers leurs rôles dans l'accord de subventions; en faisant progresser l'innovation sociale; en promouvant la conception de domaines; en elaborant des id ees; et en pr econisant des changements politiques et sociaux. Après avoir evalu e la performance, dans chacun de ces rôles, des plus importantes fondations familiales du Canada-c'est-a-dire celles qui d etiennent plus de 100 millions $ en actifs-cela nous laisse a penser qu'elles ne donnent pas leur juste mesure et doivent porter plus d'attention a leur revendication de l egitimit e publique. Egalement, les gouvernements doivent faire preuve de plus de cr eativit e dans leur manière de collaborer avec le secteur philanthropique.

This report, commissioned by the John Brademas Center of New York University, seeks to provide a broad picture of private sector funding and foundation activity in support of international artistic and cultural exchange. As a potential instrument of public diplomacy and means for fostering greater cross-cultural understanding among citizens, artistic exchange is of particular importance in the current historical moment. Yet, recent research by the Robert Sterling Clark Foundation suggests that both public and private grantmaking in this field declined substantially after the turn of the 21st century (Ayers 2010).

Broadly, this research found that grantmakers were divesting from programs and projects in support of international cultural exchange between 2003 and 2008. The report aimed not only to describe the state of funding in the field for artistic and cultural exchange, but also to reinvigorate foundation activity in this area by articulating its value and clearly depicting contemporary gaps in support. The current report provides an update to Robert Sterling Clark Foundation’s (RSF) important work.

If public goods are broadly defined as resources that not only benefit those who possess them but society in general, then US philanthropic foundations have long been providers of public goods in Latin America, due to their grants to institutions of research and higher education and to human rights activists. One of these resources that can be considered public goods are what I call “sound policies.” Here the term simply means policies devised by properly trained public officials that have access to the information necessary to achieve their policy goals. In this post , I propose to consider philanthropic support to education, the elaboration of statistics, and human rights activism as producing public goods. I first spell out the new insights that we obtain if we consider philanthropies’ involvement in facilitating, for example, training to diplomats and economic statistics as a strategy to provide sound policies. Less intuitive is the claim that in the mid-1970s, when the Ford Foundation initiated its human rights programs in the Southern Cone, philanthropic foundations and other donors became providers of a second type of public good on the continent, in addition to sound policies, that is, security. Common to both public goods is the centrality of information.

Once largely confined to the biggest cities in the mid-Atlantic and Great Lakes states, philanthropic foundations now play a significant role in nearly every state. Wide-ranging and incisive, the essays in this book examine the origins, development, and accomplishments of philanthropic foundations in key cities and regions of the United States. Each contributor assesses foundation efforts to address social and economic inequalities, and to encourage cultural and creative life in their home regions and elsewhere. Individua chapters take up foundations in New York, Baltimore, Washington D.C., Northeastern Ohio, Chicago, the South, Texas, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Silicon Valley, and Washington State. Appendices document the changing list of the largest foundations by assets in 1946, 1979, and 2012; and the distribution of community foundations and smaller foundations across the U.S. This book is published by Indiana University Press. It

This article explores perceptions of local philanthropic foundations situated in community-based initiative (CBI) policies that aim to achieve educational goals through the establishment of collaborative connections between schools and multiple local actors. Although roles of philanthropy in public education are controversial, scholars have yet to rigorously consider the specific local context of CBIs. We aim to help fill this research gap by investigating the main collective orientations that underlie actions of local foundations in German CBIs. Based on semi-structured interviews with chairpersons in a south German municipality, we examine patterns of experience and attitude through application of the documentary method. The reconstructed collective orientations allow for the identification of four primary roles of philanthropy in CBIs. Notably, the addition of an advocacy role relocates a phenomenon that was previously identified as a disruptive element at a (supra-)national leve...

Peter Weber analyzes the relationship between the German School of Politics and US philanthropic foundations. The intellectuals close to the School of Politics were positioned at the critical intersection between private initiative and public action and aimed to influence the development of a German democratic society with the support of both German and American philanthropic institutions. This work points to the asymmetric connections between American ideals of democratic processes and the realities of the German political system, and hence raises general questions about the role of transnational philanthropy in support of democracy.

Judged by its charter and by the character of its initial program, the Russell Sage Foundation might be described as the oldest general-purpose foundation in the United States.  Yet it was created to serve particular purposes for one movement, the movement to organize charity and professionalize social work, and it is generally viewed as having been devoted to the field of social work from its founding in 1907 to until its reorganization in 1947.  In fact, the Russell Sage Foundation was also deeply involved in several other fields during its first decades: it was as influential in the fields of housing, zoning, and city planning; industrial relations; and social research as it was in the field of social work.  It was also prominent in public health (especially in educating people about ways to avoid tuberculosis) and in education.  And it sought effectively to shape movements for the welfare of women and children, to reform the pawnshop and consumer loan business, and to care for the blind.