Forestry and Natural Resources Management

Forest ecosystems deliver valuable services to humanity. However, many forests are being degraded and their services have been undervalued. The main problem lies in the inadequate institutional arrangements for forest governance. This paper aims to assess the effects of alternative forest governance arrangements on the provision and economic values of forest ecosystem services (FES) in Vietnam. The study presents a framework for mapping land use and land cover (LULC) change stemming from actual and hypothetical changes in forest governance regimes, quantifies the resulting changes in the provision of FES, and estimates the associated economic values. In the context of the study site in the North Western uplands of Vietnam, we test three alternative forest gov-ernance scenarios: business as usual, with a dominant government role; a community-based governance regime; and a private, individual-based forestry governance regime. Scenarios are based quite closely on the way these regimes are (or might be expected to be) implemented in Vietnam. For each forest governance scenario, we map LULC changes based on land suitability analysis and transition likelihood for the period 2010 − 2020. The resulting maps are used as inputs into the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) model, which is used to estimate the quantity of three specific FES: carbon storage/sequestration, sediment yield, and water yield. We apply economic valuation methods to value these services: the social cost of carbon is used to estimate the economic values of carbon storage/sequestration; the cost of removing sediment deposited in reservoirs is applied for valuing the reduction of sediment yield, and the residual value of water supply for hydropower generation is used for valuing water yield. The results show that forest governance regimes have a significant effect not only on forest LULC, but also on the quantity and values of FES derived from forests. The FES are differentially affected by alternative forest governance regimes: some FES increase in quantity and value under some governance regimes and decrease under others. Of the three forest governance regimes examined, there is no one regime that will always be 'better' than the others in terms of provisioning all considered FES. For the specific context of Vietnam, we find that the private forest governance scenario is inferior to the community-based governance scenario, as an alternative to the current state-based governance. Because our results pertain to the scenarios as constructed, rather than generally to broad categories of gov-ernance regimes, there remains the possibility that regimes can be constructed that outperform all of those examined here.

Opuntia tuna est une espèce bien adaptée dans la zone des Niayes au Sénégal. Sa prolifération assez rapide est due en partie à une sous exploitation suscitant ainsi un envahissement de quelques espaces agropastoraux. Dans une perspective de valorisation et de meilleure gestion de l’espèce, cette présente étude a été conduite pour comprendre les formes d’usages et de gestion de la plante par les populations locales afin de la promouvoir pour renforcer leur résilience. L’étude a porté sur cinq villages de la zone nord des Niayes auprès de petits exploitants de maraichers. Des enquêtes qualitatives par entretiens et groupes de discussion ont été conduites. Elles ont porté sur le niveau de connaissance, les pratiques et usages connus du cactus, les contraintes liées à sa présence, les solutions adoptées ou envisagées et le niveau de perception sur sa valorisation. Les résultats ont révélé de nombreux usages de la plante et de ses produits. Plus de la moitié des personnes enquêtées utilise le cactus dans le domaine agricole. L’élevage, la pharmacopée et l’alimentation sont d’autres secteurs également concernés par l’usage du cactus. Les analyses ont montré que la plupart des personnes enquêtées (94%) admettent un degré d’envahissement très élevé de Opuntia tuna. Le niveau d’envahissement pourrait être liée à la zoochorie selon 38% des hommes et 33% des femmes. La bonne adaptation de l’espèce dans la zone serait également un facteur de prolifération selon 33% des hommes et 23 % des femmes. Afin de pallier la prolifération rapide du cactus les maraichers ont développé des stratégies de gestion telles que le brulis, la coupe et le dessouchage. Une meilleure gestion de cette espèce qui présente de nombreux usages pour les maraichers de la zone des Niayes est nécessaire. De tels usages de l’espèce, valorisés davantage pourrait contribuer de façon significative à la diversification des sources de revenus des communautés locales et au développement durable de la zone des Niayes.

Conflict is an one of the inevitable outcomes of any interaction between two or more parties who appear to be unable to mutually agree on the terms or conduct of a certain policy, undertaking or project. For high-stake projects such as forestry which often involve the handling, manipulation and utilization of the natural ecosystem and resources, a sound understanding of the conflict tree is of utmost importance, since its subsequent handling, resolution and mitigation may have far-reaching consequences on the resource as well as the stakeholders themselves.  Skills in negotiation and conflict resolution therefore are indispensable and should be mastered by future project planners and implementers.

Forest cover in hilly regions is essential to maintain environmental, economic and ecological balances. The production, conservation and sustainability of forest resources are constantly threatened by inappropriate anthropogenic intervention and exploitation. This study was conducted in 2019 to discover the sustainable management of forest resources and rural livelihoods in the Darjeeling Hills. The study results also indicate that little attention has been paid to the cultural, traditional and environmental value of forest resources in Darjeeling Hills. Even awareness programs on the use and conservation of forest resources by various government and non-governmental organizations are limited in the study area. Current forest management strategies suggest that forest resources are common resources, resulting in the lack of active participation of rural households in forest conservation practices.

Environmental Impact Statement Report of oil palm plantation project in CADC-CBFMA #74006; Indigenous People (Manobo tribe in Kasapa area) based & initiated economic endeavour, located in Loreto & Lapaz, Agusan del Sur, PHILIPPINES. Approved.

ABSTRACT: Trentino is an Italian alpine region (about 6200 Km2 ) with a forest coverage exceeding 60% of its whole surface. In the past, forest landscape has changed dramatically, especially in periods of forest over-exploitation. Previous studies in some Trentino sub-regions (Val di Fassa, Paneveggio) have identified these changes and the current trend of forest growth at the expenses of open areas, such as pastures and grasslands, due to the abandonment of rural areas. This phenomenon leads to the rapid Alpine landscape change and profoundly affects the ecological features of mountain ecosystems. To be able to monitor and to take future actions about this trend it is fundamental to know in detail the historical situation of the progressive changes on the land use that occurred over Trentino. The work aims to comprehensively reconstruct the forest cover of whole Trentino at high resolution (5m x 5m pixels) using a series of maps spanning a long period, consisting in historical maps, aerial images, remote sensed information and historical archives. The datasets were archived, processed and analyzed using the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) GIS GRASS and QGIS. Historical maps include Atlas Tyrolensis (dated 1770), Theresianischer Kataster (dated 1859) and Italian Kingdom Forest Map (IKFM) of 1936. The aerial imagery dataset includes aerial images taken in 1954, which have been orthorectified during this research, and orthophotos available for years 1973, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2010 and 2016. Remote sensed information includes Landsat and recent Lidar data, while historical archives consist mostly in Forest Management Plans available since around 1950. The versatility of the wide variety of modules supplied from the FOSS GRASS and QGIS enabled to perform a diverse set of analysis and pre-processing (e.g.: orthorectification) on a heterogeneous dataset of input images. We will focus on the different strategies and methodologies implemented in the FOSS GIS used to process the various types of geographic data, challenges for the future of the research and the fundamental role of the FOSS systems in this process. Quantifying forest change in the time-span of our dataset can be used to perform further analysis on ecosystem services, such as protection from soil erosion, and on modification of biome diversity and to create future change scenarios.
KEY WORDS: Remote sensing, mapping, orthophotos, GRASS GIS, QGIS, Trentino, Forestry, Ecology

Forest cover in hilly regions is essential to maintain environmental, economic and ecological balances. The production, conservation and sustainability of forest resources are constantly threatened by inappropriate anthropogenic intervention and exploitation. This study was conducted in 2019 to discover the sustainable management of forest resources and rural livelihoods in the Darjeeling Hills. The study results also indicate that little attention has been paid to the cultural, traditional and environmental value of forest resources in Darjeeling Hills. Even awareness programs on the use and conservation of forest resources by various government and non-governmental organizations are limited in the study area. Current forest management strategies suggest that forest resources are common resources, resulting in the lack of active participation of rural households in forest conservation practices.

HIGHLIGHTS • Database attractiveness is independent of data quality. • Global forest products databases have different levels of quality. • Since many data users are not data professionals or statisticians, the quality of a database is not the decisive factor. • A combination of technical, political and developmental factors can explain the increasing discrepancy between the African export and Chinese import forest products trade data. • Global forest statistics providers may be motivated to put more effort into improving database attractiveness and related incentives rather than quality. SUMMARY What drives discrepancies and inconsistencies in global forest statistics? The use of global statistics has influenced academic research and sectoral policies of forest ecosystems since the first global forest assessment was conducted in 1948 or even earlier. Very little work has been done to provide a comprehensive analysis of the governance structure and the quality of predominant international forest databases. Furthermore , very little is known about the attractiveness and/or repulsiveness of global forest statistics platforms to scholars, policy-makers and other users. To reduce knowledge gap, this article examines the governance structure and strategies of three major databases which provide data on global forest products trade including timber export/import flows data, namely FAOSTAT, the United Nations Comtrade, and Chatham House's Resource Trade Earth. This paper uses conceptual and theoretical frameworks of data governance and nudge theories are used to study the production, quality, attractiveness and repulsiveness of global forest statistics and the related platforms through research on a qualitative and quantitative methodological approach. The main findings show that among the above three data platforms, only Comtrade received first-hand data directly from UN producing member states' offices, while the other organisations depend on Comtrade, transform secondhand data. More importantly, the article reveals that the levels of quality and attractiveness of the forest databases in our study are unequal and that database attractiveness is not based on quality. As a result, global forest statistics providers may be motivated to put more effort into improving database attractiveness rather than quality, which is more challenging. Consequently, it is likely that the governance structure and strategies reported in these databases can substantially affect the reliability of numbers used in academic research and policy-decisions since they are generated from the related global forest statistics. Gouvernance des statistiques forestières globales: étude de cas du commerce des produits forestiers entre Afrique Sub-Saharienne et Chine Y. ZHAO, Y.M. KROTT et S. ONGOLO Quelles sont les causes des écarts et incohérences observées dans les données statistiques globales sur les forêts? l'utilisation des données statistiques globales exerce une influence sur les travaux de recherche académique et les politiques publiques sectorielles relatives aux écosys-tèmes forestiers, au moins depuis le premier rapport de l'état globale des forêts publié en 1948. Très peu d'études ont été conduites pour fournir une analyse approfondie sur le système de gouvernance et la qualité des bases de données majeures de production des statistiques globales forestières. De même, il existe assez peu de connaissance sur l'attractivité et/ou répulsivité des plateformes globales des données statistiques forestières pour les chercheurs, décideurs politiques et autres usagers de ces données dans la société. Afin de réduire ce manque de connaissance, cet article examine le système de gouvernance et les stratégies de trois bases de données majeures qui fournissent des données quantitatives sur le commerce global des produits forestiers y compris les flux d'exportation/importation des grumes de bois: il s'agit de FAOSTAT, la base de données Comtrade des Nations Unies et Resource Trade Earth de l'organisation Chatham House. Le cadre conceptuel et théorique de cet article mobilise la théorie de la gouvernance des données et la théorie du 'coup de pouce' afin de questionner les processus de production, la qualité, l'attractivité et/ou la répulsivité des données statistiques globales sur les produits forestiers et des plateformes qui y sont associées. L'approche

Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks
Carbonate reservoirs, which are typically dual or triple porosity systems, produce a major portion of the world’s oil and gas and hold more than half of the world’s largest crude oil and natural gas reserves. The best known Jurassic carbonate reservoirs are the Arab-D and Arab-C systems, Hanifa and Hadriya. These reservoirs account for large quantities of crude oil production in Saudi Arabia. The Permo-Triassic Khuff formation holds the world’s largest known natural gas reserves in five Arabian Gulf countries. Some of the world’s best quality crude oil is located in two Cretaceous carbonate reservoirs: the Shuaiba and Tharmama reservoirs. Many of these carbonate reservoirs are naturally fractured and/or have an extensive and extremely complex secondary porosity system. Accurately predicting amounts and types of porosity, locally for field development and regionally for stratigraphic traps, is a major challenge. Three methods are used to estimate fracture porosity: well-test analysis, well logging, and core analysis.

A natural fracture is a planar discontinuity in reservoir rock due to deformation or physical diagenesis. Diagenesis—chemical and physical changes after deposition—strongly modifies the reservoir properties possessed at the time of deposition. The dominant diagenetic process consists of early cementation, selective dissolution of aragonite and reprecipitation as calcite, burial cementation, dolomitization, and compaction-driven microfracturing [2]. Cementation and compaction forces completely eradicate any porosity available at the time of deposition. However, chemical changes, usually dissolution, especially in carbonate rocks, modify the initial porosity and recover it partially. Depositional facies, their architecture, systems, and tracts are predominant driving factors in the distribution and quality of current reservoir properties, which are completely different from the properties at the time of deposition.

High-permeability vugs, molds, natural fractures, and caverns in carbonate rocks are the result of intense dissolution, which took place before burial as a result of nonreservoir or seal units. Dissolution is also caused by meteoric diagenesis, which is related to subaerial exposure of carbonate rocks and is explained by the general aggressiveness of meteoric water toward sedimentary carbonate minerals. Aragonite is metastable, which dissolves and precipitates into cement, whereas calcite is stable and less affected by dissolution. Such a type of dissolution causes significant variation in the distribution of porosity and permeability in the reservoirs, thereby defining reservoir quality.

This Committee is of the firm view that allowing mining in the proposed mining lease area by depriving two Primitive Tribal Groups of their rights over the proposed mining site in order to benefit a private company would shake the faith of tribal people in the laws of the land which may have serious consequences for the security and well being of the entire country.

ÁRBOL (origen etimológico) es una comunicación por la cual Enrique Cabrejas pone en conocimiento que las palabras españolas no son tal y como las conocemos en la actualidad, se refiere a que fueron pensadas de otro y de distinto modo al idioma latín. Ni lo imaginan. Sí, lo que vemos como letras no son únicamente grafemas, unidades mínimas de escritura sino ideas. La ortografía española es una escritura fonética, figurativa y también significada -según Cabrejas-. Nuestros caracteres son ideogramas. ¡Asombroso!

The Western Ghats are a world renowned Biodiversity Hotspot with high endemic value and an abundance of natural resources. However, the forest habitats have been severely depleted and fragmented resulting in a degraded system of discrete, disconnected primary forest fragments, set in an agricultural landscape with areas of scrubland and secondary forest growth. The modern era of exploitation can be traced back to the colonial years and has been continued in in recent times as urban development and population growth squeeze natural ecosystems into smaller spaces. It has been noted that throughout this era of exploitation there has been a tendency towards management concentrated on discrete forest patches, which lack data and knowledge regarding their ecological communities. As habitats continue to be degraded there is a need to fill these knowledge gaps and improve habitat management towards catchment and landscape-scale thinking. The research presented here focuses on Avian-floristic relationship, nature education and community exploitation of forest resources. It combines mega flora diversity, tree species assemblage and abundance, density, species richness canopy cover and bird diversity along with surveys of village inhabitants. The aim is to understand the quality of different forest types, specifically primary and secondary forests, work with village communities to understand their need to exploit forest resources, and how this exploitation impacts the ecologies of the forests. Finally, suggestions for improved management of forests are offered placing the forest fragments into the context of landscape-scale conservation management. A bark identification key was developed to assist with identifying tree species divided into 9 bark types. It was shown that
Legumenosae followed by Moraceae are dominant tree species in the forests. While the inventory revealed 61 species of trees and 85 bird species within the forests. The results showed the canopy cover structure and Gap Light Analysis (%Canopy openness and %transmitted gap light) interlinked and how these change season by season. The village surveys highlighted a need to develop awareness raising within local communities. However, it was found that poverty and poor resources forced people to exploit the forests. Thus, poverty was a clear driver for accessing the forests for products such as food, firewood and medicinal plants. This direct forest exploitation was further exacerbated by agricultural encroachment, particularly of livestock grazing.
Bird species displayed a clear preference towards primary forests suggesting a richer habitat in both plant and invertebrate species. This highlighted the need to protect primary forests. At the same time it was felt important to recommend extending forest cover through regeneration of trees in plots adjacent to primary forests. Other conservation measures recommended included better management of riparian zones, increased wildlife corridor cover as well as improved resources for the rural poor who are forced to exploit primary forests despite the negative impacts of such exploitation.

Full paper available here: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/03/forest-sector-revenues-ghana-liberia-and-republic-congo/acknowledgments

Good fiscal management is of critical importance if the forest sector is to fulfil its potential to contribute to sustainable development. In recognition of this, fiscal management has been the focus of much attention from the international community, including through the EU’s Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI).
This paper assesses whether fiscal management in the forest sector has improved as a result of these reform efforts, focusing on three African countries: Ghana, Liberia and the Republic of the Congo. Two questions are considered: whether the efficiency of forest revenue collection has improved over the last decade, and whether revenues are being disbursed to subnational governments and to forest communities as is legally required.
While some improvements have been seen over the last decade, neither governments nor rural communities in those three countries are receiving the amount of revenues they are entitled to from the forest sector.
With respect to the efficiency of forest sector revenue collection – the proportion of revenues collected compared to those invoiced – the available evidence in Ghana suggests that this is mostly good, while in Liberia and the Congo, efficiency is poor with arrears in the millions of dollars.
There are limited data in all three countries on the revenues that are being disbursed from central to subnational governments. More information is available on benefit-sharing arrangements with communities. In the Congo, compliance remains weak while in Ghana and Liberia there is some evidence of improvements in compliance on the part of both government and companies. However, communities are still owed significant revenues.
For all three countries, access to robust data on forest sector revenues remains inadequate. Given that enhanced transparency has been an important factor underlying the progress seen in fiscal management, further reforms in this area should be prioritized.

The term community-based wildlife conservation (CWC) refers to wildlife conservation efforts that involve indigenous people as an integral part of wildlife conservation policy. The key elements of such program are that the local communities participate in resource planning and management and the gain economically from the wildlife preservation in diverse ways. CBC is seen as an alternative to the more rigid protectionist policies of the past which often alienated indigenous people from conservation policy planning. This new approach acts to make the rural people a constituency for wildlife and therefore active backers of wildlife protection.
In a time were Africa is battling with severe social and economic problems such as poverty, long-standing economic stagnation, rapid population growth, and environmental deterioration due to the primitive means of livelihood options, the application of CWC may be not seem readily or successfully swift as the advocates will hope but rather gradual integration of this policy will help reduce forest encroachment and wildlife exploitation to a very large extent.  This study on villages and communities within the Akamkpa Local Government Area accessed the efforts the communities surrounding the Protected Area of Cross River National Park, Oban Division play in wildlife conservation, the study accessed the attitudes and behavior of local people towards wildlife conservation, indigenous people’s awareness of wildlife resources and conservation, contributions of the Park Management to support-zone communities in a way to encourage conservation, the study also highlights the possible conflicts between indigenous people’s economic needs and the implementation of community conservation vis-à-vis proffer solutions to problems through recommendations. Two hypotheses were formulated for the study, data was collected using questionnaires, oral interviews with community members. The study population and study area was derived through random sampling, two hundred (200) questionnaires were distributed to community members and were all retrieved and analyzed. This study revealed that over-hunting, forest encroachment through agricultural activities an excessive fishing amongst others are the major challenges facing wildlife conservation in Akamkpa. Thus CWC initiation can work to produce a better relationship between wildlife and people, but only a vast improvement in the lives of the local people will ultimately produce a more secure future for the wildlife in the area.

As far as urban expansion is concerned, there is no city in the world that is static. One of the effects of this expansion is vegetation loss and its attendant ecosystem disequilibrium. The aim of this paper is to analyze urban expansion and loss of vegetation cover in Enugu city in Enugu State. Land use and land cover (LULC) in Enugu city has undergone constant change over the past few decades due to major changes caused by anthropogenic and natural factors and the impacts of their activities on the environment and climate of the city. This study used techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS to identify the rate of urban expansion and the degree of vegetal loss using the Landsat imageries of 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019. The maximum likelihood classification algorithm in IdrisiSelva software was used to extract three major land cover classes i.e. Built up, Vegetation and Non-vegetation. The average rates of change were elicited for each of the land cover types. Vegetation had diminished from 430.75km2 (77.26%) in 1989 to 313.18km2 (56.17%) in 2019. Conversely, built-up areas had increased from 67.28 km2 (12.07%) in 1989 to 170.71km2 (30.62%) in 2019. Non-vegetation increased from 59.53km2 (10.68%) in 1989 to 73.67km2 (13.31%) in 2019. Results also revealed changes in temperature with respect to vegetation changes.  The temperature has increased from average of 27oC in 1989 to average of 29.1oC in 2019. This has led to an increase of about 2.1oC. Therefore, the State Development of Environments and other relevant agencies should as a matter of urgency, start working with planners to establish urban greenery as mitigating measure against vegetation loss, environmental and climate change. 
Keywords: Urban; expansion; greenery, cities; vegetation; environment

Natural vegetation is important for ecosystem services (ESs) provision, but is decreasing rapidly due to human-driven land use change, especially rapid expansion of commercial plantations. This is leading to a decrease in ESs provision, so measures are urgently needed to protect natural vegetation. Human activities, especially commercial plantations, can also lead to differences in vegetation types and associated ESs provision. This feature varies with altitude, an issue which has received insufficient attention. In this study, four ESs relevant to stakeholders (carbon storage, nitrogen export, sediment retention and water yield) were assessed. InVEST models and statistical methods (ANOVA; exploratory hierarchical clustering) were used to analyse: 1) similarities/differences in ESs provision between different vegetation types and 2) spatial differences in ESs in different altitude zones in the Xishuangbanna region of China. The results showed that vegetation types in Xishuangbanna and their ESs supply capacity differed markedly, with the overall ESs supply capacity of natural forests exceeding that of commercial plantations. Promotion of mixed organic agriculture can be a balanced measure to secure future economic development and ecological protection. This study can act as reference for vegetation protection in other areas within and beyond China.

I 2007 var det 15 år siden Statskog SF ble etablert, men det var større milepæler som ble rundet dette året. For det var 50 år siden Direktoratet for statens skoger (DSS) ble skilt ut fra Landbruksdepartementet som et frittstående direktorat. I tillegg var det nøyaktig 150 år siden, i 1857, at de aller første forstmennene ble ansatt i offentlig tjeneste som skogforvaltere i Norge, og dannet opptakten til etableringen av en egen norsk skogetat. Statens skogvesen ble etablert for å bedre skogforholdene i landet etter århundrer med hard hogst og til dels rovdrift på skogen. Utover 1900-tallet ble skogsdriften stadig viktigere som en politisk målsetning for Skogvesenet, og med DSS ble dette næringsaspektet styrket og skulle sørge for at det offentlige skogbruket ble enda mer sentral for landets økonomiske vekst og velstand. Med omorganiseringen til statsforetak i 1993 ble målet om verdiskaping ytterligere forsterket. I etterkrigstiden har samtidig samfunnsoppgavene blitt stadig viktigere, med blant annet tilrettelegging for et allment friluftsliv, hyttebygging og utvikling av næringsliv i distriktene.

Etter 150 års virksomhet i spennet mellom næring og samfunnsoppdrag, forvalter Statskog SF i dag mange viktige naturområder og kulturminner. Denne boken er en del av Statskogs landsverneplan (LVP) under Fornyings- og administrasjonsdepartementets (FAD) prosjekt Statens kulturhistoriske eiendommer (SKE), med formålet å registrere og vernevurdere offentlige bygninger. Boken er produsert av Statskog SF og NIKU (Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning) i kulturminneåret 2009. Boken omhandler skog- og utmarksforvaltningens mange virksomheter, og derigjennom fortelles historiene bak Statskogs i underkant av 1000 bygninger som ligger spredt på statens grunn over hele landet.

Whilst, in many countries, the scale of forest loss from business-as-usual development is immense, in Poland, this problem does not exist. However, obtaining additional land areas for afforestation is a main issue in Poland. In Poland, after the World War II, the forest area has been systematically growing. In 1945, the forest area was about 6.5 million ha, and the forest cover was 21%. In 2016, the forest area reached 9.2 million ha, and forest cover amounted to 29.5%. Today, there are 0.24 ha of forests per one inhabitant of Poland. The size of wood resources in stands is also changing. In 1945, forest resources on the trunk amounted to approximately 906 million m 3 , and in 2016, it reached 2.4 million m 3. The problem, however, is the uneven distribution of forests in Poland. Forests in Poland are very strictly protected by law. There are two most important acts, Forest Act of 2001 and Nature Conservation Act of 2004, that regulate principles for the retention, protection and augmentation of forest resources. Over the past decades in Poland, the social demands regarding non-economical functions of forest such as recreational activities, soil and water protection and mitigation of global warming became an important and constantly growing challenge for forest managers. Thus we suggest that, first of all, it is very important to extract the leading function for a given forest area. Interactions between development and conservations policies are very tied and may suggest the need of their integration. In this article, we present the concept of development policy for forest management and forest protection in Poland.

Organic farming seems to be more appropriate as it considered the important aspects like sustainable. Agriculture is the most important sector for ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and conserving the vital natural resources that the world’s present and future generation will be entirely dependent upon for their survival and wellbeing, in the name of development, the environmental resources have been beyond comprehension. Acid rain, deforestation, depletion, smog due to automobiles and discharge of industrial pollution, soil degradation, depletion of ozone layer and discharge of toxic wastage by industrial units into rivers and oceans are some environmental problematic issues. Intensive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides has been an important tool in the drive for increased crop production. In fact more fertilizers consumption is a good indication of agricultural productivity but depletion of soil fertility is commonly observed in soils. Due to heavy use of chemical herbicides, pesticides and intensification of agricultural production during the past few decades has led to other harmful effects like nitrate in the ground water, contamination of feeding materials, eutrophication, stratospheric changes etc. High agricultural inputs are unlikely to be sustainable for very long unless the inputs are correctly judged in terms of both their quality and quantity. To escape from these harmful effects, the concept of organic farming was emerged from the conference of Atlanta in 1981. Organic Farming seems to be more appropriate as it considered the important aspects like sustainable natural resources and environment. It is a production system, which favors maximum use of organic materials like crop residues, FYM, compost, green manure, oil cakes, bio-fertilizers, bio-gas slurry etc. to improve soil health from the different experiment, microbial fertilizers like Rhizomic, Azotobacter, Blue green algae, Azolla etc. have increased the yield and also played important role for minimizing the harmful effect of pesticides and herbicides. Organic farming is a practical proposition for sustainable agriculture if adequate attention is paid to this issue. There is urgent need to involve more and more scientist to identify the thrust area of research for the development of eco-friendly production technology.

Titlu: Tabele de Cubaj Pentru Lemn Rotund
Copertă color, extrem de vizibilă, flexibilă, broșată
Volum exprimat în metri cubi [mc], cu 3 zecimale
Lungimi între 0,5 – 8,1 metri, din 10 în 10 cm
Diametre între 6 – 100 cm, cu pas 1 cm
Găsirea diametrului în funcție de circumferință
Claritate excelentă a formatului tabelelor, simplu, intuitiv și rapid
în utilizare
Număr de pagini: 122
Tabele cu date practice pentru activitatea din exploatări și
valorificare
Ediția a III-a

Ce cuprinde acest volum

- Metoda pentru calculul volumului bușteanului;
- Ghid pentru utilizarea tabelelor;
- Denumirile populare și științifice ale speciilor și abrevieri pentru acesteai: denumire populară / denumire stințiifică;
- Perioadele de recoltare și colectare a lemnului;
- Durata maximă de recoltare și colectare a lemnului;
- Perioadele pentru exploatarea masei lemnoase din paduri;
- Categoriile de material lemnos; densități/masa specifica;
- Puterea calorifică (orientativă) / specii forestiere;
- Valoarea factorului "k" pe specii sau grupe de specii, pentru diverse categorii de diametre; - Materiale construcție din lemn – tipuri, denumiri, dimensiuni – informativ;
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Леса - одни из важнейших природных ресурсов, имеющих стратегическое значение для России. Сохранить их средообразующие функции и повысить сырьевой потенциал позволяет грамотная лесоэксплуатация, которая опирается на оперативную информацию о состоянии лесов. Методы дистанционного зондирования по скорости и пространственному охвату в разы превосходят инструментально-полевые методы сбора данных, однако, уступают в точности и требуют дешифрирования. Применение алгоритмов машинного обучения, как инструмента «умной» обработки и дешифрирования больших данных, зарекомендовало себя в оценке и картографировании лесов в ряде стран, и постепенно развивается в России. На примере бореальных лесов Республики Карелии была исследована возможность применения методов МО для выявления деградации лесного покрова по данным ДЗ. Эталонная выборка сформирована на основе данных лесопатологических обследований лесов ООПТ. В ПО QGIS и с помощью написанной на языке Python модели была проведена классификация снимков Sentinel-2 алгоритмами SAM и Random Forest. Расчет точности работы моделей, адаптированный под специфику эталонной выборки,  и созданные картографические изображения позволили сделать вывод о применимости метода для целей лесопатологического мониторинга.
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Forests are one of the most important natural resources and are of strategic importance to Russia. Knowledgeable forest exploitation, that is based on up-to-date information on the forest state, allows both to preserve environmental functions and to increase material potential. Remote sensing is much faster in terms of speed and spatial coverage than field methods of data acquisition, however, they are inferior in accuracy and require interpretation. The use of machine learning algorithms as a tool for “smart” processing of big data has proven itself in the assessment and mapping of forests in a number of countries, and is gradually developing in Russia. On example of boreal forests of the Republic of Karelia, the possibility of using ML for detecting forest cover degradation from RS data was investigated. The training data was formed based on materials of forest pathological surveys in protected areas. Two algorithms, SAM and Random Forest, were applied to Sentinel-2 imagery to perform classification. QGIS and custom-made model were used, respectively. Accuracy figures, computed via Python script adapted to the specifics of the training data, and created maps allowed us to draw a conclusion on the ML applicability for forest health monitoring.

Douglas-fir pests and diseases have been well studied in the native North American  range. While records show that more than 250 species of phytophagous arthropods and  several hundred species of fungi develop on this tree species, only a few of them have  so far been introduced to Europe. It is therefore important to identify the species that  may be introduced. Identifying the precise steps in the colonisation process of pests na- tive to Europe is also necessary in order to understand which tree structures have to be

Part I. Characteristics of ecological requirements of cambio- and xylophagous insects in chosen oak stands in southern Poland

Abstract. The study was carried out in the years 1991–1993 and 2006–2008 (complementary observations) within selected oak stands or those with oak dominance – located in southern Poland, where increased oak decline has been observed (Forest Districts Niepołomice and Dębica, as well as the urban forest situated in Kraków – Uroczysko „Las Wolski”). The main objective of the study was to perform comprehensive ecological research on oak cambio- and xylophagous insects, with the aim to determine their participation and role in the decline of oak stands and to develop more effective methods of forecasting the occurrence and limiting excessive abundance of oak cambio- and xylophagous insects. Field studies were conducted on 26 permanent and temperature observation plots. For detailed qualitative and quantitative entomological analyzes, there were selected weakened, dying and dead oak trees colonized by cambio- and xylophagous insects and their entomophages. Entomological analyzes were carried out over the entire length of trees – within 1-meter sections. The field experiments were supplemented by laboratory cultures of tree sections with feeding cambio- and xylophagous larvae. On the basis of detailed entomological analyzes of 220 weakened, dying and dead oaks, 40 cambio- and xylophagous insect species were found, including 19 secondary pest insect species, that played an important role in the process of breaking weakened oak trees, as well as fragments of oak stands of various age classes. They were characterized by high values of ecological indices (stability, domination and density of occurrence, the synthetic index Q, Agrell’s index, indicator of trunk length colonization and density of feeding sites) and significant size of damage caused as well as leading position in micro-succession chains on weakened trees.It was found that as the age of oak stands increased, there changed the species composition and quantitative structure of communities and micro-environmental-trophic associations of cambio- and xylophagous insects. There was demonstrated the dependence of some cambio- and xylophagous species on the type and condition of breeding material, tree age, height and DBH, as well as tree trunk diameter and thickness of the bark. Among the factors limiting the population size of the most frequently and numerously occurring secondary pest insects, parasitoids from the Ichneumonidae family (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) and woodpeckers were the most important. There were listed the species that played a critical role in the process of breaking weakened oaks and/or in the depreciation of wood (Leiopus spp., Saperda scalaris, Scolytus intricatus, Agrilus biguttatus, A. angustulus, A. sulcicollis, Plagionotus arcuatus, P. detritus, Phymatodes testaceus, Rhagium mordax, Pogonocherus hispidulus, Elateroides dermestoides, Xyleborus monographus, Xyleborus dispar, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Trypodendron domesticum). In order to limit the size of damage caused by secondary pest insects, and thus, the intensity of dieback of the studied oak stands and mixed stands with oak predominance, prophylactic and protective measures were proposed.

Part II. Biology, forecasting and limiting the excessive occurrence of jewel beetles in oak stands

Abstract. The aim of the study was to investigate the biology and ecology of jewel beetles Agrilus spp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), specifically to fill gaps in knowledge about their habitat requirements. A particularly important issue was the determination of the role of these insects in the decline of oak stands and the evaluation of possibilities to control their populations. An attempt was also made to develop methods for forecasting the threat to oak stands due to jewel beetle mass occurrence, and also for using feeding and/or sexual attractants to control these pests. Data on the use of attractants and traps for trapping the oak buprestid beetle Agrilus biguttatus (Fabr.), its habitat preferences, tree colonization and killing, as well as on the methods of pest control was collected on permanent research plots and during numerous field inspections carried out in the forest districts from which jewel beetle effects were reported. In the years 2006–2009 and earlier, the following Forest Districts were inspected: Białowieża, Browsk, Brzeg, Chojnów, Czarna Białostocka, Hajnówka, Jabłonna, Jarocin, Karczma Borowa, Krotoszyn, Łochów, Piaski, Pińczów, Puławy, Pułtusk, Rudka, Wołów and Żmigród. Based on the results obtained, the causes of oak dieback were determined, above all – the role played by jewel beetles in this process. Dispensers containing compounds derived from bark and leaf extracts as well as eucalyptus oil were tested in the context of their suitability for attracting adult jewel beetles. Different types of traps designed for catching adult jewel beetles were also tested. The analysis of feeding sites performed in forest stands and the observations carried out under laboratory conditions (on colonized oak bark and wood cuttings) enabled the determination of jewel beetle species composition and population numbers as well as the species of accompanying insects, including other pest insects, parasitoids and predators. In the stands with visible effects of jewel beetle damage, the possibility to efficiently control pest populations by the removal of colonized trees was evaluated. Due to the fact that the greatest difficulty is the identification of colonized trees, an attempt was made to verify the features that confirm tree colonization by jewel beetles. During field inspections, about 200 trees with various symptoms considered characteristic of colonization by jewel beetles were checked. Recommended prophylactic methods contributing to oak jewel beetle control include: limiting the activity of foliophages and fungal pathogens; improving site water conditions; maintaining appropriate stand density and structure, as well as sustaining natural enemies, such as woodpeckers, insect parasitoids and insect predators. Summing up the crucial research results, it was found that the oak jewel beetle is the most important pest of oak stands, causative to mass oak dieback when its population reaches outbreak level. Then this species starts colonizing not only so far preferred old, weakened oak trees growing in sunny sites, but may cause the decline of oak trees (even several-year-old), growing in sunny and shadowed sites, on the edges and inside stands, both dominant and those in regression. The increase in oak jewel beetle population density is observed more than ever in the stands on fertile forest sites, in the years following the prolonged periods of drought for several successive growing seasons.

Part III. Habitat preferences of jewel beetles from the genus Agrilus Curtis (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) in oak stands of the Krotoszyn Forest District

Abstract. Research on jewel beetles (Agrilus spp.) associated with oak stands were carried out in 2008–2009, in the Krotoszyn Forest District – both in a managed forest stand and in that with restricted forest management activities, situated in the buffer zone of the Smoszew Nature Reserve. The aim of the study was to examine the habitat preferences of species from the genus Agrilus, as well as the comparison of the structure of their communities in the studied stands. Moericke (yellow pan) traps, installed in oak crowns at the height of 20–25 meters, were used to catch jewel beetle adults. In total, 2338 adults of six Agrilus species were collected. The comparison of the structure of jewel beetle communities in the two studied stands did not show any significant differences. However, there were clear differences in the preferences of individual species. Excluding A. sulcicollis Lac., all the observed species preferred the forest stand growing in the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve. Based on the observation of jewel beetle phenology, it was found that adult activity may begin as early as the second decade of April and end even in September (e.g. A. olivicolor Kies.). Among the jewel beetle species caught in oak crowns, there were distinguished two main groups, characterized by different dates of adult emergence. The first phenological group comprised the so-called early spring species: A. sulcicollis, A. laticornis (Ill.) and A. angustulus (Ill.). The remaining observed species, i.e. A. olivicolor, A. obscuricollis Kies. and A. graminis Kies. were included in the group of the so-called late spring jewel beetles. The culmination of the occurrence of all the jewel beetle species observed in the canopy of oak stands ranged from the beginning of June to the end of July, which coincides with the duration of A. biguttatus (Fabr.) swarming.

Climate change, which encompasses a long term alteration in average weather conditions of communities and regions of the
world has become an issue of concern the world over. Some very visible global manifestations of climate change include
generally high temperatures, severe storms, flooding, drying up of water bodies and irregular rainfall patterns. Due to these
changes, forest resources globally not excepting Ghana suffer a constant rate of depletion annually, hence the need to devise
a sustainable way of managing these forest resources as their rapid depletion exacerbates some drastic effects of climate
change. The issue of community participation in forest resource management is a subject of utmost significance as
communities living either within or at the boundaries of forests depend on these forest resources on a daily basis for their
sustenance. This study examined how the participation of the communities around forest resources can contribute in the
effective management of the forest resources hence reducing the effects of climate change using the Kakum National Park
and the Kalakpa Resource Reserve located in the Central and Volta Regions of Ghana respectively as case studies. The
study adopted mainly a comprehensive bibliographical investigation and questionnaires distributed to solicit the views of
residents in the two communities on community participation in the management of the forest resource. The data collected
were interpreted and discussed in coherence with the literature reviewed. The study discovered that community participation
in forest management was very low in both areas. The study recommended among other things the putting in place of
measures to ensure the communities living around forest areas are involved fully in the management of the forest resource.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza los conflictos desatados entre el Estado, las comunidades rurales y los particulares por la pérdida de los derechos comunales en torno al monte de Robledo de Montalbán (Toledo). Todo ello en virtud de las leyes desamortizadoras del siglo XIX y en el marco político de la Restauración. Para ello se fija la atención en la riqueza económica del monte que es lo que explica los reiterados enfrentamientos entre los detentadores de la propiedad y los vecinos de los pueblos. Palabras clave: economía forestal, montes públicos, conde de Romanones, Restauración. Abstract The following paper analyzes the resulting conflicts between the State, the rural communities and the individuals due to the loss of communal rights around the Mountain of Robledo de Montalbán (Toledo). All this under the disentailment laws of XIX century and into the political framework of the Restoration. For this, attention is focussed on the economic wealth of the mountain that is what explains the repeated confrontations between the holders of the property and the residents of the villages.

Se presenta el plan de manejo ambientalmente amigable, de la Unidad de Manejo Ambiental El Tepez.  Es un programa integral, para las 42 hectáreas (420,000 metros cuadrados) de gran diversidad biótica, cuyo centro es un zoocriadero de tepezcuintle (agouti paca).  El Ejido Ursulo Galvan es la sede de la UMA, ubicado en el Municipio de Othón P. Blanco, Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo, Estados Unidos Mexicanos.

Several resolutions were recorded in the meetings of the Chhattisgarh Biodiversity Committee, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, in March 2021, to nurture and protect the connection between cultural diversity and biological diversity nurtured trans generationally by tribal communities of Chhattisgarh. It was decided to showcase the collaborative efforts of the State Government, with the participation of tribal communities, to locate and conserve heritage sites and landscapes all over the state, that have outstanding examples of bio cultural diversity; to evolve a sui generis community intellectual property right regime, for excluding exploitation and ensuring sustainable harvesting practices; to promote, as World Heritage, sites that demonstrate the tangible and intangible heritage of strategies and features of the community management of human and natural resources; and, to formulate a Working Plan to incorporate and disseminate the innovative conservation practices, undertaken with tribal participation. The field initiatives would be exhibited, and discussed on national and international platforms.

Emerging new platforms combine timber with automation, prefabrication and end-to-end integration in an attempt to disrupt the construction industry. While these efforts contribute to the renewal of an often outdated industry and have the potential to contribute to a more ecologically responsible built environment, there are also a number of potential risks attached to their centralised approach to automation. Although architecture has a long history of engagement with digital technologies, it has yet to fully understand and theorize the rapid changes implied by automation and the digital economy which underlie these new platforms. The work presented in this paper acknowledges the new timber platforms argument for timber as a material with disruptive capacities. Timber currently already has a high degree of automation throughout its entire production chain. Forests are managed digitally, continuously responding to the global demands and logistics of sustainable timber production. However, the paper proposes an alternative, distributed and more open-ended framework for timber platforms, based on the combination of discrete architectural parts with automation. This so called discrete paradigm builds on a computational understanding of parts as function agnostic, serialised building blocks that can be digitally assembled into functional buildings. These building blocks are manufactured by computer controlled processing of widely available, two-dimensional base materials such as plywood or mass-timber sheets. Projects such as the Tallinn Architecture Biennale Installation (2017) and the Nuremberg Concert Hall (2018) explore this context of automated discrete timber and its architectural, technical and economic consequences for the production of housing and the building industry at large.

Sustainable rural development with natural forest resources contributes significantly to rural livelihoods. Issues relating to forest resources and rural livelihoods should not be ignored in policy decisions and other interventions. Therefore, different agencies should take steps to make efficient use of forest resources, which would be one effective way to improve the livelihoods of rural households. The result of the study also indicates that very little attention has been paid to the cultural, traditional and environmental value of forest resources in the Darjeeling hills. Even awareness programs on the use and conservation of forest resources by various governmental and non-governmental organizations are limited in the study area. Current forest management strategies suggest that forest resources are common resources, resulting in a lack of rural household active participation in forest conservation practices. It has been revealed that rural households use other sources of diversified livelihood strategies in addition to income from agriculture and forestry. Hence, to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to involve certain core stakeholders namely 'community and smallholder forestry' into the forest resources management practices. It is important that active involvement of local community helps to achieve sustainable development goals. Unfortunately, consistently increasing number of population and anthropogenic pressure on forests, Poverty and illiteracy (lack of awareness) towards forest management and sustainable livelihood among large section of the local Darjeeling hilly inhabitants are major hurdles as observed during the course of study.