Ozone layer depletion

For the first time, the photosynthetic performance of field-grown macroalgae from the Magellan Strait was evaluated with respect to their photoadaptation in the field and acclimation potential to ultraviolet radiation. Five macroalgal species were collected in the eulittoral and the upper sublittoral: Ulva intestinalis, Porphyra columbina, Adenocystis utricularis, Desmarestia confervoides and D. ligulata. Photosynthesis vs. irradiance (P-I) curves of macroalgae

After a brief non-technical discussion of the science, this ppt discusses the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol (and amendments) in relation to the ozone layer as well as climate change. The Vienna Convention served as an important template for later international agreements that tacked other environmental issues.

A vital measure for global warming policy is the marginal impact of a tonne of carbon emitted to the atmosphere. In economic terms, this value corresponds to the carbon tax level needed to internalize the externalities associated with climate change. This study re-evaluates the marginal impact of CO 2 emissions in the light of new scientific and economic understanding of the cooling effects of sulphate aerosols and ozone depletion, the regional distribution of global warming damages, non-Unearity in damage as a function of temperature rise and the appropriate discount rate.

The impact of air traffic on the global atmosphere is characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, concerning both the physico-chemical phenomena involved and the extent of the forcing due to anthropogenic emissions. The different effects of these emissions (eg on ...

Background, Aims and Scope In recent years, the automotive industry has been experiencing an increasing concern with environmental requirements. A particular focus is being given to light-weighting of cars, to reducing fuel consumption and to the use of different recycling materials. Consequently, decisions on product design and development must involve economic and technological as well as environmental considerations. In adequate conditions, the LCA methodology enables one to assist an effective integration of the environmental considerations in the decision-making process [1]. In this paper, a multi-material car component which is part of the current automotive brake system, has been modified by its original manufacturer. Such a modification included the use of a new multi-material injection moulding process and the consumption of recyclable materials. The new and the current component were comparatively assessed throughout their life cycles in order to evaluate their respective environmental impacts and, thus, to verify if the new component offers a lower environmental load. The results described in this paper are part of the outcome of a broader research project involving industrial companies, university, technological centres and research institutes based in Portugal, Spain and Germany. Main Features The car component under focus has four subcomponents whose base materials consist of steel and plastic. The LCA methodology is used to evaluate two scenarios describing the new car component, on the one hand, and the reference scenario, which consists of the existing car component, on the other. The former results from the selection of new subcomponents materials, aiming to use a new production process together with a recycling strategy. Results and Discussion The inventory analysis shows a lower energy consumption in the alternative scenario (4.2 MJ) compared to the reference scenario (6.1 MJ). Most of that energy is still non-renewable, relating in particular to crude consumption in the car use phase and in the production phase (transports and plastics production). The life cycle inventory analysis indicates also that the alternative scenario has lower air emissions of CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, NM VOC and PM10, as well as lower solid wastes and water emissions of oils and BOD5. Otherwise, the water emissions of undissolved substances and COD are higher for the alternative scenario. Most of the energy consumed and the air pollutants inventoried occur as a consequence of the use phase. Otherwise, for most of the life cycle water emissions inventoried and solid wastes, the production phase is the major contributor. The impact assessment, performed with the CML method, allows one to conclude that the alternative scenario exhibits lower results in all the impact categories. Both scenarios have similar environmental profiles, being: (i) the use phase, the major contributor for the abiotic depletion, global warming, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication; and (ii) the production phase, the main contributor for ozone depletion, human toxicity, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity. The sensitivity analysis, with respect to the fuel consumption reduction value, the impact assessment method and the final disposal scenario, performed in this study allows one to confirm, as a main conclusion, that the alternative scenario is environmentally preferable to the reference scenario. Conclusion The results obtained through the application of the LCA methodology enable one to conclude that the alternative component has a lower environmental load than the reference component. Recommendations and Perspectives Considering that the time required for the inventory data collection is a critical issue in LCA practise, the insights provided by this particular case study are likely to be useful to product developers in the car component manufacturing industry, particularly to brake system manufacturers supporting the environmental design within the sector.

Transport "rst became a signi"cant source of air pollution after the problems of sooty smog from coal combustion had largely been solved in western European and North American cities. Since then, emissions from road, air, rail and water transport have been partly responsible for acid deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. Most recently, road tra$c exhaust emissions have been the cause of much concern about the e!ects of urban air quality on human health and tropospheric ozone production. This article considers the variety of transport impacts on the atmospheric environment by reviewing three examples: urban road tra$c and human health, aircraft emissions and global atmospheric change, and the contribution of sulphur emissions from ships to acid deposition. Each example has associated with it a di!erent level of uncertainty, such that a variety of policy responses to the problems are appropriate, from adaptation through precautionary emissions abatement to cost}bene"t analysis and optimised abatement. There is some evidence that the current concern for road transport contribution to urban air pollution is justi"ed, but aircraft emissions should also give cause for concern given that air tra$c is projected to continue to increase. Emissions from road tra$c are being reduced substantially by the introduction of technology especially three-way catalysts and also, most recently, by local tra$c reduction measures especially in western European cities. In developing countries and Eastern Europe, however, there remains the possibility of great increase in car ownership and use, and it remains to be seen whether these countries will adopt measures now to prevent transport-related air pollution problems becoming severe later in the 21st Century.

Research on acid deposition can be traced to the mid-19th century, but has expanded greatly in the last 50 yr, focussing in particular upon the eects on ecosystems of acid deposition caused by the combustion of fossil fuels. Observational studies ®rst associated such acidi®cation with its chemical and biological eects. They were supplemented in 1976 by experimental acidi®cation of a whole lake. By 1980, paleoecological techniques were employed to investigate past histories of acidi®cation. In the 1980s, critical loads were calculated to measure how much acid deposition could be tolerated by aquatic ecosystems. Reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide, as well as experimental studies in the mid-1980s, allowed investigations of recovery from acidi®cation. At the same time, other studies showed that lake sediments and wetland peats mitigate acid deposition by reducing sulfate and nitrate. In the mid-1990s it has become apparent that acid deposition interacts with other environmental stresses such as climate warming and ozone depletion. #

This paper explores an experimental investigation of an alternative eco-friendly refrigerant for R134a with a
better Coefficient Of Performance (COP), reduced Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion
Potential(ODP). This investigation has been accessed using a hydrocarbon refrigerant mixture composing of
R32/R600a/R290 in the ratio of 70:5:25 by weight. The performance characteristics of the domestic
refrigerator were predicted using continuous running tests under different ambient temperatures and cyclic
running (On/Off) tests at the fixed temperatures i.e., evaporation temperature (-5˚C) and condensation
temperature (30˚C). The obtained results showed that the hydrocarbon mixture has lower values of energy
consumption; pull down time and ON time ratio also higher Coefficient of Performance (COP). Thus, the
performance of the alternate refrigerant derives the better choice than R134a.
Keywords: Domestic refrigerator, Alternative refrigerant, R32, R600a, R290, R134a

The present framework will offer the practitioner the choice to use either midpoint or damage indicators, depending on modelling uncertainty and increase in results interpretability. Due to the collaboration of acknowledged specialists in environmental processes and LCIA around the globe, it is expected that -after a few years of effort -the task forces of the Life Cycle Initiative will provide consistent and operational sets of methods and factors for LCIA in the future.

A set of exploratory studies and mental model interviews was conducted in order to characterize public understanding of climate change. In general, respondents regarded global warming as both bad and highly likely. Many believed that warming has already occurred. They tended to confuse stratospheric omne depletion with the greenhouse effect and weather with climate. Automobile use, heat and emissions from industrial processes, aerosol spray cans, and pollution in general were frequently perceived as primary causes of global warming. Additionally, the "greenhouse effect" was often interpreted literally as the cause of a hot and steamy climate. The effects attributed to climate change often included increased skin cancer and changed agricultural yields. The mitigation and control strategies proposed by interviewees typically focused on general pollution control, with few specific links to carbon dioxide and energy use. Respondents appeared to be relatively unfamiliar with such regulatory developments as the ban on CFCS for nonessential uses. These beliefs must be considered by those designing risk communications or presenting climaterelated policies to the public.

Snow, through its trace constituents, can have a major impact on lower tropospheric chemistry, as evidenced by ozone depletion events (ODEs) in oceanic polar areas. These ODEs are caused by the chemistry of bromine compounds that originate from sea salt bromide. Bromide may be supplied to the snow surface by upward migration from sea ice, by frost flowers being wind-blown to the snow surface, or by wind-transported aerosol generated by sea spray. We investigate here the relative importance of these processes by analyzing ions in snow near Alert and Ny-Ålesund (Canadian and European high Arctic) in winter and spring. Vertical ionic profiles in the snowpack on sea ice are measured to test upward migration of sea salt ions and to seek evidence for ion fractionation processes. Time series of the ionic composition of surface snow layers are investigated to quantify wind-transported ions. Upward migration of unfractionated sea salt to heights of at least 17 cm was observed in winter snow, leading to Cl − concentration of several hundred µM. Upward migration thus has the potential to supply ions to surface snow layers. Time series show that wind can deposit aerosols to the top few cm of the snow, leading also to Cl − concentrations of several hundred µM, so that both diffusion from sea ice and wind transport can significantly contribute ions to snow. At Ny-Ålesund, sea salt transported by wind was unfractionated, implying that it comes from sea spray rather than frost flowers. Estimations based on our results suggest that the marine snowpack contains about 10 times more Na + than the frost flowers, so that both the marine snowpack and frost flowers need to be considered as sea salt sources. Our data suggest that ozone depletion chemistry can significantly enhance the Br − content of snow. We speculate that this can also take place in coastal regions and contribute to propagate ODEs inland. Finally, we stress the need to measure snow physical parameters such as permeability and specific surface area to understand quantitatively changes in snow chemistry.

Life cycle assessments of bio-based polymer resin and products historically have shown favorable results in terms of environmental impacts and energy use compared to petroleum-based products. However, calculation of these impacts always depends on the system and boundary conditions considered during the study. This paper reports a cradle-to-cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in comparison with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(styrene) (PS) thermoformed clamshell containers, used for packaging of strawberries with emphasis on different end-of-life scenarios. It considers all the inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and seed corn required for the growing and harvesting of corn used for manufacturing PLA. For PET and PS, the extraction of crude oil and the entire cracking processes from crude oil through styrene and ethylene glycol and terephathalic acid are considered. Global warming, aquatic acidification, aquatic eutrophication, aquatic ecotoxicity, ozone depletion, non-renewable energy and respiratory organics, land occupation and respiratory inorganics were the selected midpoint impact categories. The geographical scope of the study reflects data from Europe, North America and the Middle East. PET showed the highest overall values for all the impact categories, mainly due to the higher weight of the containers. The main impacts to the environment were the resin production and the transportation stage of the resins and containers. This implies that the transportation stage of the package is an important contributor to the environmental impact of the packaging systems, and that it cannot be diminished.

يوافق هذا العام مرور 100 عام على ميلاد الأستاذ الدكتور مصطفى كمال طُلبة، الذي يعد "أبو بروتوكول مونتريال"، تلك الاتفاقية التي تهدف إلى إنقاذ طبقة الأوزون المعروفة على نطاق واسع بأنها جزء من أنجح المعاهدات البيئية في العالم.

في ظل الاهتمام العالمي بظواهر التغير المناخي، والاهتمام السياسي والعلمي والإعلامي غير المسبوق بهذه القضية البيئية المهمة التي تهدد مستقبل البشرية، قد يستغرب البعض أن أول من دعا لمثل هذا الاهتمام علماء عرب ومصريون، وبالتحديد من قسم النبات والميكروبيولوجي بكلية العلوم جامعة القاهرة.
القصاص وطلبة
أول هؤلاء الباحثين الأستاذ الدكتور محمد عبد الفتاح القصاص، والثاني زميله وصديق عمره الأستاذ الدكتور مصطفى كمال طلبة، ونال العالمان المصريان شرف تمثيل مصر والدول العربية في المنظمات الأممية والمحافل الدولية، وترك كل منهما بصمات واضحة في العلم والسياسات الدولية والاهتمام بالقضايا الكونية الخاصة بتغير المناخ.

CBrF3 (Halon-1301) is a man-made ozone depleting substance that is a major source of bromine in the Earth's stratosphere. Halon-1301 is predominantly removed from the atmosphere by UV photolysis in the stratosphere at wavelengths between 200 and 225 nm. The existing level of uncertainty in the Halon-1301 UV absorption spectrum temperature-dependence directly impacts the ability to model stratospheric ozone chemistry and climate change. In this work, the UV absorption spectrum of Halon-1301 between 195 and 235 nm was measured over the temperature range 210–320 K. An empirical parameterization of the spectrum and its temperature dependence is presented. The present results are critically compared with results from previous studies and the current recommendation for use in atmospheric models. A global annually averaged lifetime for Halon-1301 of 74.6 (73.7–75.5) years was calculated using a 2-D atmospheric model and the present results. The range of lifetimes given in parenthesis represents the possible values due solely to the 2s uncertainty in the Halon-1301 UV spectrum obtained in this work. In addition, the CBrF3 ozone depletion potential was calculated using the 2-D model to be 18.6 (AE0.1) using the UV spectrum and 2s uncertainty from this work.

The United Nations is financed mostly by taxpayers from a few donor countries but the large and growing bureaucracy is too far removed from those taxpayers to be directly accountable to them. It is run by unelected, unaccountable, undisciplined, and incompetent bureaucrats. The organization's size, budget, and scope are unconstrained. The budget funding process provides perverse incentives for these bureaucrats to increase the size and scope of their organization simply by creating multitudes of agencies and programs, and by inventing problems and environmental crises set on a global scale.

In domestic refrigerators and refrigeration system the most widely used refrigerant is R134a.It must be phased out soon according to Kyoto protocol due to its high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1300. Hydrocarbon mixture (HCM) is an alternative refrigerant for Hydro Fluorocarbon (HFC) and Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds due to their lower GWP and zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). The impact on the environment is also reduced due to usage of hydrocarbon mixture in different mass ratio. In the present work, an experimental investigation has been made with hydrocarbon refrigerant mixture composed of R290 (Propane) and R600a (Isobutane) as an alternative to R134a in a single evaporator domestic refrigerator. The primary object of the proposed work is to evaluate the performance parameters like compressor power consumption, Discharge temperature, Refrigeration effect, Coefficient of performance (COP), cycle efficiency and Ton of Refrigeration with optimized mixture of R290 and R600a refrigerant and compare it with the performance of R 134a refrigerant. The investigation aims to find out the optimized blending mixture of R290 and R600a refrigerant and validate it towards REFPROP software. The hermetically sealed compressor (Capacity 1/4 T) to be used to analyze the performance of refrigeration cycle. From comparative analysis of both refrigerants it was found that hydrocarbon blend of  R-290 and R-600a in 30%-70% on mass basis given better performance than R-134a refrigerant..

Keywords- Global Warming Potential, Ozone Depletion Potential, REFPROP, VCRS, HCM..

Strain engineering based on either a global approach using high-mobility substrates or the implementation of so-called processing-induced stressors has become common practice for 90 nm and below CMOS technologies. Although the main goal is to improve the performance by increasing the drive current, other electrical parameters such as the threshold voltage, the multiplication current, the low frequency noise and the gate oxide quality in general may be influenced. This paper reviews the impact of different global and local strain engineering techniques on the gate stack quality and its reliability, including hot carrier performance, negative bias temperature instabilities, time dependent dielectric breakdown and radiation hardness. Recent insights will be discussed and the influence of different strain engineering approaches illustrated.

NOx and HOx production in the upper atmosphere caused by geomagnetic phenomena such as EPP (Energetic particles precipitation), under the appropriate meteorological conditions may descent within the polar vortex. Such phenomenon can modify substantially the NOy budget of upper stratosphere and participate in catalytic processes controlling ozone of polar regions. However, the inclusion in existing stratospheric models of ionic or

In domestic refrigerators and refrigeration system the most widely used refrigerant is R134a.It must be phased out soon according to Kyoto protocol due to its high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1300. Hydrocarbon mixture (HCM) is an alternative refrigerant for Hydro Fluorocarbon (HFC) and Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds due to their lower GWP and zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). The impact on the environment is also reduced due to usage of hydrocarbon mixture in different mass ratio. In the present work, an experimental investigation has been made with hydrocarbon refrigerant mixture composed of R290 (Propane) and R600a (Isobutane) as an alternative to R134a in a single evaporator domestic refrigerator. The primary object of the proposed work is to evaluate the performance parameters like compressor Input power, Discharge temperature, Heat rejected in condenser, Refrigeration effect and Coefficient of performance (COP) with optimized mixture of R290 and R600a refrigerant and compare it with the performance of R 134a refrigerant. The investigation aims to optimize the suitable blending for the mixture of R290 and R600a refrigerant and validate it towards REFPROP software for optimization of Blends. The hermetically sealed compressor to be used to analyze the performance of refrigeration cycle.

Keywords- Global Warming Potential, Ozone Depletion Potential, REFPROP, VCRS.

Hypothetical reductions in future emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and N 2 O are evaluated in terms of effects on equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), globally-averaged total column ozone, and radiative forcing through 2100. Due to the established success of the Montreal Protocol, these actions can have only a fraction of the impact on ozone depletion that regulations already in force have had. If all anthropogenic ODS and N 2 O emissions were halted beginning in 2011, ozone is calculated to be higher by about 1-2% during the period 2030-2100 compared to a case of no additional restrictions. Direct radiative forcing by 2100 would be about 0.23 W/m 2 lower from the elimination of anthropogenic N 2 O emissions and about 0.005 W/m 2 lower from the destruction of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) bank. Due to the potential impact of N 2 O on future ozone levels, we provide an approach to incorporate it into the EESC formulation, which is used extensively in ozone depletion analyses. The ability of EESC to describe total ozone changes arising from additional ODS and N 2 O controls is also quantified.

In this paper, for the first time, we present a detailed RF experimental and simulation study of a 3-D multichannel SOI MOSFET (MCFET). Being different from the conventional planar technology, the MCFET features a total of three self-aligned TiN/HfO 2 gate stacks fabricated on top of each other, allowing current to flow through the three undoped ultrathinned silicon bodies (UTBs). In other words, the operation of the MCFET is theoretically based on two UTB double-gate SOIs and a single-gate UTB fully depleted SOI (FDSOI) at the bottom. Using on-wafer S-parameters, the RF/analog figures-of-merit of an MCFET with a gate length of 50 nm are extracted and discussed. Thanks to the enormous transconductance (g m ) and very low output conductance, the RF/analog performances of MCFET-voltage gain (A VI ) and early voltage (V EA ) are superior compared with that of the single-gate UTB-FDSOI. However, these advantages diminish in terms of transition frequency (f T ), due to the large total input gate capacitances (C GG ). This inspires the introduction of spacer engineering in MCFET, aiming at improving both C GG and f T . The sensitivity of the spacer length to the RF/analog performances is experimentally analyzed, and the performance optimization is validated using ac simulation. This paper concludes that optimized MCFETs are a serious contender to the mainstream MOSFETs including FinFETs for realizing future low-power analog applications.

Scientists understanding of the interactions between ozone and the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants in the stratosphere have continued to increase since mid-1970s. This paper reviews the worldwide efforts to reduce the environmentally harmful effects of CFC refrigerants on the stratospheric ozone layer over the last 20 years. It examines the global environmental issues that catalysed recent changes in refrigeration industry. It discusses the effects of ozone depletion, the benefits of the CFC phase-out, the present and the future alternatives to CFC refrigerants.

An eight-transistor (8T) cell is proposed to improve variability tolerance and low-voltage operation in high-speed SRAM caches. While the cell itself can be designed for exceptional stability and write margins, array-level implications must also be considered to achieve a viable memory solution. These constraints can be addressed by modifying traditional 6T-SRAM techniques and conceding some design complexity and area penalties. Altogether, 8T-SRAM can be designed without significant area penalty over 6T-SRAM while providing substantially improved variability tolerance and low-voltage operation with no need for secondary or dynamic power supplies. The proposed 8T solution is demonstrated in a high-performance 32 kb subarray designed in 65 nm PD-SOI CMOS that operates at 5.3 GHz at 1.2 V and 295 MHz at 0.41 V.

Biodiesel production has been considered as one of the most promising renewable resources for transportation fuel in Indonesia. Oil palm and Jatropha curcas are expected as high potential of energy crop in Indonesia. However, from the life cycle aspect, the growth of energy crops has raised concerns due to their high consumption of conventional fuels, fertilizers and pesticides, the materials and energy for processing, and the emissions and wastes which have been released to the environment.

The views of forty primary students about ozone and its depletion were recorded through individual, semistructured interviews. The data analysis resulted in the formation of a limited number of models concerning i) the distribution and role of ozone in the atmosphere, ii) the ozone depletion process, and iii) the consequences of ozone depletion. Children's models involve a variety of alternative conceptions which indicate the presence of a number of different target obstacles, that is, critical factors constraining children's understanding and thus preventing the construction of adequate models. Five target obstacles were identified: a) the lack of conceptual distinction between ultraviolet and other forms of solar radiation, b) the lack of the absorption mechanism of ultraviolet rays by ozone, c) the conceptualisation of the atmosphere as an entirely homogeneous mixture of its constituent gases, d) the non-localisation of the ozone layer around the earth, and e) the lack of interpretation of the 'ozone hole' as a decrease in the concentration of ozone. The identification of those target obstacles constitutes the first step for the design and evaluation of appropriate teaching aims and material.

As part of an overall 'biodiversity crisis', many amphibian populations are in decline throughout the world. Numerous factors have contributed to these declines, including habitat destruction, pathogens, increasing ultraviolet (UV) radiation, introduced non-native species and contaminants. In this paper we review the contribution of increasing UV radiation and environmental contamination to the global decline of amphibian populations. Both UV radiation and environmental contaminants can affect amphibians at all life stages. Exposure to UV radiation and to certain contaminants can kill amphibians and induce sublethal affects in embryos, larvae and adults. Moreover, UV radiation and contaminants may interact with one another synergistically. Synergistic interactions of UV radiation with contaminants can enhance the detrimental effects of the contaminant and UV radiation.

Background, aim and scope The evaluation of packaging's environmental performance usually concentrates on a comparison of different packaging materials or designs. Another important aspect in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies on packaging is the recycling or treatment of packaging wastes. LCA studies of packed food include the packaging with specific focus on the contribution of the packaging to the total results. The consumption behaviour is often assessed only roughly. Packaging is facilitating the distribution of goods to the society. Broader approaches, which focus on the life cycle of packed goods, including the entire supply system and the consumption of goods, are necessary to get an environmental footprint of the system with respect to sustainable production and consumption. Materials and methods A full LCA study has been conducted for two food products: coffee and butter packed in flexible packaging systems. The aim was to investigate the environmental performance of packaging with respect to its function within the life cycle of goods. The study looks at the environmental relevance of stages and interdependencies within the life cycle of goods whilst taking consumers' behaviour and portion sizes into consideration. The impact assessment is based on the following impact categories: nonrenewable cumulative energy demand (CED), climate change, ozone layer depletion (ODP), acidification, and eutrophication.

En la serie "Cosmos: Mundos Posibles" (2020), presentada por el Dr. Tyson, en el último capítulo, sale una niña en el año 2029 imaginando cómo se podría desarrollar el futuro, bajo el tema de "cómo se sanó la tierra".
Y la niña apunta: 2033-Primer contacto con ballenas azules. Canciones traducidas. ¡Están furiosas! 2035-La Amazonia triplica su tamaño. 2037-Por primera vez desde 1966 no hay ingresos en la lista de especies en peligro de extinción. 2040-El décimo coloso de carbono se erige en la Ciudad del Cabo. 2042-El último motor de combustión interna es donado a museo. 2045-Los casquetes polares crecen. 2047-Moluscos que comen plástico de desayuno, avanzan considerablemente en la limpieza de los océanos. 2050-La temperatura global media regresa al nivel de principios del Siglo XX...
La del Dr. Tayson es una visión optimista y sana del futuro del desarrollo humano. También está la otra visión del futuro, la pesimista. De aquí al 2080 un planeta tierra en pleno colapso progresivo...

En 2006 se publica en Chile la Ley N° 20.096, que incorpora al ordenamiento jurídico el Protocolo de Montreal  relativo a sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono, dando un importante paso en la protección del medio ambiente frente al adelgazamiento de la capa en el hemisferio Sur. Este documento, redactado ese mismo año, establece la importancia del daño a la capa de ozono, los esfuerzos internacionales por remeriarlo y la historia de cómo Chile pasó a formar parte de este protocolo.