Refrigeration

The heating load calculation is based on peak or near-peak conditions, which normally occur early in the morning before sunrise, in addition, in cold countries, the ambient temperature variation during the winter months is not significant. The development of air conditioning system has been growing rapidly due to people needs of having comfortable condition. The cooling system is one of the important systems, because it is related to passenger comfort and important to study transient response of vehicle under real driving conditions. The procedure of this research is a simulation analysis using MATLAB program that uses mathematic equation, make the cabin model, etc. The heat occurred in the cabin consists of metabolic, direct, diffuse, reflected, ambient, exhaust, engine, ventilation, and AC loads has been calculated with three different time's condition which is performed using cooling load simulation tool of MATLAB/GUI. A negative cabin load is provided to the cabin in order to decrease its temperature to the comfort level.

Survey Modelling Simulation a b s t r a c t Computer simulation has become a required tool in the design phase of vapor compression systems; however with relatively few exceptions most simulations focus on the basic four component systems. With an increasing focus being placed on energy efficiency, the simulation of multi-component vapor compression systems (having multiple evaporators, condenser or compressors) will become essential to assist in the design of these more complicated systems. The implementation of a component-based framework will facilitate the simulation of multi-component systems. This paper describes three algorithms used to simulate a component-based vapor compression system. A test matrix of 6174 sample runs covering a wide range of operating conditions was constructed to determine the robustness and speed of each method when using three different types of nonlinear equation solvers. Each method was tested by simulating a basic four component cycle and a more advanced multiple evaporator system. The results are presented in such a format as to describe the reasons that contribute to any instability of the solvers and the computational efficiency of each method is discussed. ª 2007 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.

The safety of irradiated pork packed in 25% CO2:75% N2 and stored at abuse temperature (10 or 15°C) was assessed by inoculation studies involving Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and Clostridium perfringens. Irradiation to a dose of 1.75 kGy reduced pathogen numbers to below the detection limit of 102 cells g-1. When higher inoculum levels were used (106 cells g-1) irradiation at 1.75 kGy reduced pathogen numbers by 1 –>5 log10 cycles depending on strain. Clostridium perfringens was the most resistant, and Y. enterocolitica the most sensitive of the pathogens studied.In all cases when high numbers (106 to 107g-1) of spoilage and/or pathogenic bacteria were present initially on the pork the meat appeared spoiled, and although irradiation reduced the number of microorganisms, the meat was still unacceptable from a sensory viewpoint after treatment.It was concluded that the microbiological safety of irradiated, modified atmosp...

Arterial grafts and experimental soft tissues are commonly preserved using refrigeration and freezing. The present study was designed to investigate effects of common storage protocols on arterial mechanics. Porcine aortas were axially distracted to failure implementing fresh, refrigerated, and frozen storage conditions. Fresh tissues were tested within 24 h of sacrifice; refrigerated tissues were stored at ؉4°C for 24 or 48 h prior to testing, and frozen tissues were stored at ؊20 or ؊80°C for 3 months prior to testing. Blunt arterial injury experimentally occurred in distraction with intimal subfailure before ultimate failure in 82% of specimens. Subfailure stress decreased in refrigerated (0.59 ؎ 0.19 MPa) compared to fresh (0.83 ؎ 0.39 MPa) and frozen (0.99 ؎ 0.41 MPa) specimens. Ultimate stress was also significantly decreased in refrigerated (0.83 ؎ 0.19 MPa) compared to fresh (1.15 ؎ 0.39 MPa) and frozen (1.32 ؎ 0.31 MPa) specimens. Subfailure and ultimate strain were not significantly dependent upon storage technique. Young's modulus significantly decreased in refrigerated (1.89 ؎ 0.63 MPa) compared to fresh (2.98 ؎ 1.45 MPa) and frozen (3.49 ؎ 1.32 MPa) specimens. Physiological, subfailure, and ultimate failure mechanics between fresh and frozen specimens were not significantly different. Clinically relevant intimal failures can be reproduced and injury mechanics determined while adhering to experimental protocols of freezing specimens before testing. However, short-term tissue refrigeration may affect mechanics.

A new device for storage and shipping of cell cultures -the Petaka G3 cell management device -was tested for its applicability for cooled-storage of equine semen. Semen from three stallions was processed with EquiPro extender either without antibiotics (three ejaculates per stallion) or with gentamicin (250 mg ⁄ l; three ejaculates per stallion). Semen was either stored at five (anaerobic conditions) or 15°C (aerobic conditions) in syringes or cell culture devices. Total and progressive motility, as well as membrane integrity of spermatozoa, were evaluated from days 1 to 7 after collection with computer-assisted semen analysis. In experiment 1 (extender without antibiotics), total motility, progressive motility and viability of spermatozoa significantly decreased over time (p < 0.05). The decrease was significantly faster at 15°C than at 5°C (p < 0.05). In the presence of gentamicin (experiment 2), this difference was no longer present. It can be concluded that cooled-storage of equine semen in sophisticated devices for cell culture is not advantageous to syringes for successful maintenance of semen longevity.

Today, over-consumption, pollution and resource depletion threaten sustainability. Waste management policies frequently fail to reduce consumption, prevent pollution, conserve resources and foster sustainable products. However, waste policies are changing to focus on lifecycle impacts of products from the cradle to the grave by extending the responsibilities of stakeholders to post-consumer management. Product stewardship and extended producer responsibility are two policies in use, with radically different results when compared for one consumer product, refrigerators. North America has enacted product stewardship policies that fail to require producers to take physical or financial responsibility for recycling or for environmentally sound disposal, so that releases of ozone depleting substances routinely occur, which contribute to the expanding the ozone hole. Conversely, Europe&#39;s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive requires extended producer responsibili...

This study answers two questions about power sector reform in Moldova. First, did reform affect the poor and the non-poor differently? Second, are household consumption patterns different for private and public distribution networks? The study concludes that reforms have not disproportionately affected the poor. The gap in electricity consumption between poor and non-poor is closing, as a result of improvements in the supply of electricity, particularly in rural areas, and the significant growth in income over the past four years. Moldova&#39;s residential electricity consumption remains exceptionally low and is probably highly inelastic, especially for the very poor. This implies that unless they are accompanied by increases in income, future tariff increases could create large potential consumer welfare losses-as well as large revenue gains for the utility. It also implies that there may be room for substantial welfare gains by helping households better manage their electricity ex...

The genus Hebe is mainly native to New Zealand, and a number of species and cultivars are used as ornamental garden and balcony plants in many countries. The ornamental value is increased by controlled flowering. In this experiment chilling (15.5/9.5"C or 9/3"C day/night) treatments of different durations (0, 3, 6, 9 or 12 weeks) were tested on three cultivars of Hebe, 'Inspiration', 'Variegata' and 'Waikiki'. After chilling the plants were forced under 25/19"C conditions for 12 weeks. Flowering was promoted by the chilling treatments, and complete flowering in the apical shoots occurred after 9-12 weeks chilling in 15.5/9.5"C for 'Inspiration' and 'Waikiki'. Increased flowering of 'Variegata' (75% of the plants) was observed after 12 weeks 15.5/9.5"C treatment followed by forcing. The more induced plants had become under the chilling treatments, the shorter time was necessary under the forcing conditions for flower development. With all cultivars, cool conditions were more effective for flower induction than cold conditions. Flowering was more rapid where the low temperature conditions lasted longest. Larger 'Inspiration' plants were induced more readily than the smaller plants. The importance of size of the plants at the start of chilling was tested for 'Inspiration', where plants with 22 nodes flowered after shorter time under forcing conditions than plants with 12 nodes.

Exploitation of solar energy is becoming increasingly popular thanks to the potential saving on energy costs and to widespread environmental friendly policies. In this context, solar cooling is particularly interesting since greater cooling loads are usually needed in areas where the solar radiation is more abundant and during sunny seasons.

We have conducted a study to analyze monitoring of the cold chain of 674 OPV field samples collected at four different levels of vaccine distribution viz., immunization clinics, district stores, hospitals and Primary Health Centers (PHC) from states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi.

In arsenic-endemic and other areas, food is an important path of exposure to this contaminant. Food is generally consumed in processed form, after a preservation treatment or cooking, which may alter the concentrations and chemical forms of arsenic. This article summarizes and discusses the work so far published on the effect that thermal treatment used in the cooking or processing of food, including sterilization and preservation stages, has on total arsenic and arsenic species contents. It also reviews possible transformations in arsenic species. The studies included use model systems or food products of marine or vegetable origin. Processing may cause a considerable increase or decrease in the real arsenic intake from food. For example, traditional washing and soaking of Hizikia fusiforme seaweed, which has very high inorganic arsenic contents, may reduce the contents by up to 60%. On the other hand, all the arsenic present in cooking water may be retained during boiling of rice, increasing the contents of this metalloid to significant levels from a toxicological viewpoint. This calls for modifications in arsenic risk assessment, hitherto based on analysis of the raw product. It is necessary to consider the effect of processing on total arsenic and arsenical species in order to obtain a realistic view of the risk associated with intake in arsenic-endemic and other areas.

Objectives: To report results on coverage, safety and logistics of a large-scale, school-based Vi polysaccharide immunization campaign in North Jakarta. Methods: Of 443 primary schools in North Jakarta, Indonesia, 18 public schools were randomly selected for this study. Exclusion criteria were fever 37.51C or higher at the time of vaccination or a known history of hypersensitivity to any vaccine. Adverse events were monitored and recorded for 1 month after immunization. Because this was a pilot programme, resource use was tracked in detail. Results: During the February 2004 vaccination campaign, 4828 students were immunized (91% of the target population); another 394 students (7%) were vaccinated during mop-up programmes. Informed consent was obtained for 98% of

The formation of frost causes a decrease in the heat exchanger performance because of increased thermal resistance. In this study, the performance of a refrigeration system in a refrigerator truck with frost growth was determined and the performance characteristics were analyzed considering the indoor and outdoor temperature, outdoor air velocity, and compressor rotating speed. As a result, under frost growth conditions, refrigeration capacity was decreased by 30.4% when the operating time passed by 3 hours which had a blocking ratio of 40.1%. In addition, the mass flow rate was decreased, but the pressure ratio was increased with an increase in frost thickness, leading to a decrease in the refrigeration capacity and COP. The maximum system COP was found at a compressor rotating speed of 1500 rpm: 2.30 and 1.86 for a blocking ratio of 0% and 40.1%, respectively. It gradually decreased over 1500 rpm.

Vapor absorption refrigeration system is interesting to be developed in advance due to prospect of this system that could be operated using lower temperature heat source. Two fluid types are normally used in the systems, i.e. one fluid works as refrigerant to transport energy from evaporator to condenser, and a secondary fluid or absorbent is used to circulate the refrigerant. The binary systems of water-lithium bromide (H2O-LiBr) and ammonia-water (NH3-H2O) were well known as working fluid to be applied in absorption refrigeration system. This research is to conduct thermodynamic performance simulation and analysis on single-stage vapor absorption refrigeration system for several varied operational parameters. The operating temperature conditions of the generator, condenser and evaporator are ranged respectively from 60 to 90°C, 20 to 40°C and 2.5 to 12.5°C. For the considered operating conditions, the simulation result of the coefficient of performance (COP) could reach from 0.386...

Improving thermodynamic efficiency for refrigeration cycles is one of the key elements in conceptual process design activities for achieving cost-effective and sustainable production of liquefied natural gas. Various structural and heat recovery options are available for the design of refrigeration cycles, with which shaft power required to drive compressors is attempted to be minimized. Choice of refrigerants to be employed is another important degree of freedoms in a process design of refrigeration cycles. Hence, systematic investigation in a holistic manner is required to screen different liquefaction technologies and evaluate their techno-economic impacts. In this study, the focus is made to gain conceptual understanding in the design of liquefaction processes for boil-off gas. The current study aims to provide guidelines for the selection of the most appropriate technologies for the application of boil-off gas liquefaction as well as for determining optimal design and operating...

A conceptual trigeneration system is proposed based on the conventional gas turbine cycle for the high temperature heat addition while adopting the heat recovery steam generator for process heat and vapor absorption refrigeration for the cold production. Combined first and ...

Liquefy Natural Gas (LNG) is the liquid phase from the Natural gas that extracted and purified. Natural Gas manufacturer turns gas to liquid to make more storage space and to make transportation easier. To turn the natural gas to liquid, the gas needs to cool down to -160ᵒC. The real challenge is not to make the gas liquid the real challenge is to keep the gas liquid because the temperature difference with surround is big which is made some of the liquefied natural gas to vaporize again. Engineers found some techniques to re-liquefy the gas. This research paper explains some of the available thermodynamics cycles and how it works. Moreover, it will cover the economic side and how to optimize the process and make it more efficient with low consumption in money and energy. This study has been done through Aspen HYSYS (simulation base) for few cycles to choose the best cycle. This study will consider Malaysia environment as the surrounding environment for the project. This project will...

A total of 26 Lactobacillus strains were isolated from various mild yoghurts and novel-type probiotic dairy products and from a starter culture preparation and were identified by using DNA-DNA hybridization technique. The species present in those products were found to be Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. johnsonii, L. crispatus, L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus. DNA homology analysis revealed that some strains had been misclassified by their investigators. Three strains ® designated as L. acidophilus (L. acidophilus LA-1, L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 and the Lactobacillus strain from Biogarde culture) were found to belong to L. johnsonii and L. acidophilus L1 to be L. crispatus. Strains designated as L. casei were found to be members of three separate species: L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus. Viable numbers of lactobacilli in mild and probiotic yoghurts varied greatly including some products with very low Lactobacillus counts. The majority of the 5 probiotic yoghurts, however, contained viable counts above 10 per g even at the end of the best before use period.

Routine immunization is a key child survival intervention. Issues related to quality of service delivery pose operational challenges in delivering effective immunization services. Accumulated evidences suggest that "supportive supervision" improves the quality of health care services. During 2009-10, Govt. of Odisha (GoO) and UNICEF jointly piloted this strategy in four districts to improve routine immunization. The present study aims to assess the effect of supportive supervision strategy on improvement of knowledge and practices on routine immunization among service providers.

Temperature Air a b s t r a c t Efficiency of forced-air cooling processes is measured by process time and product temperature uniformity. Ventilated packaging is required to achieve a rapid and uniform cooling process. Product type, produce positioning and orientation and container venting have significant effects on airflow patterns. To optimize the design, airflow patterns and temperature distributions inside a ventilated package should be known. The objective of this study was to determine airflow patterns and temperature distribution in ventilated containers including stacked layers of spheres using computational fluid dynamics and turbulence model. Effects of flow dimensionality, turbulence intensity, mesh sensitivity, opening size and ratios for venting and air inflow rate were investigated. This study is expected to provide a better method for analyzing cooling performance of ventilated packages.

High-pressure supported freezing processes need a more efficient refrigeration technique to be applied at industrial level. A cooling method consisting in the circulation of a refrigerant in ebullition around the product in the vessel has been tested on a lab-scale prototype built for that purpose. The cooling kinetic of a mixture of ethanol, ethylene glycol and water (a usual pressurizing medium) was followed, recording temperatures in the whole sample. A mathematical model has been developed to describe heat transfer during cooling of the sample in the vessel. The heat transfer coefficient between the refrigerant and the vessel was determined by a fitting procedure between the numerical simulation results and the experimental measurements. This model should be used to predict the cooling kinetics in other conditions (other products, larger vessels) and to optimise the process.

Fucus spiralis 4 and sorbic acid) on quality properties of refrigerated megrim 5 (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) 6 7 8 9 10 SUMMARY 31 32 The effect of replacing the on-board currently employed polyethylene film by a novel 33 type of environmentally-friendly packaging was studied. For it, a polylactic acid (PLA) 34 biodegradable film including lyophilised alga Fucus spiralis and sorbic acid was 35 applied during megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) refrigeration and its effect on fish 36 quality loss was evaluated. Thus, sensory assessment showed that samples wrapped up 37 with PLA film including 8% alga and 1% sorbic acid were still acceptable on day 11, 38 while control fish specimens (kept under polyethylene film) were rejected at that time. 39 Under such biodegradable film condition, a preservative effect was also implied 40 according to chemical indices assessment related to microbial activity (trimethylamine-41 N) and lipid oxidation development (peroxide and fluorescent compounds formation); 42 additionally, lower mean numbers for different microbiological groups (aerobes, 43 Enterobacteriaceae and psychrotrophs) were detected. This result provides a promising 44 replacement strategy to enhance refrigerated fish quality and reduce the waste material 45 content. 46 47 48

The performance of a twin screw compressor operating under wet (two-phase) compression conditions in an ammonia-water compression absorption heat pump cycle is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The paper reports on the influence of the location of liquid intake or, depending what applies, injection angle and mass flow rate of the injected liquid on compressor performance. Labyrinth seals separate the oil-free process side from oil lubricated bearing housing. Labyrinth seals leakage is modelled and its impact on performance is theoretically and experimentally investigated. The need for liquid injection from the discharge side to obtain acceptable performance is discussed based on experimental results. q Compresseur à double vis secs dans un cycle à compression à absorption

The density of 11 refrigerants (hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs)) in the extended ranges of temperature and pressure has been calculated using GoharshadieMorsalieAbbaspour equation of state (GMA EoS) and the results have been shown as the three-dimensional surfaces of densityetemperatureepressure. A wide comparison with experimental data was made. The accuracy of the equation of state in the prediction of density was determined by statistical parameters. The results show that the GMA EoS can reproduce the experimental PVT data of HCFCs and HFCs within experimental errors throughout the liquid phase. The thermodynamic properties such as isobaric expansion coefficient, isothermal compressibility, and vaporeliquid equilibrium (VLE) prediction for these HCFC and HFC refrigerants have been performed using GMA EoS. GMA EoS can predict the characteristic feature of pressure behavior of isobaric expansion and isothermal compressibility coefficients.

Performance Comparison Experiment a b s t r a c t The Robur absorption-refrigeration water-ammonia (ARWA) system is analyzed using Aspen Plus flowsheet simulator. The results are compared with experimental and some manufacturer data reported in the open literature. Among performance parameters analyzed are coefficient of performance (COP), heat duties of the evaporator, absorber, and the condenser, refrigerant concentration in the weak and strong solution, and flow rates of the weak solution and the flow rate of refrigerant passing through the evaporator. In general, a very good agreement between the simulator's results and the experimental measurements was found. Also, results obtained for the effect of separator (input) heat duty on the COP agree well with the reported experimental data with a maximum percentage deviation of 1.8%. Efficiency of the separator in splitting off the refrigerant at the column top is shown to be of crucial importance; COP increased by 15% in going from 1 to 5 theoretical equivalent mass transfer stages in the separator. Some innovative modifications to Robur cycle aimed at enhancing the separator operation have shown a promising improvement in the COP. In particular, introducing a throttling process directly before the separator can alleviate the separator heat load and enhance the COP by up to 20%. Use of stripping gas injected at the bottom of the boiler is another strategy that has been investigated in this work. Analyse de la performance et é valuation d'un systè me frigorifique commercial à absorption à ammoniac/eau (N.A. Darwish).

Heat transfer simulation within heating furnaces is of great significance for prediction and control of the performance of furnaces. In this paper, a set of models is proposed to solve heat transfer problems in a loaded furnace. Furthermore, a 2-dimensional algorithm based on a finite difference method is presented. The heat transfer models are integrated with a furnace model to simulate the heating process of workpieces. Temperature variation of the workpiece with time is predicted by the system. An experiment is carried out for validation of the system. Themain objective of this work is to evaluate the behavior of a heated enclosure, when variable radiant panels are introduced. Experimental investigation shows that their efficiency depends on their position.

Estimates are provided for R-1234ze(Z) of its: (1) critical temperature, pressure, and density, acentric factor, and ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure, and (2) various thermodynamic and transport properties, which are used to predict the performance potential of R-1234ze(Z) in high-temperature heat pumping applications. In particular, for an idealized cycle, the coefficient of performance and volumetric heating capacity for R-114 are 3.24 and 1667 kW m À3 , respectively, and for R-1234ze(Z) are 3.40 and 1645 kW m À3 , respectively. The attractiveness of R-1234ze(Z) is confirmed further through heat exchanger simulations. This paper demonstrates that R-1234ze(Z) deserves further consideration as a possible R-114 replacement.

Compression system Process Detection Fault Steady state a b s t r a c t This paper presents a general methodology for developing a steady-state detector for a vapor compression system based on a moving window and using standard deviations of seven measurements selected as features. The feature thresholds and optimized moving window size were based upon steady-state no-fault tests and startup transient tests. The study showed that evaporator superheat and condenser subcooling were sufficient for determining the onset of steady-state during the startup transient. However, they misidentified steadystate during indoor temperature change tests where evaporator saturation temperature and air temperature change across the evaporator were needed for proper steady-state identification. Hence, the paper recommends including all fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) features in the steady-state detector to ensure the robustness of the detector because different features may play key roles with different transients. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Several phenomena that affect energy consumption, noise level and reliability of compressors are associated with transient effects that occur during the compressor startup and shutdown. This paper presents a simulation methodology, experimentally validated, developed to analyze the compressor in such transients. Because the time scale associated with the compressor thermal behavior is much larger than that related to the mechanical physics, a thermal equilibrium condition has been considered herein for convenience. Results for valve displacement, piston motion, pressure in the compression chamber and resistive torques are provided to illustrate the application of the methodology and to assist an understanding of the physical aspects that affect the compressor performance throughout the startup and shutdown. It is observed that the dynamics of suction and discharge valves are greatly affected. Moreover, the model is employed to estimate the minimum voltage required for the compressor startup as a function of the equalized pressure and the auxiliary coil actuation time.

1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Rangareddy, Telangana 2Department of Mechanical Engineering & Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Rangareddy, Telangana 3Department of Mechanical Engineering & Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Rangareddy, Telangana Department of Mechanical Engineering & Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Rangareddy, Telangana ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract The project aim is to analyse the methods of rapid cooling systems for jet propulsion engines. The operating temperature of the jet engine is higher than that the turbine blade materials permit. So, we need to design a cooling system to reduce the temperature of the gas at the inlet of the turbine to increase the overall efficiency of the engine. Refrigeration plays a key role in the rapid cooling of the engine, to reduce the heat signatures from the Ai...

The EU Directive on energy labelling of household appliances (Directive 92/75/EC) and its revision (Directive 2010/30/EU) are quite successful in helping households choose energy efficient products (http://www.measures-odyssee-mure.eu/public/mure_pdf/household/EU12.PDF) and in motivating the industry to invest in energy efficient product design. Purchasing energy efficient appliances is, however, dependent on financial capacity, as energy efficient appliances are still expensive. Low-income households very often use second-hand appliances which are old and less efficient which implies a high potential for energy savings. So, the above mentioned directive is only one factor in the expansion of the energy efficient appliance market, bringing the products into households.
Another factor is the introduction of policy programmes which support the investment in energy efficient appliances. In the context of a research project, the framework of conditions for such a programme for low-income households has been identified. First of all, it was examined which household appliance could most effectively be funded. It turned out that a replacement programme for refrigerators is the most promising. The supporting and inhibiting factors which influence the acceptance and the success of a replacement programme for refrigerators for low-income households were identified. For the analysis the existing international policy programmes which aimed at low-income households were screened and insights from group discussions with the target group and with stakeholders such as manufacturers and municipals were gained. We concluded that the funding of a replacement for an appliance alone does not guarantee the saving of energy; some boundary conditions also have to be considered.

Colour and the composition of folate, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin of strawberry cv. Camarosa was monitored during refrigerated storage at 4 C each day for 6 days. Folate, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid compositions were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detector. Five forms of folate: 5 methyl-tetrahydrofolate (THF) [65%], 10 formyl-folic acid (28%), 5 methylene-THF (4%), 5 formyl-THF (2%), and THF (<1%) and two forms of anthocyanins: pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (97%) and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (3%) were identified in the fresh strawberries. The total folate content of the fresh strawberries determined using HPLC method was lower than that using microbiological assay. The ascorbic acid content in fresh strawberry was 57 ± 11 mg/100 g of fruit. The colour of the external skin of strawberries was measured using a Hunter colorimeter and showed fluctuation only for L* values (lightness), but a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values remained constant during the refrigerated storage. There was no positive correlation between a* values and anthocyanin content. Strawberries should be consumed within a day or two after harvest since the reduction of these three bioactive compounds occurred even after a day of refrigerated storage.

PurposeTo evaluate the compliance of private pharmacies to good pharmacy practice (GPP) in an urban and rural district in Sri Lanka and identify deficiencies with a view to improving supply of safe and effective drugs to consumers.To evaluate the compliance of private pharmacies to good pharmacy practice (GPP) in an urban and rural district in Sri Lanka and identify deficiencies with a view to improving supply of safe and effective drugs to consumers.MethodsLot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) method was used to determine the number of pharmacies that need to be studied and the threshold limit of defective elements. An inspection of 20 pharmacies in the urban and all 18 pharmacies in the rural district was carried out using a structured checklist. Compliance to seven subsystems of GPP was studied.Lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) method was used to determine the number of pharmacies that need to be studied and the threshold limit of defective elements. An inspection of 20 pharmacies in the urban and all 18 pharmacies in the rural district was carried out using a structured checklist. Compliance to seven subsystems of GPP was studied.ResultsStorage of drugs, maintenance of cold chain, dispensing and documentation were comprehensively substandard in both districts. Individual items of supervision in registration, physical environment and order of the pharmacy were also found to be substandard in both districts.Storage of drugs, maintenance of cold chain, dispensing and documentation were comprehensively substandard in both districts. Individual items of supervision in registration, physical environment and order of the pharmacy were also found to be substandard in both districts.ConclusionThis study shows that the LQAS method can be used to identify inadequate pharmacy services in the community as a whole. There was poor compliance to GPP by the private pharmacies in both districts. There are concerns about the quality of drugs and the safety of private pharmacy services to the community. Some of the deficiencies could be easily corrected by educating the pharmacists and authorised officers, and more effective and streamlined supervision. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This study shows that the LQAS method can be used to identify inadequate pharmacy services in the community as a whole. There was poor compliance to GPP by the private pharmacies in both districts. There are concerns about the quality of drugs and the safety of private pharmacy services to the community. Some of the deficiencies could be easily corrected by educating the pharmacists and authorised officers, and more effective and streamlined supervision. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

As per the Montreal Protocol, CFCs and HCFCs are being phased out. HCFC-22 is used in window air conditioners. This paper presents the experimental performance study of a window air conditioner with propane (HC-290), a natural refrigerant, as a drop-in substitute to HCFC-22. Experimental results showed that HC-290 had 6.6% lower cooling capacity for the lower operating conditions and 9.7% lower for the higher operating conditions with respect to HCFC-22. The coefficient of performance for HC-290 was 7.9% higher for the lower operating conditions and 2.8% higher for the higher operating conditions. The energy consumption of the unit with HC-290 was lower in the range 12.4-13.5% than HCFC-22. The discharge pressures for HC-290 were lower in the range 13.7-18.2% than HCFC-22. For HC-290, the pressure drop was lower than HCFC-22 in both heat exchangers. This paper also presents simulation results for the heat exchangers of an HCFC-22 window air conditioner with HC-290 as a drop-in substitute. The simulation has been carried out using EVAP-COND, a heat exchanger model developed by NIST [National Institute of Standards and Technology. EVAP-COND: simulation models for finned-tube heat exchangers, Maryland, USA (2003). http://www2.bfrl.nist.gov/software/evap-cond/ [18]]. The simulated evaporator capacities are within G4% of the experimentally measured cooling capacities for both refrigerants. Simulation results for HC-290 and HCFC-22 are compared. The exit temperatures of HC-290 are lower by 0.3-1.2 8C in the condenser and are higher by 2.1-2.4 8C in the evaporator than HCFC-22. Evaporating pressures of HC-290 are lower by 2.1-3.3% as compared to HCFC-22. The pressure drops of HC-290 are lower in both the evaporator and the condenser as compared to HCFC-22. The outlet temperatures of air for HCFC-22 and HC-290 in both heat exchangers are nearly the same.

Rosemary essential oil (REO) contains bioactives having antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This work investigated the effect of REO combined with modified atmosphere packaging conditions (MAP), in our case, aerobic, vacuum or high O2, to extend the shelf life of beef. Beef slices were wrapped in special three-layer sheets of packaging material, some with a coating of REO (active packaging, AP), and some without REO (non active packaging, NAP), and stored at 4°C for 20days. The use of REO proved efficacious in every storage condition, as seen in the lower counts of psychrotrophics, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacteriaceae in AP meat compared to NAP meat. Sensory and colourimetric analyses showed that the best packaging conditions were high-O2 atmosphere in combination with REO. Based on microbiological data, shelf life of beef was 5-6days for AP samples packaged under aerobic conditions and 14-15days for AP samples in high-O2 conditions.

The mechanical properties of solid foods have not been extensively studied. This is due to the fact that most foods behave as viscous fluids or viscoelastic ''solids''. In the case of freezing of foods or by considering solid foods (i.e. chocolate), food can be considered as a solid system. This paper presents results obtained with Tylose Ò (a model food made of a methyl cellulose gel-74% water content) and chocolate. The Young's modulus, the Poisson ratio, the bulk modulus and the coefficient of thermal expansions have been determined using specific procedures. These results can be of interest to model the thermomechanical behavior of foods undergoing freezing.

Theoretical analyses of subcritical/transcritical heat pumps using four natural refrigerants, carbon dioxide, ammonia, propane and isobutane have been carried out for high temperature heating applications at different heating outlet temperatures and heat sources using computer models. The compressor discharge pressures have been optimized for transcritical and subcritical (with near critical operation of condenser) cycles. Results show that for subcritical heat pumps, use of subcooling is efficient for heating applications with a gliding temperature. Results also show that although propane yields better coefficient of performance (COP) in low temperature heating applications, ammonia performs the best in high temperature heating applications. Finally, design aspects of major components of all the four heat pumps for high temperature heating have been discussed, particularly with reference to suitability of available lubricants to the newly evolved operating conditions.

Supermarket Open display case Air curtain Experiment Air distribution R-507 a b s t r a c t This paper presents some of the results derived from extensive experimentation on display cases for supermarkets and derives some possible improvements to augment temperature uniformity and energy performance. The effect of the perforation pattern of the rear duct on the distribution of airflow between these and the front curtain is brought out. The critical component is air infiltration across the curtain, which is governed by internal air distribution and curtain characteristics. It is observed that a 70-30 distribution of flow between the curtain and the rear duct perforations yields a performance that satisfies the standards. Further, a judicious distribution of perforations on the rear duct at various levels and across is necessary. Correlations available in the literature are useful in making a qualitative assessment of the results. ª 2007 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.

Radial clearance OileR134a mixture Refrigerant leakage a b s t r a c t In this paper a non-isothermal two-phase model for oileR134a refrigerant mixture flow is presented to predict the R134a leakage through the radial clearance of rolling piston compressors. The flow is divided in a liquid single-phase region and in a two-phase region, in which the homogeneous model is used to simulate the flow. The refrigerant leakage is determined using the mixture mass flow rate and the refrigerant mass fraction variation along the flow. The results are obtained for inlet pressures varying from 200 to 700 kPa, inlet temperatures ranging from 40 to 60 C, and minimal clearances between 10 and 60 mm. The results are firstly compared to existing isothermal model data, showing that there is a significant difference between the leakage flow rates predicted by isothermal and non-isothermal models. Finally, a useful general equation for compressor designers is proposed to calculate the refrigerant leakage for a large range of operation conditions. ª 2012 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.