Physicochemical

The research presents experimental study and investigation on the production of biodiesel from African sweet orange seeds oil. The seeds were obtained, sundried, crushed and weighed. Chemical extraction method was used to extract oil from the crushed seeds using soxhlet extractor with n-hexane as a solvent. The physicochemical properties of the oil determined were; flash 1510C, fire point 1730C, acid value 82%, product percentage yield 40% and specific gravity 0.920 at 150C. The production of Biodiesel was carried out through transesterification process from the extracted oil using methanol as catalyst. The results of the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are; Cloud point 60C, Pour point 20C, Flash point 1400C, Density 0.86g/cm and Kinematic viscosity 1.938 mm2/s. The effect of methanol on the yielding of biodiesel at constant ratios of oil and catalyst was determined to be 68% at 10ml, 77% at 9ml and 72% at 7ml. The results obtained are in conformity when compare...

This study examined the concentrations of Escherichia coli in soil and water samples, and some physicochemical properties of water collected from the Karnafuly River estuary, Bangladesh during March-June 2012. Among the water parameters, temperature was in the range 26.5 to 32°C, salinity varied between 0 and 5 ppt, pH values ranged from 7.5 to 7.9 and dissolved oxygen (DO) was recorded at concentrations of 2.28 to 2.91 mg/l. The average total E. coli were 26 cells/ml in water, but the sediment contained 96.42 cells/g of E. coli. The population of E. coli was always higher in sediment than those that occurred in water among all sampling stations. The growth of E. coli were positively correlated (P < 0.01) with water temperature and negatively correlated with salinity, pH and DO. The data on water quality parameters and occurrence of E. coli indicated that water of the Karnafuly estuary is polluted and unhygienic for drinking, even impossible to use for washing purposes without any treatment.

RESUMO:A hidroclorotiazida é um diurético tiazídico indicado para o tratamento de hipertensão arterial. O controle de qualidade de medicamentos é realizado através de um conjunto de medidas, com o intuito de avaliar medicamentos, promovendo a garantia do efeito farmacológico. A fim de verificar a qualidade e a equivalência farmacêutica de comprimidos de hidroclorotiazida, realizou-se um estudo comparativo por meio de testes físico-químicos através dos ensaios de peso médio, dureza, friabilidade e desintegração. As amostras foram designadas como R (medicamento de referência), G (medicamento genérico) e S (medicamento similar). Os resultados demonstraram uma conformidade entre as amostras analisadas nos testes de peso médio, friabilidade e desintegração. No entanto, a dureza dos comprimidos genéricos, apresentou-se fora das especificações encontradas na farmacopeia brasileira. O comprometimento da qualidade de medicamentos fornece várias implicações diante da sua utilização. Portanto, é importante realizar a avaliação da qualidade físico-química das fórmulas farmacêuticas e a realização da pesquisa promoveu várias discussões sobre a qualidade dos medicamentos avaliados. Palavras-chave: Hidroclorotiazida. Comprimidos. Controle de qualidade. Hipertensão. ABSTRACT: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic indicated for the treatment of hypertension. The quality control of medicines is performed through a set of measures, in order to evaluate medicines, promoting the guarantee of pharmacological effect. In order to verify the quality and pharmaceutical equivalence of hydrochlorothiazide tablets, a comparative study was carried outby means of physicochemical tests by means of medium weight, hardness, friability and disintegration tests. The samples were designated as R (reference medicine), G (generic medicine) and S (similar medicine). The results demonstrated a conformity between the analyzed samples in the tests of average weight, friability and disintegration. However, the hardness of generic tablets was out of the specifications found in the Brazilian pharmacopoeia. Impaired drug quality has several implications for their use. Therefore, it is important to perform the evaluation of the physical-chemical quality of pharmaceutical formulas and the conduct of the research promoted several discussions about the quality of the drugs evaluated. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) trata-se de uma doença crônica e representa um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública, devido ao grande fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e doenças renais. Apesar de grandes avanços no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos anti-hipertensivos capazes de reduzir a pressão arterial, a HAS continua sendo, hoje, uma das principais causas de morte no Brasil e no mundo, pelo fato de sua prevalência ter aumentado e, por vezes ser uma doença silenciosa [1].

Egg yolk is common functional ingredient in food production, mainly in mayonnaise as an emulsifier. Egg yolk cholesterol was removed using β-cyclodextrine, treated with α-amylase, and low-cholesterol mayonnaise produced. The flow behavior of cholesterol-reduced mayonnaise was investigated at different cholesterol-reduced egg yolk and xanthan gum content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different formulations at various percentages of egg yolk (EY; 4 and 6 percent by weight) and xanthan gum (XG; 0.5 and 0.7 percent by weight) on flow behavior and physicochemical properties of reduced-fat and low-cholesterol mayonnaise prepared with cholesterol-reduced liquid egg yolk and to obtain suitable model for mayonnaise formulations. The aim of the study was to develop a reduced-fat and lowcholesterol mayonnaise with properties similar to those of typical mayonnaise in the market. For this purpose, four reduced-fat and low-cholesterol mayonnaise formulations were prepared in the laboratory using cholesterol-reduced EY. They were compared with a commercial mayonnaise from a local market as a control sample. According to results, color parameters and flow behaviors of the samples compared with the control sample indicated that the samples had higher values of lightness and yellowness, and presented lower values of yield stress and flow behavior index and higher values of consistency coefficient with respect to the commercial product, except recipe that included 6% of EY and 0.7% of XG, which exhibited similar values to the typical commercial one in the market. The Herschel Bulkley model was employed in order to evaluate the effect of EY and XG ratios on mayonnaise rheological behavior. In general, the results obtained suggest that the recipe with EY (6 wt%) and XG (0.7 wt%) had better rheological characteristics and physicochemical properties those prepared with various formulations, maintaining the reduced-fat and low-cholesterol mayonnaise prepared with βcyclodextrine-treated cholesterol-reduced EY. It can be interpreted that the developed product may have potential use in industrial application.

Storage conditions were known to bring about some physicochemical changes in frozen foods. The present investigation was therefore carried out to examine the effect of storage period on the physicochemical, sensory and microbiological quality of bakery flavoured ice cream. Bakery flavoured ice cream incorporating cookies (plain and chocolate) and cakes (vanilla and chocolate) at 10 per cent level were prepared and subjected to 60 days of frozen storage and evaluated periodically at intervals of 15 days. With the progress in the storage period total solids, acidity and specific gravity of all ice cream samples increased significantly (p<0.01) during the storage, while pH, antioxidant activity and overrun decreased significantly (p<0.01). Protein, fibre and ash content do not show any significant change during storage. The decrease in total phenolic content was found to be non significant with increase in storage period from 0 to 60 days. Storage period had significant (p<0.01) on L and a*colour attributes of ice cream samples. First dripping time increased while melting rate decreased in all samples. The mean sensory scores of all ice cream samples decreased significantly with progress in storage period at -18±1 o C. There was a significant decline in Standard Plate Count (SPC) and increase in psychrophillic count with progress in storage period.

L’autocontrôle est un contrôle effectué par l’opérateur, qui lui permet, en fonction du résultat, d’adapter son travail de façon à obtenir un produit conforme aux exigences qualités. Pour réussir l’autocontrôle sur la ligne de production, il est donc indispensable de connaître ce qu’il faut mesurer (définir des critères ou dangers pertinents), de pouvoir mesurer (choisir des outils de mesure adéquats), de comprendre le résultat (formation, instructions), de savoir interpréter (valeurs cibles, tolérances), et de pouvoir réagir (actions correctives et recherche d’améliorations). Pourtant, l’ensemble de ces moyens doit être justifié économiquement.
L’étude des autocontrôles sur la ligne de production des biscuits secs auprès de SOCOBIS  nous donne une illustration partielle de la gestion de la qualité au quotidien au sein de l’entreprise, des difficultés rencontrés et des exemples concrets d’évaluation et d’amélioration.

Distilleries are one of the most polluting industries generating large volume of wastewater having a serious environmental concern. Distillery effluent is characterized by dark brown color, acidic pH, high temperature, low dissolved oxygen (DO), high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Distillery wastewater disposed onto the environment prior to treatment is hazardous and leads to soil and water pollution. The dark brown color of distillery effluent causes reduction of sunlight penetration, decreased photosynthetic activity and dissolved oxygen concentration in rivers, lakes and lagoons, hence becomes detrimental to aquatic life. It also causes reduction in soil alkalinity and inhibition of seed germination. Different physicochemical and biological methods have been investigated for the treatment of distillery effluents. In recent years, increasing attentions has been directed towards biological wastewater treatment methods. Bioremediation of wastewater using microorganisms is efficient and cost effective method. Microorganisms as bacteria, fungi, and algae have been shown to exhibit bioremediation activities mainly due to their production of complex and non-specific enzymatic systems capable of degrading various forms of pollutants from wastewater. The main concern of the present review is also to explore the role of microorganisms in wastewater treatment disposed from distilleries. Further, the mechanisms of color removal by fungi, bacteria and algae have also been incorporated.

En esta práctica se observo el efecto de solubilidad, punto de ebullición, formación de carbono, estabilidad térmica y punto de fusión, observando cambios físico-químicos, en algunos reactivos donde se evidencio que no todos los reactivos son solubles ya que se tomo cuatro muestras diferentes en las que empleamos el nitrato de potasio, cloruro de sodio, acido benzoico, y almidón, los cuales solo dos de ellos son solubles, (nitrato de potasio y cloruro de sodio), y por tanto los dos restantes no lo son siendo el acido benzoico y el almidón, reactivos no solubles. En cuanto al punto de ebullición se tomaron en cuenta dos factores muy importantes, que fueron el tiempo y la temperatura usando dos reactivos, agua (H 2 O) y acetona, para la formación de carbono se utilizo un papel para quemar y dos reactivos tales como, sacarosa y NaCl, para la estabilidad térmica se uso NaCl y almidón para observar su cambio directamente puesto en una capsula y en la plancha, finalmente en el punto de fusión se trabajo con aceite, para observar su procedimiento y reacción. Por tanto el objetivo de esta práctica fue identificar las diferencias entre compuestos orgánicos e inorgánicos de algunos reactivos al ser expuestos al calor y ser claramente visibles al ojo humano.

Production of goat milk has increased worldwide due to its numerous health benefits. Goat milk is a rich source of
proteins, vitamins, minerals as well as many short and medium
chain fatty acids. Goat milk has better digestibility, lower
allergenicity and  suitable for those who suffer from lactose
intolerance. Considering those health benefits, current study was carried out to produce a goat milk yogurt and identify the
plausibility use of beetroot juice to mask the goaty flavor.

in order to understand the physico-chemical properties of water samples collected along the Mahim Creek of Mumbai. The annual average Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) content of the Creek water was found to be 14614 ppm which was very much above the limit of 2100 ppm set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for inland surface water. The annual average conductivity was found to be 24023 µS cm-1 which was very much above the conductivity limit for inland surface water of 1000 µS cm-1 set by CPCB for propagation of fisheries. The annual average hardness level of the creek water was recorded as 1696 ppm, based on the recorded value the creek water can be considered as very hard water. The hardness of creek water was supported from the high annual average concentration levels of calcium (545 ppm) and magnesium (209 ppm) in the creek water. The average annual alkalinity level was recorded as 334.7 ppm, which according to the UN Department of Technical Cooperation for Development can be considered as medium to strongly alkaline. The annual average chloride concentration level was found to be 4770 ppm which was above the US Environment Protection Agency (US EPA) standards of 250 ppm set for chloride in surface water. The overall annual average concentration of sulphate was found to be 605.5 ppm, which was very much above the limit of 400 ppm set by CPCB for inland surface water. It is feared that such high amount of sulphates may lead to pollution problems resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide gas. The average concentration level of reactive silica as SiO 2 in the creek water was recorded as 495.3 ppm. Based on the previous study it is feared that such high level of Si at a pH greater than 5 may affect significantly in removal of the As (III) and also reduce the adsorption capacity of ferric hydroxide for As (V) and As (III) at a pH of approximately 6.8. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to control the discharge of pollutants into the aquatic ecosystems.

Thane Creek is one of the most important ecosystems around Mumbai and Thane, and the mangroves surrounding the ecosystem form the vital green lung for the residents. It is also an important feeding and breeding ground for fishes. Locals have been living in harmony amidst this ecosystem for ages, but in recent past, man has misused this ecosystem by way of releasing sewage, dumping solid waste, etc., and has succeeded in choking the ecosystem. This paper advocates habitat conservation and ecological studies with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of the sediment samples collected from six different sampling sites along the Thane Creek area. The constituents monitored included bulk density, moisture content, pH, EC, alkalinity, and chlorinity. The objective of the present work is to throw light on deteriorating condition of Thane Creek, suggesting the need for regular scientific studies, which will help to gauge the extent of pollution.

This study involved the investigation of the nutritional composition of Vitellaria paradoxa seed by determining its proximate, vitamin and mineral content, and physicochemical properties of seed oil of Vitellaria paradoxa. The results of the proximate composition analysis showed that the seed contained 2.842% moisture, 4.183% ash, 49.155% fat, 9.30% protein, 12.678% fibre and 21.842% carbohydrate and its energy content was 2348.149kJ/100g. The mineral composition analysis showed that the seed contained 61.70ppm K, 52.00ppm Fe, 30.20ppm Ca, 6.24 ppm Mg, 5.10ppm Na, 0.80ppm Cu, 0.72 ppm Zn, 0.30 ppm Mn, 0.04 ppm Ni, 0.02 ppm Pb,0.0l ppm Cd, and 0.01 ppm Co while its vitamins A and C contents were 15012.09 µg/mg and 189.53 mg/g respectively. The result obtained for physicochemical properties of the seed oil showed 0.895g/cm 3 specific gravity, 1.464 refractive index, 4.297mg/g acid value, 68.018mg/g iodine value, 224.4mg/g saponification value and 2.160 mg/g free fatty acid. The results obtained in this study for the nutritional (proximate, mineral and vitamin) composition of V. paradoxa seed show that the seed has a high nutritional and energy values, and would be useful raw materials for industries, and animal feed formulations. The seed oil can be described as having good nutritional quality and high commercial value. It is edible and would find applications in food, soap and cosmetics manufacturing besides domestic cooking purposes.

Developing a new product was the objectives of this work. For this purpose isolated caffeine from tea was added to fruit juices to make a drink that would fulfill the need of nutrition as well as stimulation. Three fruits (Pineapple, Orange, Malta) were chosen for the experiment and caffeine was extracted from tea by liquid -liquid extraction method. Extracted caffeine from made tea was purified before addition to the beverage. Preservatives, added sugar or any other additives were not used in the juice. Fresh & Caffeinated juices were stored at three different temperatures 25 o C, 4 o C and -15 o C to observe their shelf life as well as physicochemical and microbial changes during six days of storage. Fresh and caffeinated juices stored at room temperature (25 o C) became unacceptable after 1 day of storage, in case of 4 o C it was 5 days. The juices stored at deep freezing temperature (-15 o C) remained acceptable up to 21 days. During storage pH of fresh and caffeinated juices were increased while acidity and vitamin C content decreased gradually. Microbial analysis showed presence of fungus in fresh and caffeinated juices and microbial loads were counted by SPC (Standard Plate Count) method.

Yams are not among the most common sources of industrial starch, which are mostly imported at a cost. Exploiting alternative sources of starch would lessen the burden of its importation. Starches from four local varieties of Dioscorea rotundata namely Pona, Labreko, Asobayere and Muchumudu were analyzed for their physicochemical and functional properties. Results obtained showed significant differences (p<0.05) in some physicochemical properties (moisture, ash, starch yield and pH). Moisture, ash, starch yield, pH, amylose, amylopectin, swelling power, solubility and water binding capacities ranged from 7.22 to 7.82%, 024 to 0.86%, 12.61 to 20.89%, 5.57 to 6.25, 27.48 to 31.55%, 68.45 to 72.52%, 10.57 to 12.48%, 8.52 to 9.32% and 175.25 to 182.69% respectively. Asobayere had the highest starch yield (20.89%) and may be exploited for starch production. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the pasting properties. The pasting temperature ranged from 75.10 (Asobayere) to 77.30°C (Muchumudu). Peak temperature ranged from 81.7 (Asobayere) to 94.8°C (Muchumudu). Peak viscosity for Asobayere, Pona, Labreko and Muchumudu were 726, 614, 685 and 639 BU respectively. Final viscosity ranged from 385 (Pona) to 817 BU (Muchumudu). Values of 385 (Asobayere), 142 (Labreko), 293 (Pona) and 25 BU (Muchumudu) were observed for breakdown viscosity. Labreko had the highest value of 337 BU and Pona the lowest value of 79 BU for setback viscosity. Muchumudu may be used industrially in products that require high unit yield, low viscosity and paste stability at low temperatures. Asobayere and Labreko may be used for foods that require thick and cohesive paste such as fufu and pounded yam due to its high pasting viscosities. Yam starches can be exploited for diverse uses.

The rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in Vasai City of Mumbai with improper environmental planning has resulted in discharge of sewage and industrial wastes in to the Vasai Creek thereby greatly affecting its physico-chemical properties. The present investigation to study the physico-chemical parameters of creek water for the two assessment years 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 suggests the high level of aquatic pollution. It is observed that pH; solid content, total hardness, sulphide, phosphate, phenol, and oil/grease content, as well as BOD/COD values were above the maximum permissible limit for set for inland surface water subjected to pollution load. The results also indicates that the pollution level of 2010 to 2011 were above that of 2009 to 2010. It is observed that the present high level of pollution will not only not only create threat to the aquatic life of the creek, but also affect the aesthetic beauty of the creek.

The accurate characterization of asphalt mixture properties as a function of pavement service life is becoming more important as more powerful pavement design and performance prediction methods are implemented. Oxidative aging is a major distress mechanism of asphalt pavements. Aging increases the stiffness and brittleness of the material, which leads to a high cracking potential. Thus, an improved understanding of the aging phenomenon and its effect on asphalt binder chemical and rheological properties will allow for the prediction of mixture properties as a function of pavement service life. Many researchers have conducted laboratory binder thin-film aging studies; however, this approach does not allow for studying the physicochemical effects of mineral fillers on age hardening rates in asphalt mixtures. Moreover, aging phenomenon in the field is governed by kinetics of binder oxidation, oxygen diffusion through mastic phase, and oxygen percolation throughout the air voids structure. In this study, laboratory aging trials were conducted on mixtures prepared using component materials of several field projects throughout the USA and Canada. Laboratory aged materials were compared against field cores sampled at different ages. Results suggested that oven aging of loose mixture at 95°C is the most promising laboratory long-term aging method. Additionally, an empirical model was developed in order to account for the effect of mineral fillers on age hardening rates in asphalt mixtures. Kinetics modeling was used to predict field aging levels throughout pavement thickness and to determine the required laboratory aging duration to match field aging. Kinetics model outputs are calibrated using measured data from the field to account for the effects of oxygen diffusion and percolation. Finally, the calibrated model was validated using independent set of field sections. This work is expected to provide basis for improved asphalt mixture and pavement design procedures in order to save taxpayers' money.

This work was carried out to determine the potential applications of gingerbread plum seed oil by investigating its phytoconstituents and physicochemical characteristics. The underutilize oil seed from gingerbread plum tree growing in abundance in Niger Republic was exploited. Phytochemical analysis of the seed oil extracted using soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins and absence of Cyanogenic glycosides.The physicochemical analysis of gingerbread plum (Parinari macrophylla) seed oil was carried out and the following results were obtained; Acid value 12.97± 0.01 mg KOH/g, Saponification value 153.30 ± 0.10 , Iodine value 32.07 ±0.01 I2/100g, Free fatty acid 15.10±0.10 (% Oleic), Peroxide value (meq H2O2) 45.48 ± 0.02. The % yield was 49.3, Color was golden yellow, odour was agreeable, and the oil was liquid at room temperature.Justification of the use of the seed oil for food, medicinal and cosmetic was expatiated.

The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Yenagoa and environs was investigated to determine the areal distribution of geochemical parameters and attempt to explain the controlling processes responsible for the various facies. Sixty water samples were collected from wells ( Borehole) at different times in both the dry season ( December to February) and the raining/wet Season ( Between May and October) and were analyzed for various parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Chlorine (Cl), Bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) and sulphate ion (SO4 2-) after standard procedures. The Data obtained from the laboratory analysis were used as variable inputs for the descriptive statistics such as mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation. Laboratory tests were carried out on representative soil samples in accordance with British Standards (B.S) 1377, which are equivalent to the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. The tests were grain size distribution analysis, permeability (using the constant and falling head permeameters) and Atterberg (consistency) limits and was conducted to enable the evaluation of the gradation, hydraulic conductivity (coefficient of permeability/ and consistency (water absorbing and adsorbing ability) properties of the soil samples, as well as their classification. Results showed that water table was generally close to the surface of the area. The first 0 to 5cm depth consist of organic clay, and essentially, the area is mostly characterized by the sandyclay and silty-clay materials. By implication, the upper clay protective layer for groundwater is thin, coupled with organic materials, biochemical oxygen demand is enhanced. Permeability and transmissivity character of the borehole indicate that if surface water is polluted in one area it can easily get transferred to other part of Yenagoa thus causing serious concern for health implication. The physico-chemical character of the groundwater reflects the hydrochemical facie of the groundwater in the study area. The most prevalent ionic concentration includes iron, calcium, magnesium, Sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The trend of occurrence shows the following relationship: Ca > HCO 3 > Na + > K > Mg > Cl -> SO 4 2 . Na + > K > Cl -. There is elevated occurrence of Ca 2+ > HCO 3 -> Mg 2+ ions in the groundwater beyond permissible level reflecting processes of natural rainwater recharge and water -soil/rock interaction

The physicochemical (pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, sugars and organic acids), flavour and sensory properties of five Malaysian durian cultivars (D2, D24, MDUR78, D101 and Chuk) were studied. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the five cultivars in terms of all physicochemical characteristics tested with the exception for D2 and MDUR 78, which had similar physicochemical characteristics. Twenty two esters, 14 sulphur compounds, 7 alcohols, 3 aldehydes and 1 ketone were detected in the durian pulp of the five different cultivars using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. Diethyl disulphide, ethyl-n-propyl disulphide, diethyl trisulphide and ethanethiol were the predominant sulphur-containing compounds in all the cultivars. The major esters present in durian were either ethyl propanoate, ethyl-2-methyl butanoate, or propyl-2-methylbutanoate and their levels varied within cultivars. Principal component analysis applied to the data differentiated all cultivars based on 29 volatile flavour compounds exhibiting significant differences (P < 0.05) between cultivars. Principal components 1 and 2 explained 89% of the total variance. A strong correlation was observed between sensory properties with flavour compound and physicochemical characteristics of the fruit.

The effect of heat and chemical treatments on physico - chemical and sensory properties of coconut milk-orange beverage was studied. Coconut milk (CM) and single strength orange juice (OJ) were prepared from coconut and orange fruits respectively. Orange Juice was used to replace coconut milk at 20, 40 and 60% levels and stabilized with carboxy methylcellulose to produce coconut milk-orange beverage. The beverage samples were in triplicate. A portion was treated with sodium benzoate, the second portion was pasteurized and the last portion was untreated (control). The three sets of samples were then packaged separately in glass bottles and stored under ambient temperature (30±20C). Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation were determined before they were stored for two weeks. The untreated fresh beverage samples contained higher amounts of fat, ash and protein but lower amount of
crude fiber and carbohydrate. Ambient condition of storage effected increase in moisture but decrease in fat, protein and carbohydrate contents of all samples while ash and crude fiber remained unchanged. Chemically treated samples had the highest (p< 0.5) Total Titratable Acidity value of 1.24% while control had 0.41%. Based on the result findings of this research, 60: 40% combination of Orange Juice and Coconut Milk is recommended. Again, the production of Coconut Milk –Orange Juice beverage has proved to be a viable option for addressing food security in Nigeria.

O leite é um dos alimentos mais consumidos no mundo e por pessoas de todas as faixas etárias, portanto, para garantir a qualidade deste produto e a segurança de seus consumidores os órgãos regulamentadores definem alguns padrões físicoquímicos, bioquímicos e microbiológicos que devem ser seguidos por seus produtores. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a qualidade microbiológica, físico-química e bioquímica do leite pasteurizado comercializado em Governador Valadares / MG, verificar se encontravam dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa N° 51, de 4 de novembro de 2011 do Ministério da Agricultura. Foram coletadas três marcas diferentes de leite pasteurizados em um supermercado de Governador Valadares e realizadas análises de acidez, proteína, lipídeos além de analises microbiológicas para coliformes totais, Salmonella spp., fungos e leveduras. Das três amostras analisadas todas apresentaram valores de ácido láctico maiores que o permitido pela legislação vigente (0,14 a 0,18 g/100ml), proteínas e lipídios estão dentro do mínimo exigido e quanto aos microrganismos, fungos foram encontrados na analise da marca C. Com relação aos resultados obtidos, faz-se, dessa forma, a necessidade da melhor orientação e inspeção do leite, para se detectar falhas no beneficiamento, para obtenção de um produto final seguro e de qualidade ao consumidor. Palavras-chave: Leite Pasteurizado, Qualidade Microbiológica, Físico-Química, Bioquímica.

A binder holds powders together to form granules and also provides
the  cohesiveness  required  for  binding  of  the  granules  under
compressio n to form a tablet. Some  natural excipients are  currently
available  for  pharmaceutical  formulation.  Aim  of  this  study  was  to
isolate the  mucilage  from different plants and to evaluate them as a
binder.  Here  an  effort  was  made  to  investigate  the  efficacy  of
mucilage  obtained  from  fruits  of  Ziziphus  mauritiana  and  Aegle
marmelos  as  tablet  excipient.  A  microwave  assisted  extraction
technique was developed to optimize the extraction of mucilage from
the  fruits of  Ziziphus mauritiana and Aegle marmelos  plants. Fruits
of  both  plants  have  been  extracted  by  conventional  and  microwave
assisted method for isolation of mucilage. The extracted mucilage has
been evaluated for various physicochemical properties. Tablets were
manufactured  using  extracted  mucilage  as  a  binding  agent  and
comparison was  made against the tablets prepared with starch paste
as  standard  binder  on  studying  standard  parameters  like  diameter,
thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration and Invitro dissolution study. Mucilage could be used as a binding agent for
at  low  concentrations.  This  can  be  used  for  sustaining  drug  release
from  tablets  since  prepared  tablets  produced  a  sticky  film  of
hydration on surface which ultimately reduces drug release rate and
hence can be evaluated for its efficacy to sustain the drug release.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kandungan nanas kerang yang menghasilkan karakter fisikokimia dan sensori "liang teh" Pontianak. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri satu faktor perlakuan yaitu kandungan nanas kerang sebanyak tujuh taraf terdiri dari kandungan 0 g, 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, 50 g, dan 60 g per 1000 ml air diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Variabel pengamatan meliputi vitamin C, pH, total asam, total padatan terlarut dan uji sensori, jika perlakuan berpengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji BNJ 5%. Uji sensori menggunakan metode Kruskal-Wallis selanjutnya untuk mendapatkan perlakuan terbaik dilakukan uji indeks efektifitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pembuatan "liang teh" dengan kandungan nanas kerang menghasilkan formulasi terbaik dengan kandungan nanas kerang 40 g. "liang teh" yang dihasilkan memiliki karakter fisikokimia vitamin C 21,12 %; pH 6,69 %; total asam 0,82 %; total padatan terlarut 6,33% dan karakter sensori adalah aroma 3,08 % (agak wangi); kekelatan 3,32 % (agak kelat); warna 2,80 % (merah keunguan); kekeruhan 2,72 % (agak keruh); dan kesukaan 3,28 % (agak suka).

High-pressure processing (HPP) is a novel, non-thermal food processing technology. Processing of foods by this method offers an alternative to thermal processing as it is carried out near the ambient temperature, thus, eliminating the adverse effects of heat and keeps the sensory and nutritional attributes of the food fresh like. This paper outlines the salient principles of the high pressure processing, equipment available, microbial inactivation mechanisms, applications of high pressure in the processing of dairy products, effect of pressure treatment on the milk constituents and further research needs for adaptation of the process in the dairy industry.

The presence of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) in edible oils has been widely reported with its potential health risks. The aim of this study was to apply optimized recent updated and validated enhanced swift analytical indirect method for determining 3-MCPD in consumed edible oils (palm, palm olein, extra virgin olive, corn, sunflower, soybean, olive pomace) and blend of 5% sunflower oil with extra virgin olive oil, using selective and sensitive gas chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) employing deuterated 3-MCPD (3-MCPD-d5) as internal standard (IS) during the entire analytical procedure to obtain precise and accurate results. The occurrence and variation of 3-MCPD contents among the studied oils were found in different levels ranged from 93.1 µg/kg to 5634.1 µg/kg oil samples, with maximum value assigned for palm oil (5634.1 µg/kg) followed by palm olein (5576.8 µg/kg), corn oil (2447 µg/kg), sunflower oil (1817.3 µg/kg), soybean oil (1486.1 µg/k...

In this study, the mean levels of anion and metals in " Hora " natural mineral water and soil were determined. Accordingly, the levels of N–NH 3 , Cl − , N– NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , Mg, and Ca in water were not exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guideline values for humans and the levels of N–NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and Ca were also far below the Canadian Ministers of Health (CMH) guideline values for livestock. The levels of Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Mo were above the WHO guideline values, while majority of the trace metals were not exceeding the maximum permissible value for livestock except for Ni and Co. Among the trace metals found in the soil, Mn and Pb were found to be higher compared to the recommended value (40 mg/kg) by the Ethiopian guideline. The drinking water quality index (DWQI) was calculated to be 67.6 based on 21 important quality parameters. Subjects: Environment & Resources; Environment & Health; Research Methods in Environmental Studies; Environmental Change & Pollution; Chemistry Keywords: " Hora " natural mineral water; physicochemical; level of metals and anions

The acid-base behavior of benzodiazepines was studied by using a new technique GL-pK a in different ethanolwater [up to 50 % (v/v) ethanol] and methanol-water [up to 50 % (v/v) methanol] mixtures and at different temperatures. The ionic strength was maintained using potassium chloride. The primary goal of this work was to study the effect of different factors like dielectric constant, temperature, and ionic strength on the dissociation constant of benzodiazepines in detail as these are widely used in every day medical practice and forensic and clinical investigations. Potentiometric titrations were performed for determination of the pK values. This technique was found to be convenient, accurate, and easily applicable. The pK values obtained were in good agreement with literature values within experimental error.

The present study objectively conducted to analysis the physico-chemical parameters of Sahapura Lake. For this study the water samples were collected from five sampling stations during the June to November 2006. The range of physico-chemical parameters were observed Temperature (24.7-36.6) 0 C, Conductivity (280-380) µ mhos /cum , Total Dissolved Solid (345 -388) mg/l, pH (7.0-8.6), Free CO 2 8.9-16 mg/l, Free alkalinity (14-31) mg/l, Total alkalinity (120-265) mg/l, DO (3.2-7.5) mg/l, BOD (2.6-15.2) mg/l, COD (14-45) mg/l, Chloride (10-39) mg/l, Calcium hardness (89-135) mg/l, Total hardness (100-289) mg/l, Nitrate-nitrogen (0.60-2.9) mg/l during the study.The analysed result is compared with permissible limits as prescribed by WHO, BIS for drinking water quality. It was concluded that temperature, pH, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen. biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, calcium hardness beyond the prescribed limits of WHO and BIS. It is indicating for increasing in pollution of Sahapura Lake, which need control industrial waste, sewage discharge and human activity in the water body.

Water samples from the Anambra River were taken from five distinct locations that displayed differential environmental stress to evaluate freshwater pollution. The physico-chemical characteristics of the river were conducted. The distribution and occurrence of heavy metals, which may affect human health and possibly induce aquatic damage, were investigated in the water column, adopting standard ecological and chemical techniques. The experimental approach was conducted under 2x5 factorial in a completely randomized block design using equal replicates to test the effects of season (rainy and dry) and location on the pollution parametric measurements, together with their interactions on heavy metal concentrations. Public survey on the use and treatment of water from the ecologically stressed river was investigated with questionnaire. Variations occurred between physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations of water samples from different locations in both rainy and dry seasons. Season by location interaction affected the heavy metal concentrations adversely, especially with regard to zinc. Likert scaling procedure further showed significant use and non-treatment of water from the river, posing a potential health threat to the dependent human population. Being obvious from the results that freshwater pollution could also be traceable to effluent/municipal wastewater discharged from industries and homes, there is need to respond appropriately to sustain the aquatic resources and avert possible human disease tragedies. In addition, Ackerman's principles of water management for people and environment should be followed.

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The research presents experimental study and investigation on the production of biodiesel from African sweet orange seeds oil. The seeds were obtained, sundried, crushed and weighed. Chemical extraction method was used to extract oil from the crushed seeds using soxhlet extractor with n-hexane as a solvent. The physicochemical properties of the oil determined were; flash 1510C, fire point 1730C, acid value 82%, product percentage yield 40% and specific gravity 0.920 at 150C. The production of Biodiesel was carried out through transesterification process from the extracted oil using methanol as catalyst. The results of the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are; Cloud point 60C, Pour point 20C, Flash point 1400C, Density 0.86g/cm and Kinematic viscosity 1.938 mm2/s. The effect of methanol on the yielding of biodiesel at constant ratios of oil and catalyst was determined to be 68% at 10ml, 77% at 9ml and 72% at 7ml. The results obtained are in conformity when compared with ASTM standard D6571 and imply that the African sweet orange seeds oil can be used to produce biodiesel.

Some physico-chemical parameters/pollution indicators on ground and surface water around industrialised part of 9 th mile corner, Enugu urban and Ajalli stream all in Enugu State, Nigeria, were ascertained using standard methods. The pH ranged from 6.5-8.5 at the water temperature between 26°C to 30°C. Turbidity of 5.00 NTU and slightly above were observed, with the total dissolved solids of 12.94, 31.96 and 867.93mg/l for 9 th mile, Enugu urban and Ajalli stream respectively, while the total suspended solids were 2.70, 5.32 and 59.32mg/l respectively. The biological Oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen ranged from 1.33-10.00mg/l and 1.43mg/l-5.85mg/l respectively, with chemical Oxygen demand value of 4.47, 3.7, and 24.95mg/l, and chloride ion concentration of 7.67 and 7.32, and 154.32mg/l for the 9 th mile, Enugu urban and Ajalli stream respectively. The total hardness and electrical conductivity ranged from 17.42 to 112.57mg/l and 53.32-985.67µcm/s respectively. Therefore, despite the rapid industrial growth, the ground water in 9 th mile corner of Enugu State, Nigeria, can be used for both domestic and industrial purposes with little or no treatment. It provides business opportunities and is suitably recommendable for industries specialized in the manufacture of beverage drinks and/or related products.

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties, oxidative stability and sensory quality of Walad (W) and Normal (N) sesame oils. 20 samples were collected from traditional mills (Assara) from five states of Sudan. Significant differences (P≤0.05) in physicochemical characteristics of N and W sesame oils were found. During storage for three days at 70ºC the N oil was less oxidized, producing fewer amounts of peroxides than W sesame oil through the five states. Using FTIR spectroscopy, the peak intensities of N and W oils of all states at frequency 723, 1163, 1745, 2852 and 2923 cm −1 was changed as time of storage increased. The overall acceptability of N and W oils showed significant differences (P< 0.05). Normal oils from the five states showed higher scores than that of Walad oils indicating their preference by the panelists.

Galls are plant tissue which is controlled by the insect. Galls are outgrowths on the surface of leaf caused by invasion of various organisms like Bacteria, Fungi, Insects, Parasites and Mites. Galls may be found on leaves, stems, twigs, branches, trunks and roots. There are hundreds of unique galls caused by insects and mites. They are formed on a variety of plants and in a broad range of sizes, shapes, colors and textures. Some galls are common and abundant and easily noticed. Others are rare or less conspicuous. This paper reports physicochemical study in leaf galls of Syzygium cumini. The parameters assayed were Total ash, acid insolubility and water solubility values and extractive values (Alcohol, water and petroleum ether).

Gujarat has a coast line of approximately 1700 Km, varying in different habitat conditions. The state has two gulfs viz., gulf of Khambhat and gulf of Kachchh. Edaphic conditions of different habitats in 'Bhal' region of Gujarat state which falls in two districts viz. Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar district of Gujarat state. The coastal vegetation depends on the edaphic conditions of the region. The coastal flora of the 'Bhal' region belonging to Bhavnagar district has species like Suaeda nudiflora, Prosopis chilensis, Dichanthium annulatum, etc. The 'Bhal' region has marshy, wetland and semiarid habitat. The present study investigates different physico-chemical parameters like Electrical Conductivity, pH and Sodium Adsorption Ratio, as well as mineral ion Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnessium and Chloride concentration in the soil of 'Bhal' region.

Resumo: A água além de um líquido vital para os seres vivos pode ser um veículo de transmissão de doenças causadas por microrganismos nocivos de origem entérica, tornando primordial a avaliação de sua qualidade microbiológica. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar os aspectos microbiológicos e físico-químicos da água dos bebedouros das escolas da rede municipal de Lago da Pedra-MA. Foi utilizados parâmetros físico-químicas tais como: níveis de pH, condutividade elétrica, concentração total de sólidos e oxigênio dissolvido, além de parâmetros microbiológicos como coliformes totais e termotolerantes usando como parâmetro os índices definidos pela Portaria nº 2914 de 2011 do Ministério da Saúde e a Resolução nº 357 de 2005 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Analisaram-se a água de bebedouros de 12 escolas municipais. Foi observado que 66,67% (8) das amostras apresentaram pH fora do estabelecido e 100% (12) mostraram valores de condutividade acima da faixa ideal. A taxa de oxigênio dissolvido e concentração de sólidos totais estavam normais. Foram encontrados ainda coliformes totais em 58% (7) das amostras e coliformes termotolerantes em 50% (6). Conclui-se então que a água fornecida a estudantes e funcionários se encontra inapropriada para consumo uma vez que a mesma apresentou diversas incongruências. Palavras-chave: Água, Qualidade microbiológica, Parâmetros físico-químicos. Abstract: Water besides a vital liquid for living beings can be a vehicle for transmitting diseases caused by harmful microorganisms of enteric origin, making it paramount to assess their microbiological quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the microbiological and physico-chemical aspects of water from the fountains of the schools of the municipal network of Lago do Pedra-MA. Physico-chemical parameters such as: pH levels, electrical conductivity, total concentration of solids and dissolved oxygen were used, as well as microbiological parameters such as total coliforms and termotolerantes using as a parameter the indexes The Ministry of Health and Resolution nº 357 of 2005 of the National Council of the environment, defined by the 2914 of 2011. Water from drinking troughs of 12 municipal schools was analyzed. It was observed that 66.67% (8) of the samples presented PH out of the established and 100% (12) showed conductivity values above the optimal range. The dissolved oxygen rate and concentration of total solids were normal. Total coliforms were found in 58% (7) of the samples and termotolerantes coliforms in 50% (6). It is therefore concluded that the water supplied to students and employees is inadequate for consumption since it presented several inconsistencies.

Communities of benthic macroinvertebrates obtained from a river catchment impacted by point source pollution were investigated from March 2013 to April 2014. The main purpose of this study was to describe the taxon richness of benthic macroinvertebrate communities obtained at upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment works and combined sewer overflows, assess water quality and to determine major physicochemical variables that affect the distribution and richness of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The biotic index Whalley Hawkes, Paisley and Trigg revealed distinction between the sites upstream of the wastewater treatment works from the downstream sites. Between and within sampling locations, the dominance of certain taxonomic groups was recorded including Oligochaete, Baetidae and Chironomidae. Predominant in the river were insects which constituted 72% of the overall benthic invertebrate communities followed by Oligochaeta (28%). Distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities was not associated with sewage variables but related more with altitude, catchment area, slope and discharge. Altitudes range from 31 to 140 m. The sites at higher altitude had better quality compared to the lower sites and therefore suggests that altitude could provide a spatial proxy for anticipated future ecological changes in the river over time. Classification of the river based on the European Union's Water Framework Directive indicated that the river had moderate ecological status.

Background: There is no available information on physicochemical and antioxidant properties on Bangladeshi honey. We investigated five different monofloral and three different multifloral honey samples collected from different parts of Bangladesh. Methods: The levels of phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant content (AEAC), proline, protein and antioxidants were determined in the honey samples using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Results: The highest level of phenolic was 688.5 ± 5.9 mg Gallic acid/kg, and the highest level of flavonoid was 155 ± 6.9 mg Catechin/kg. The highest color intensity was 2034.00 ± 17.5 mAU, and the highest protein content was 8.6 ± 0.0mg/g. High levels of proline (2932.8 ± 3.7 mg/kg), ascorbic acid (154.3 ± 0.3 mg/kg), AEAC (34.1 ± 1.4mg/100 g) and FRAP (772.4 ± 2.5 μmol Fe (II)/100 g) were detected in some of the samples, especially the multifloral honey samples, indicating good antioxidant properties. A strong positive correlation was found between phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH, FRAP and color intensity, indicating that in addition to total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations, color intensity and amino acid are good indicators of the antioxidant potential of honey. Except for a single sample (BDH-6), the honey samples stored for 1.5 years at room temperature still had 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) values within the recommended range (mean = 10.93 mg/kg), indicating that the rate of HMF production in Bangladeshi honey samples is low.

Introduction One of the most vital and valuable natural resources is water. All living organisms, from the simplest plants and microorganisms to the most complex living system known as the human body, require it to survive. Water is the most prevalent compound on the earth's surface (70 percent), consisting of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and having the chemical formula H2O (Reda, 2016). Because of its unusual chemical and physical features, it is significant (Obi and Okocha, 2007; Onifade and Ilori, 2008). Safe and portable water supplies in urban cities in Nigeria are still inadequate compared to the growing population. In Owerri Municipal, a gap still exists in the provision of safe drinking water, so due to complains of inadequacy, shortages of raw water supply and high demand of water supply, hence, the inhabitants have resorted to sourcing drinking of packaged water (i.e. sachet and bottled water) and so many entrepreneurs and companies have gone into the production of packaged water (bottled and sachet). The sachet water popularly called "pure water" is popular in many wards. These wards are Ikenegbu, Douglas, New Owerri, Tetlow, Wetheral, Eke Ukwu Owerri (the city's main market) and one thing common with this This work is published open access under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits free reuse, remix, redistribution and transformation provided due credit is given wards is that they are high-density areas where unmet high demand for water will have to be supplemented by other readily available water sources such as packaged water. The water sold at the kiosks and shops is said to be from springs that exists in some local government areas of the state. As at the time of this study a bottle of 50 cl is sold for N50, 75cl is sold for N100 while that of 120 cl is sold for N120, while a pack of 12 bottles is sold for N1200. Some of the producers claim that before it is packaged that it is processed by an ozone machine to make it drinkable. The sachet water costs less than the bottle water, a sachet of 60cl costs N10, while a big nylon bag of 20 sachets costs N100-N150 (Nwanna, 1998). The work aimed at assessing physico-chemical and bacteriological properties (quality) of the packaged water (bottled and sachet) sold in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods Source of Material At the time of the study, the packaged (sachet and bottled) water samples were obtained from owerri municipal council, Imo State, Nigeria.

The aim of the present study was to develop an sustained release formulation of Azathioprine to maintain constant therapeutic
levels of the drug for over 8 hrs. Various grades of polymethacrylate polymers and ethyl cellulose were employed as polymers. Azathioprine dose was fixed as 50 mg. Total weight of the tablet was considered as 150 mg. Polymers were used in the concentration of 25mg and 50mg concentration. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation (F3) showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e.,98.43 % in 8 hours. It followed zero order release kinetics mechanism.

Die Aufgabe, die ich mir in der folgenden Untersuchung stellte, ist die folgende: Aus den Eigenschaften der thermodynamischen Funktion, die mein hochverehrter Lehrer, Herr Prof. v. Helmholtz, mit dem Namen „Freie Energie “ bezeichnet, einige auf Salzlösungen sich beziehende Sätze abzuleiten, die sich direkt vergleichen lassen, einerseits mit der Erfahrung, andererseits mit den R esultaten neuester theoretischer Untersuchungen, die auf einem von meiner Untersuchunsmethode verschiedenen Wege gefurt wurden.
Theoretische, mit der Erfahrung direkt vergleichbare, aus den heiden Hauptsatzen der Thermodynamik abgeleitete Schlussfolgerungen uber die Constitution der Salzlösungen sind nicht zahlreich. Dass sie für den besonders der Molekularphysik, von grösser Bedeutung sein können, das zeigen wohl zur Genüge die classischen Arbeiten von Kirchhoff, Gibbs und v. Helmholtz. W enn aber trotzdem die Constitution der Salzlösungen kein beliebtes Thema für den Theoretiker bildete, so mag dies wohl auf den Umstand zurückzuführen sein, dass für Salzlösungen die experimentelle Bestimmung gerade derjenigen physikalischen Grössen, auf die der Theoretiker am häufigsten angewiesen ist, bis jetzt noch ziemlich mangelhaft durchgeführt worden ist. Solche Grössen sind z. B. Dampfspannungsverminderungen, Verdünnungswärme, Verdampfungswärme, Compressibilität u. s. w. als Funktionen der die Salzlösungen vollkommen definirenden Parameter.
Zwei Gründe haben mich bewogen, mich an dieses Thema zu wagen: Erstens glaubte ich, dass man durch die Anwendung der physikalischen Grösse, die Prof. Pfeffer zuerst gründlich untersucht, sorgfältig gemessen und ihr den Namen „Osmotischer Druck“ gegeben hatte, vielleicht einen Schritt weiter in der Kenntniss der Constitution der Salzlösungen machen könnte. Zweitensschien mir die von Prof. v. Helmholtz angegebene Methode (1. c.) ein so zuverlässiger Wegweiser, dass unter ihrer Führung selbst einem weniger erfahrenen Theoretiker erlaubt sein würde, dieses noch ziemlich unbekannte Gebiet zu betreten. Eine unmittelbare Anregung zu diesem Thema gab mir mein hochverehrter Lehrer Herr Prof. Kundt, mit dem ich die neuesten, diesem
Thema verwandten Untersuchungen öfters einer kritischen Besprechung unterzog. Es sei mir erlaubt, ihm hier meinen verbindlichsten Dank auszusprechen.

The present study was performed for the period of one year from January 2013 to December 2013 in order to understand the physico-chemical properties of Mahul Creek water. From the results of our study it was observed that the annual average COD level was 362.09 ppm which was far higher than the maximum tolerable level of 250 ppm set for inland surface water as well as for marine coastal water. The annual average conductivity was found to be 6122.81 µS cm-1 which was very much above the conductivity limit for inland surface water of 1000 µS cm-1 set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for propagation of fisheries. The annual average total alkalinity level was recorded as 166.25 ppm, which according to the UN Department of Technical Cooperation for Development (1985) was found to be strongly alkaline. The annual average hardness level of the creek water was found to be 2488.65 ppm which was above the limit of 300 ppm set by ISI. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to implement proper effluent water treatment techniques and enforcement of pollution control by the regulatory authority on the indiscriminate discharge of industrial wastewater into water bodies.