Ocean Energy

Ocean energy is a well-invested renewable energy resource. Although proven technologies for energy generation from the ocean exist, most of the developed systems are yet to be combined with storage devices for later use. In this paper, three different energy conversion projects are described with prototypes for generating electricity from the ocean waves, currents and tides. Each project builds on the lessons learned from the previous, and involves incremental improvements towards the goal to store the generated electricity to be used afterwards. The small-scale prototypes reveal both promises and challenges of sustainable energy conversion devices and necessary storage technologies to be useful at large scale.

This paper describes ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) that can take sample of contaminated water and soil while the operator operates it on the shore or ship. User can operate ROV wirelessly. ROV is equipped with camera, robot hand, GPS, accelerometer, compass, and other devices. The ROV is aimed to help researchers to research contaminated water and soil that can be applied in and on the lake, river, and sea. The way it operates are syphoning water with mini pump and taking soil sample with robot hand. The result shows that all hardware and software can run well underwater. So that, ROV in this experiment can be used to take sample of contaminated water and soil in the place with maximum a depth of 1m. For the next experiment, this ROV will be tested in other place with a depth more than 1m. however, this ROV will continue to be refined to be maximally utilized. the total paddy field (983 Ha) in the fourth villages with a yield of around 0.50-0.60 tons GK / H were

The ocean one of the most perpetual sources of energy andhas already been exploited on a small scale. Sometechnologies are being developed to exploit the largepotential of this energy source. This paper will focus onocean energy as an alternative source in Malaysia. Thecurrent development of various devices to extract theocean energy will be reviewed. Although technologies arecurrently being developed in the areas of tidal power, wavepower, thermal energy gradient, current energy, winds andsalinity gradient, not all of these are suitable for Malaysiansea areas. This paper surveys the available Malaysianoceanographic data and identifies the potential sources of energy.

Η παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία εκπονήθηκε στο πλαίσιο ολοκλήρωσης του Μεταπτυχιακού Προγράμματος Σπουδών  “Διεθνής Οικονομική και Χρηματοδοτική” του Οικονομικού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας  μελέτης αποτελεί η αξιολόγηση με τη μέθοδο Ανάλυσης Κόστους Οφέλους της εγκατάστασης και λειτουργίας μονάδας παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, η οποία λειτουργεί με την εκμετάλλευση της κυματικής ενέργειας. Αρχικά, γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στις Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας, στη θαλάσσια και κυματική ενέργεια. Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζονται οι στόχοι της επένδυσης και το Εθνικό και Ευρωπαϊκό ρυθμιστικό πλαίσιο στο οποίο πραγματοποιείται. Σε συνέχεια, πραγματοποιείται η αναγνώριση της επένδυσης, παρουσιάζεται η τεχνολογία η οποία χρησιμοποιείται και τα περαιτέρω τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά της επένδυσης. Ακολουθεί η ανάλυση της σκοπιμότητας και παρουσιάζονται οι εναλλακτικές δυνατότητες της επένδυσης. Σε επόμενο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται η χρηματοοικονομική ανάλυση και εφαρμόζονται τα στάδια, τα οποία προτείνονται από τον Ευρωπαϊκό Οδηγό CBA για την εξαγωγή των χρηματοοικονομικών δεικτών απόδοσης. Ως επόμενο βήμα, διεξάγεται η οικονομική ανάλυση της  επένδυσης, όπου εξετάζεται η συνεισφορά της επένδυσης στην ευημερία του κοινωνικού συνόλου. Σε συνέχεια, διεξάγεται η ανάλυση ευαισθησίας, όπου εξετάζεται εάν οι μεταβολές κρίσιμων παραμέτρων θα διαφοροποιήσουν την απόφαση για ανάληψη της επένδυσης. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται τα συμπεράσματα και οι  παρατηρήσεις για την επένδυση.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά: Ανάλυση Κόστους Οφέλους, Επενδυτικό Σχέδιο, Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας, ΑΠΕ, Μονάδα Παραγωγής Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας, Θαλάσσια Ενέργεια, Κυματική Ενέργεια.

Ocean energy merupakan merupakan salah satu sumber energi alternatif yang memiliki potensi yang sangat tinggi, untuk di Indonesia sekitar 727 ribu MW. Indonesia adalah negara keempat yang memiliki panjang pantai terbesar keempat setelah Amerika, Kanada, dan Rusia, yaitu sekitar 95.181 km menurut data PBB tahun 2008. Ocean energy memiliki keunggulan yaitu potensi energi yang sangat besar, tanpa limbah, dan dapat diperbaharui. Kebutuhan energi Indonesia yang saat ini mulai memasuki zaman industri, menjadi sangat besar ditambah dengan gempuran zaman digital yang memanfaatkan serba barang elektronik menjadikan konsumsi energi bertambah setiap tahun. Penggunaan energi fosil yang saat ini sangat populer dan utama, ternyata terdapat banyak kelemahan yaitu sumber daya tidak dapat diperbaharui dan yang paling parah yaitu mencemari lingkungan dengan hasil limbah dan residu yang dihasilkan. Di dalam paper ini, akan dijelaskan mekanisme dari pemanfaatan secara maksimal dari ocean energi. Ocean energi dalam pemanfaatannya dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian yaitu, Ocean Wave Energy (Energi Gelombang Laut), Ocean Tidal Energy (Energi Pasang Surut  Laut), Ocean Thermal Energy (Energi Panas Laut).

Small amplitude Ocean waves with full derivations and illustrations are explained for graduate students of oceanography, civil engineering and marine engineering students. also some problems are worked out for better understanding. It has been revised and corrections were made and also necessary tables were appended for doing the problems on coastal oceanography

Malaysia is a coastal country, with a long coastline in Peninsular Malaysia connecting the Strait of Malacca in the west and the South China Sea to the east. The Strait of Malacca is a well-known waterway allowing the continuous supply of oil by tankers from the Middle East to the Far East, such as China, Japan and Korea. The Strait of Malacca is also a strategic location for the harnessing of the tidal stream energy due to its strong tidal current resources. The abundant tidal resource in the Strait of Malacca is a focus of research. However, none of the local researchers have investigated the site selection in the Strait of Malacca to propose the installation of a tidal turbine in detail. This study investigates the tidal stream resources and the topology of the Strait of Malacca by using the data from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) in order to propose Pulau Pangkor (Pangkor Island) for the site of the exploitation of the tidal stream energy.

Oceanic Verses, coined by authors, are selected ayats in the Quran that contain word of ‘Ocean’ and ‘sea’ in several terminology like bahr, bahri, bahru, bihar, bahrayn, bahran, bahrayni. These verses were studied in classical and contemporary manners, putting earlier exegeses and modern scientific records and field observations but not theories, and socio-economic realms through parallelistic approach.
This paper focuses on the semantics, ontology and taxonomy aspects of oceanic verses as revealed and found in 42 verses in Al Quran. Key words in those verses were studied to enable us to build the taxonomy and leads to practical benefit in science, technology and socio-economics. While syukur element which appear distinctively to conclude those verses were mentioned as condition after gaining those benefits.
Exegeses by classical Islamic scholars and contemporary scholars as well as selected translations were referred. Interpretation of ocean phenomenon in verses of the Quran offers alternative interpretation on the several issues, including; the fire / energy within ocean; the two the oceans that do not mingle; the darkness of the ocean deep; the ocean boundaries; the layers of the ocean; the human being from water; and the abundance wealth from ocean for mankind.
Modern scientific method of those verses are used to further understanding and creates framework for further study in developing foundation for the Islamic Marine Knowledge. Finding on the analysis of this oceanic verses were postulated to be an ancient revelation for modern civilization’s biggest challenges: Immediate solution for food and energy security; health & medicine; transportation and mobilization of goods; environmental management; and birth of new discipline of Islamic Marine Knowledge.

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang mempunyai alam berlimpah
dan berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi energi listrik terbarukan. Ironisnya,
kondisi listrik di Indonesia sangat mengkhawatirkan, masih banyak masyarakat
yang belum tersuplai listrik terutama di daerah Indonesia bagian timur. Sebagaian
besar dari mereka hanya menggunakan listrik yang dihasilkan dari diesel. Pada
saat ini, energi terbarukan yang sedang dikembangkan dan telah direalisasikan di
Indonesia adalah, energi bertenaga air dan angin skala mikro. Energi listrik
bertenaga air atau mikrohidro, pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Iskandar dan Tri
Mumpuni tahun 1987, dan pada tahun 1997 telah menghasilkan listrik di daerah
Gunung Halimun, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat. Sedangkan akhir-akhir ini, energi listrik
bertenaga angin telah dikembangkan oleh Ricky Elson di Ciheras, Jawa Barat
pada tahun 2012, dan tahun 2014 telah melistriki Desa Kalihi, Sumba Timur,
NTT. PT Lentera Angin Nusantara adalah, salah satu perusahaan hasil karya
tangan anak bangsa Indonesia yang didirikan oleh Ricky Elson. Dengan
mengembangkan energi terbarukan dengan memanfaatkan alam. Adapun alam
yang sudah dimanfaatkan adalah, angin dan matahari. Sebagai mahasiswa Jurusan
Teknik Kelautan Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, melalui kerja praktek ini
akan mendesain bilah Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) dengan
membandingkan jenis Air Foil Clark-Y, Naca 4412, Naca 3612, Naca 4418, Naca
0012 dan Naca 0018. Adapun jenis bilah yang dirancang adalah, Blade Tapper
yaitu bilah yang dapat berputar dikecepatan angin tinggi. Desain bilah itulah yang
akan dikembangkan untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga angin laut, yang mana
kecepatan angina laut lebih tinggi dibandingkan angina yang ada di daratan.
Kata kunci: Air Foil, Energi, Lentera Angin Nusantara, Listrik, Wind Turbine

Energy resources and their utilization intimately relate to sustainable development. In attaining sustainable development, increasing the energy efficiencies of processes utilizing sustainable energy resources plays an important role. The utilization of renewable energy offers a wide range of exceptional benefits. There is also a link between exergy and sustainable development. A sustainable energy system may be regarded as a cost-efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly energy system that effectively utilizes local resources and networks. Exergy analysis has been widely used in the design, simulation and performance evaluation of energy systems.The present study comprehensively reviews exergetic analysis and performance evaluation of a wide range of renewable energy resources (RERs) for the first time to the best of the author's knowledge. In this regard, general relations (i.e., energy, exergy, entropy and exergy balance equations along with exergy efficiency, exergetic improvement potential rate and some thermodynamic parameters, such as fuel depletion ratio, relative irreversibility, productivity lack and exergetic factor) used in the analysis are presented first. Next, exergetically analyzed and evaluated RERs include (a) solar energy systems; (a1) solar collector applications such as solar water heating systems, solar space heating and cooling, solar refrigeration, solar cookers, industrial process heat, solar desalination systems and solar thermal power plants), (a2) photovoltaics (PVs) and (a3) hybrid (PV/thermal) solar collectors, (b) wind energy systems, (c) geothermal energy systems, (c1) direct utilization (district heating, geothermal or ground-source heat pumps, greenhouses and drying) and (c2) indirect utilization (geothermal power plants), (d) biomass, (e) other renewable energy systems, and (f) country based RERs. Studies conducted on these RERs are then compared with the previously ones in tabulated forms, while the Grassmann (or exergy flow) diagrams, which are a very useful representation of exergy flows and losses, for some RERs are given. Finally, the conclusions are presented. It is expected that this comprehensive study will be very beneficial to everyone involved or interested in the exergetic design, simulation, analysis and performance assessment of RERs.

Batas Dua Laut adalah terminologi yang dipakai dalam AlQuran. Pada batas tersebut disebutkan mempunyai "lu'lu wal marjan". Buku kecil ini membahas beberapa pendapat tentang "Batas Dua Laut" dan "lu'lu wal marjan" dan mengelaborasi hikmah karuniaNYA yang demikian menakjubkan, baik dalam skala mikro dan makro.
Buku kecil ini adalah bagian dari buku induk ALQURAN DAN LAUTAN dari penulis yang diterbitkan oleh ArRasy Mizan pada tahun 2004. Buku dalam format yang lebih kecil ini diperkaya dengan redaksional dan beberapa tambahan di sana sini sehingga diharapkan lebih mudah dibaca, lebih komunikatif, dan terlebih lagi formatnya yang berupa eBook, akan lebih mudah dibaca dimana saja dalam multimedia yang mutakhir, dan lebih murah untuk sampai ke tangan pembaca.

ABSTRAK Kota Surabaya memiliki pelabuhan yaitu Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak yang memiliki aktifitas padat. Aktifitas kapal mempunyai dampak tumpahan minyak di Perairan Utara Surabaya. Tumpahan minyak dapat diprediksi menggunakan model trajectory minyak dan untuk menganalisis proses pelapukan minyak (oil weathering) yang mempengaruhi lama fate minyak di perairan menggunakan GNOME (General NOAA Operational Modelling Environment). Jumlah kandungan minyak digunakan untuk verifikasi model. Kajian dilakukan 14 Desember 2017 sebanyak 7 stasiun. Data angin dan arus berupa arah dan kecepatan digunakan untuk movers model. Data jumlah kapal diolah menjadi estimasi tumpahan minyak. Sampel air laut diesktrak untuk verifikasi model. Pola sebaran tumpahan minyak di Perairan Utara Surabaya mempunyai arah dominan menuju kearah 92 o dengan jarak tumpahan sejauh 3.5426 km pada titik 1 dan jarak tumpahan sejauh 4.6096 km pada titik 2. Proses pelapukan minyak paling dominan pada titik 1 dan 2 adalah proses mengapung sebesar 53% dan 64 %. Akibatnya durasi tumpahan minyak yang mencemari perairan pada titik 1 dan 2 berlangsung selama 18 jam dan 21 jam. Hasil verifikasi lapangan diketahui hanya stasiun 6 dan 7 sesuai dengan model memiliki kandungan minyak sebesar 0.41% dan 0.55%. Stasiun 1, 2, 3 dan 4 tidak sesuai dengan model karena stasiun 1 dan 2 tidak tercangkup dalam hasil model, stasiun 3 terdapat kandungan minyak sebesar 0.15% yang kemungkinan berasal dari Sungai Kalimas bukan dari buangan kapal. Stasiun 4 berada di lintasan minyak tidak ditemukan minyak karena kawasan lalu lintas pelayaran yang padat. ABSTRACT Surabaya city has a port named Tanjung Perak which has a busy activity. Vessel activity has the impact of oil spill in North Waters of Surabaya. The oil spill can be predicted using an oil trajectory model and to analyze the oil weathering process that affects the duration of oil fate in the waters using GNOME (General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment). The amount of oil content is used for model verification. The study was started in December 14, 2017 and have 7 stations. Direction and speed of Wind and current data are used for model movers. The number of vessel data is processed into an estimated oil spill. Seawater samples are extracted for model verification. The spreading pattern of oil spill in Surabaya North Waters has dominant direction towards 92 o with spillage distance as far as 3,5426 km at point 1 and spill distance as far as 4.6096 km at point 2. The most dominant oil weathering process at point 1 and 2 is floating process equal to 53% and 64%. Consequently the duration of oil spills polluting the waters at points 1 and 2 lasts for 18 hours and 21 hours. Field verification results are known only for stations 6 and 7 according to the model having oil content of 0.41% and 0.55%. Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 are incompatible with the model because stations 1 and 2 are not covered by model results, station 3 contains 0.15% oil content which may be from the Kalimas River not from the ship's exhaust. Station 4 is on the oil track not found in oil due to heavy cruise traffic area.

Dalam satu hari terjadi dua kali air pasang dan dua kali air surut dengan tinggi yang hampir sama dan pasang surut terjadi secara berurutan secara teratur. Tipe pasang surut rata-rata adalah 12 jam 24 menit. Pasang surut jenis ini terdapat di selat Malaka sampai laut Andaman.

The greatest increase in demand for energy coming from newly industrialized countries where large-scale electricity generation will be required, the environmental requirements for zero or low CO2 emission sources and the need to invest in a sustainable energy mix, involve the development of new energy sources. Wave, tidal and marine current energy could be available as a future energy option and should be able to acquire a significant role in providing a sustainable, secure and safe solution to tackle European and global energy needs. Sun and wind are predictable, but not constant: photovoltaic panels and eolic turbines could barely support alone the peaks of the power request from the grid, and the contribution of hydroelectric seems to have already reached its limits in some European countries. For this reasons, in order to become independent from fossil fuels, it will be fundamental to harvest energy from the largest number of natural phenomena, especially ones that are predictale with high precision, as tides, and ones that are almost constant, as ocean currents.

To achieve higher renewable energy (RE) shares than the low levels typically found in present energy supply systems will require additional integration efforts starting now and continuing over the longer term. These include improved understanding of the RE resource characteristics and availability, investments in enabling infrastructure and research, development and demonstrations (RD&D), modifi cations to institutional and governance frameworks, innovative thinking, attention to social aspects, markets and planning, and capacity building in anticipation of RE growth. In many countries, suffi cient RE resources are available for system integration to meet a major share of energy demands, either by direct input to end-use sectors or indirectly through present and future energy supply systems and energy carriers, whether for large or small communities in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) or non-OECD countries. At the same time, the characteristics of many RE resources that distinguish them from fossil fuels and nuclear systems include their natural unpredictability and variability over time scales ranging from seconds to years. These can constrain the ease of integration and result in additional system costs, particularly when reaching higher RE shares of electricity, heat or gaseous and liquid fuels. Existing energy infrastructure, markets and other institutional arrangements may need adapting, but there are few, if any, technical limits to the planned system integration of RE technologies across the very broad range of present energy supply systems worldwide, though other barriers (e.g., economic barriers) may exist. Improved overall system effi ciency and higher RE shares can be achieved by the increased integration of a portfolio of RE resources and technologies. This can be enhanced by the fl exible cogeneration of electricity, fuels, heating and cooling, as well as the utilization of storage and demand response options across different supply systems. Real-world case studies outlined throughout the chapter exemplify how different approaches to integration within a specifi c context have successfully achieved RE deployment by means of a combination of technologies, markets, and social and institutional mechanisms. Examples exist of islands, towns and communities achieving high shares of RE, with some approaching 100% RE electricity penetration and over a 50% share of liquid fuels for their light duty vehicle fl eets. Several mature RE technologies, including wind turbines, small and large hydropower generators, geothermal systems, bioenergy cogeneration plants, biomethane production, fi rst generation liquid biofuels, and solar water heaters, have already been successfully integrated into the energy systems of some leading countries. Further integration could be encouraged by both national and local government initiatives. Over the longer term, integration of other less mature, pre-commercial technologies, including advanced biofuels, solar fuels, solar coolers, fuel cells, ocean energy technologies, distributed power generation, and electric vehicles, requires continuing investments in RD&D, infrastructure, capacity building and other supporting measures. To reach the RE levels being projected in many scenarios over future decades will require integration of RE technologies at a higher rate of deployment than at present in each of the electricity generation, heating/ cooling, gas and liquid fuel distribution, and autonomous energy supply systems. RE can be integrated into all types of electricity supply systems, from large, interconnected, continental-scale grids to on-site generation and utilization in small, autonomous buildings. Technically and economically feasible levels of RE penetration depend on the unique characteristics of a system. These include the status of infrastructure development and interconnections, mix of generation technologies, control and communication capability, demand pattern and geographic location in relation to the RE resources available, market designs, and institutional rules.

Ocean renewable energy is an emerging resource option. In the long term, ocean renewable energy has the potential to provide a significant share of global energy needs. Currently, some of the conversion technologies for harnessing variable wave and tidal current energy resources are reaching commercial stage. Several pilot projects, having sizes upto 2 MW, are operating in various parts of the world. Also multi-MW wave and tidal current energy farms are being developed. Identification of the near- and longer-term technical potential of wave and tidal current resources that could be integrated to existing and future electricity infrastructure in a region is an important step towards developing integrated long-term energy planning for the region and relevant policy instruments to realize the potential. During the past three years, a collaborative project related to integration of wave and tidal current energy into electrical systems (known as Annex III) was carried out under the umbre...

In the span of past few decades, population, urbanization and industrialization have transformed the mankind living standard and dynamics of the nature. Certainly, energy is the basic need for all living organisms. Energy is the route towards the economic growth. The evidence shows that the countries faced with energy crises are left behind in the economic activities; as a result, people are deprived. This study reviewed the available renewable energy resources and potential with positive and negative aspects. This study comprehensively discusses the renewable macro and micro energy resources studied in the past two decades reported in various studies. The paper is divided into two sections; the first section discusses the energy produced in the macro level and the second section discusses the energy produced using different strategies and techniques in the micro level. The potential and positive outcomes of the energy resources were identified. New paradigm of micro energies and importance of reusing the available resource of micro energy using different resources like energy harvesting on the road surface, vibration, airflow, radio frequency and thermal energy etc. were discussed. Lastly, the study focus does not only review but also finds the potential and opportunities for the researchers in the future to utilize the renewable energy resources

ELIAMEP offers a forum for debate on international and European issues. Its non-partisan character supports the right to free and well-documented discourse. ELIAMEP publications aim to contribute to scholarly knowledge and to provide policy relevant analyses. As such, they solely represent the views of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Foundation.

Abstrak Energi merupakan kebutuhan pokok dan terpenting bagi setiap manusia yang tinggal di planet bumi. Kebutuhan energi yang semakin meningkat menyebabkan pasokan sumber energi di bumi semakin menipis. Hal tersebut dapat diketahui dari sumber utama energi di dunia yaitu, fosil yang semakin menipis setiap tahunnya. Sehingga, berbagai belahan dunia sedang berlomba-lomba untuk mengembangkan penerapan energi baru dan terbarukan sebagai pengganti energi fosil. Begitupun dengan negeri tercinta ini, Indonesia yang akhir-akhir ini telah mengeluarkan peraturam menteri (PERMEN) mengenai pengembangan energi baru dan terbarukan di Indonesia. Dari berbagai kasus energi baru dan terbarukan di Indonesia, yang membuat penulis tertarik adalah kasus energi air dan energi air laut. Hal tersebut melihat luas wilayah Indonesia sebagian besar adalah wilayah perairan, sehingga perlu dikaji lebih dalam potensi terbesar untuk pengembangan energi baru dan terbarukan di Indonesia, apakah bersumber dari aliran air di darat dalam hal ini adalah sungai, atau bersumber dari aliran air di laut. Sehingga, dibutuhkan metode pengambilan keputusan dalam penerapan energi air atau energi air laut di Indonesia. Game Theory merupakan salah satu metode pengambilan kepetusan yang dikembangkan oleh Emile Barel seorang ilmuan dari Prancis, metode tersebut bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Dengan demikian, dengan menggunakan metode Game Theory diharapkan dapat terselesaikan permasalahan dalam pengembangan energi terbarukan di Indonesia yang akan fokus pada energi air atau energi air laut.

This thesis address ecological risks associated with the possible growth of marine renewable energy. Tidal power, wave power, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and currently expanding offshore wind power are likely to become common components of future seascapes. The world ocean is strongly affected by other marine activities and it is essential that the possible expansion of marine renewables takes place without causing further detriment to the ecosystem. Identifying possible ecological risks at an early stage of technical development facilitates adaptation and supports apposite regulation.

This paper describes the rationale and the engineering approach adopted for the development of technology for converting the kinetic energy in marine currents for large-scale electricity generation. Although the basic principles involved are relatively straightforward and well understood, being similar to those of a wind turbine, a practical and cost-effective large-scale system designed to extract the kinetic energy of flowing water has yet to be developed. This paper describes the research and development being undertaken through an industrial consortium with the aim of achieving this goal for the first time, i.e. to achieve the world's first commercially viable systems for delivering power from marine currents.

Concern over global climate change has led policy makers to accept the importance of reducing Greenhouse gas emissions. A tidal barrage utilizes the potential energy of the tide and has proven to be very successful, despite opposition from environmental groups. Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy of the tides. A tidal barrage is typically a dam, built across a bay or estuary that experiences a tidal range in excess of 5 m. Electricity generation from tidal barrages employs the same principles as hydroelectric generation, except that tidal currents ow in both directions. A typical tidal barrage consists of turbines, sluice gates, embankments and ship locks. The turbines that are used in tidal barrages are either unidirectional or bi-directional, and include bulb turbines, strao or rim turbines and tubular turbines. Tidal barrages can be broken into two types: single-basin systems and double-basin systems. This paper discussed about the tidal barrage, wave energy, environmental impacts and special conditions in there process

The year 2008 saw the emergence of the first generation of commercial ocean energy devices, with the first units being installed in the UK and Portugal. This means that there are currently four ways of obtaining energy from sea areas, namely from wind, tides, waves and thermal differences between deep and shallow sea water. This paper focuses on current developments in offshore wind and ocean energy, highlighting the efforts currently underway in a variety of countries, principally some of the projects typically less talked about such as those in the Asian-Pacific countries. Finally, the growth potential of these industries will be assessed, using as a basis the historical trends in the offshore wind industry and extrapolating it to compute future growth potentials. Using this as a basis, the percentage of the world's electricity could be produced from ocean based devices is estimated to be around 7% by 2050, and this would employ a significant amount of people by this time, possibly around 1 million , mostly in the maintenance of existing installations. The paper will also evaluate the likely cost of production per kW of ocean energy technologies using a variety of learning factors.

Renewable energy resources need to be explored to maintain and meet energy demand andreplace the slowly depleting fossil fuels. The ocean is a huge reservoir of renewable energyresources such as wind, wave and tide/current. Malaysia, surrounded by sea with longcoastline, is poised to exploit the potential of this energy. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM) has embarked on research work in renewable energy to find a suitable ocean energydevice for Malaysian sea conditions. This paper presents current progress on development of devices to extract two potential sources of ocean energy in Malaysia viz. wave and currentenergy. The ocean wave energy is being explored using the Oscillating Water Column(OWC ) concept. A small scale model of the OWC was constructed and tested in MarineTechnology Laboratory. A reflector was attached underneath the air chamber at threeangular positions. Tests were carried out to determine the best angular position giving the best air pressure to drive the turbine. The other work involves the development of the MarineCurrent Turbine (MCT). The project incorporates the characteristic of Malaysia’s ocean of shallow water and low speed current in developing the turbines. Preliminary characteristicsand experimental results of the vertical axis turbines being developed will be presented

The recent statements of both the European Union and the US Presidency pushed in the direction of using renewable forms of energy, in order to act against climate changes induced by the growing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In this paper, a survey regarding methods and tools presently available to determine potential and exploitable energy in the most important renewable sectors (i.e., solar, wind, wave, biomass and geothermal energy) is presented. Moreover, challenges for each renewable resource are highlighted as well as the available tools that can help in evaluating the use of a mix of different sources.

To achieve higher renewable energy (RE) shares than the low levels typically found in present energy supply systems will require additional integration efforts starting now and continuing over the longer term. These include improved understanding of the RE resource characteristics and availability, investments in enabling infrastructure and research, development and demonstrations (RD&D), modifi cations to institutional and governance frameworks, innovative thinking, attention to social aspects, markets and planning, and capacity building in anticipation of RE growth. In many countries, suffi cient RE resources are available for system integration to meet a major share of energy demands, either by direct input to end-use sectors or indirectly through present and future energy supply systems and energy carriers, whether for large or small communities in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) or non-OECD countries. At the same time, the characteristics of many RE resources that distinguish them from fossil fuels and nuclear systems include their natural unpredictability and variability over time scales ranging from seconds to years. These can constrain the ease of integration and result in additional system costs, particularly when reaching higher RE shares of electricity, heat or gaseous and liquid fuels. Existing energy infrastructure, markets and other institutional arrangements may need adapting, but there are few, if any, technical limits to the planned system integration of RE technologies across the very broad range of present energy supply systems worldwide, though other barriers (e.g., economic barriers) may exist. Improved overall system effi ciency and higher RE shares can be achieved by the increased integration of a portfolio of RE resources and technologies. This can be enhanced by the fl exible cogeneration of electricity, fuels, heating and cooling, as well as the utilization of storage and demand response options across different supply systems. Real-world case studies outlined throughout the chapter exemplify how different approaches to integration within a specifi c context have successfully achieved RE deployment by means of a combination of technologies, markets, and social and institutional mechanisms. Examples exist of islands, towns and communities achieving high shares of RE, with some approaching 100% RE electricity penetration and over a 50% share of liquid fuels for their light duty vehicle fl eets. Several mature RE technologies, including wind turbines, small and large hydropower generators, geothermal systems, bioenergy cogeneration plants, biomethane production, fi rst generation liquid biofuels, and solar water heaters, have already been successfully integrated into the energy systems of some leading countries. Further integration could be encouraged by both national and local government initiatives. Over the longer term, integration of other less mature, pre-commercial technologies, including advanced biofuels, solar fuels, solar coolers, fuel cells, ocean energy technologies, distributed power generation, and electric vehicles, requires continuing investments in RD&D, infrastructure, capacity building and other supporting measures. To reach the RE levels being projected in many scenarios over future decades will require integration of RE technologies at a higher rate of deployment than at present in each of the electricity generation, heating/ cooling, gas and liquid fuel distribution, and autonomous energy supply systems. RE can be integrated into all types of electricity supply systems, from large, interconnected, continental-scale grids to on-site generation and utilization in small, autonomous buildings. Technically and economically feasible levels of RE penetration depend on the unique characteristics of a system. These include the status of infrastructure development and interconnections, mix of generation technologies, control and communication capability, demand pattern and geographic location in relation to the RE resources available, market designs, and institutional rules.

The blue economy encompasses all economic activities relating to oceans and seas. It employs over 4 million people in the EU and its landscape is evolving rapidly. Some traditional sectors are in decline while other sectors, both established and emerging, are showing strong potential for growth and innovation. This paper focuses on the EU policy framework and the various EU initiatives and actions linked to the blue economy. It provides an overview of the cross-cutting 'key enablers' and a sector by sector analysis. The international dimension or the position of the European Parliament is highlighted where relevant.

An analysis has been made as regards emission characteristics of ocean energy systems from life cycle assessment and scope of energy availability from energy accounting studies. Assessment tools developed and standardized were the indices like scope of Green house gases (GHG) emission per kWh power generation,
percentage of CO2 saved compared to coal fired power station and the energy payback period. Emission characteristics of ocean energy systems were also compared with that from solar power, bio-fuels and wind energy systems. Four case studies were made comprising of wave energy converters, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system and tidal energy. It could be observed that CO2 emission percentage saved from ocean energy schemes were more than 95 per cent; and energy payback period varied between one year and a little higher than two years, depending on the type of the device.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.03.013 "Marine renewable energy generation (ocean energy) is a growing industry due to global demands for increasing power supplies and reduction in carbon emissions. Intrinsic assets associated with deployment environments and values associated with their existing use need to be established to ensure balanced decisions can be made regarding the sustainable development of marine areas.

This paper assesses the value of the marine environment around St. David’s, Pembrokeshire, UK, where a tidal stream turbine demonstration project is underway and larger array developments, both wave and tidal, are planned for the next few years. It was found that the marine environment contributed, on average, to 78% of visitors’ total enjoyment of the area.

A Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Travel Cost Method (TCM) used data collected from questionnaires at the case study site to produce cost and valuation results. The results showed there was a higher revealed preference average value of £148 per person attributed to the area through the Travel Costs incurred by visitors than their stated preference average valuation of £6.70 per person from a willingness to pay CVM contribution. Interviewees were also asked about the potential impact renewable energy generation in the area would have on their visit. Visual aspects of developments and the impact of wave height reduction were queried in particular. Using these responses from interviewees, the influence of marine energy generation in the case study area and the impact on the value of the marine environment was analysed.

The results show that only a small number of visitors, 3.5%, would be put off visiting the area again due to marine renewable energy developments. Underwater, non-visible devices were shown to have the least impact on people’s enjoyment of the marine environment compared to surface based designs. These results suggest that marine energy developments should not affect tourist revenue."

Bangladesh is a South-Asian country, to the east of India on the Bay of Bengal. The tropic of the cancer line passes through it. So its sea temperature is relatively high enough to construct an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant. In this paper, a 50kW closed-cycle OTEC plant is proposed for Bangladesh with a particular case, where ammonia is considered as a working fluid. Each tube length is assumed to be 8m long with 16mm outer diameter and 12.8mm inner diameter. Estimating the overall efficiency and some of the suitable values of the design parameters of the plant have been focused on this study. Specifically, thermal and Carnot efficiencies, condenser and evaporator design parameters have been investigated. From the results obtained from the study, the maximum thermal efficiency is found to be 5.81% while Carnot efficiency is found to be around 6.02%. Also, the suitable condenser shell diameter is found to be 1.15m and the evaporator shell diameter is found to be 1.234m.

Among other things, Russian SvetL technology can help to find more happiness in life. Why is that important? Because this is one of the most significant experiences that every sentient and inspired person strives for in life. Just be happy. Long lasting, if possible-forever. That would be nice, wouldn't it? But why is it different in real life? Honestly, life is always somehow different, interrupted by a few moments of happiness. If people are asked about their moments of happiness, they have to think and search for a long time. Maybe the search goes back to the dreams and wishes that we had as a child. Somewhere deep in emotional life, this memory must first be found and then recovered, so that it can consciously come to the surface again.

Electric power and energy Renewable electric energy RET a b s t r a c t Environmental concerns have increasingly led to the installation of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) despite the fact that they are recognized as expensive. Innovative efforts within the area are beset with difficulties [1], and they are at risk of producing misdirected or insignificant improvements in terms of the cost effectiveness of total energy conversion systems. This paper investigates how RETs can be evaluated, in terms of economy and engineering solutions, by studying the fundamental physics of renewable energy sources and how it matches with the RETs. This match is described by the ''Degree of Utilization''. The findings indicate that new innovations should focus on the possible number of full loading hours. RETs that are correctly matched to their energy source generate a higher amount of electric energy and have a higher potential of becoming more competitive. In cases where this aspect has been ignored, leading to relatively small degrees of utilization, it can be understood as an engineering mismatch between installed power, converted energy, and the fundamental physics of the renewable energy sources. Since there is a strong and possibly biased support for so-called mature RETs and already existing solutions, a clarification of how fundamental physical laws affect the cost of investments and payback of investments is needed. The present paper is part I out of II and it focuses on the difference between power and energy and the physics of different energy sources and their utilization.

The use of renewable energy for desalination might be quite different in many places of the world. In Mexico, specifically in Baja California, there is an abundance of "traditional" renewable resources like sun and wind but also some others like hot springs at the coast, tidal currents and tidal amplitudes of over six meters in the upper part of the Gulf of California associated with a severe scarcity of fresh water. The National University of Mexico (UNAM) started two years ago a well organized research program to assess the amount of these resources and to find the way to use them for desalinating sea water. Very exiting results have being obtained: The abundance of hot springs at the shore, some of them over 84°C, lead to the design of thermal desalinating prototype plants with very little energy consumption. It was found by geochemistry that at a few meters deep, some 50 m, very high temperature can be obtained, easy to use in binary geothermal power plants to generate electricity for desalination. During the survey it was found that the amount of electrical power that can be generated with tidal storage and from deep sea hydrothermal vents is of the order of several thousands of MW. A special approach is also presented for the use of solar energy and the tidal currents of the Gulf. The IMPULSA research group at UNAM has been already consolidated with more than 30 students, dedicated to the design of appropriate equipment to make use of these resources and to characterize and quantify this huge amount of renewable energies that will permit to desalinate sea water.

Electric power and energy Renewable electric energy RET a b s t r a c t Environmental concerns have increasingly led to the installation of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) despite the fact that they are recognized as expensive. Innovative efforts within the area are beset with difficulties [1], and they are at risk of producing misdirected or insignificant improvements in terms of the cost effectiveness of total energy conversion systems. This paper investigates how RETs can be evaluated, in terms of economy and engineering solutions, by studying the fundamental physics of renewable energy sources and how it matches with the RETs. This match is described by the ''Degree of Utilization''. The findings indicate that new innovations should focus on the possible number of full loading hours. RETs that are correctly matched to their energy source generate a higher amount of electric energy and have a higher potential of becoming more competitive. In cases where this aspect has been ignored, leading to relatively small degrees of utilization, it can be understood as an engineering mismatch between installed power, converted energy, and the fundamental physics of the renewable energy sources. Since there is a strong and possibly biased support for so-called mature RETs and already existing solutions, a clarification of how fundamental physical laws affect the cost of investments and payback of investments is needed. The present paper is part I out of II and it focuses on the difference between power and energy and the physics of different energy sources and their utilization.

The international community has awakened to the importance of the sea. Ocean health, ocean governance, maritime security and the blue economy are concepts that have received increasing attention over the past decade. However, caring for the oceans, fostering their economic prospects, and ensuring the security of the sea do not yet feature amongst the top priorities of most states. The Republic of Seychelles is one country that has been a crucial policy entrepreneur and advocate in raising the profile of the world's oceans. Rallying a coalition of small island states around a common cause, ensuring that coastal states recognise the importance of the sea, and taking on leadership roles, such as the chairmanship of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS), count amongst the notable achievements of the Indian Ocean nation. Now, former president James Alix Michel (2016) delivers a programmatic text on ocean governance that is likely to set the agenda for years to come. His core concept is that of the 'blue economy'.

Malaysia is heavily dependent on fossil fuel for electricity generation. With the rapidly diminishing of its fuel reserve and the increasingly negative effects of fossil fuels to the environment, the government has begun to utilise bio-fuel and solar radiation for electricity generation. However, the potential of harnessing other renewable sources, particular ocean energy, in Malaysia has not been fully realised. Therefore, studies were carried out to identify the potential of harnessing ocean energy for electricity generation. The Princeton Ocean Model was used to create a three-dimensional numerical ocean model for Malaysia which was calibrated against measurement by a means of adjoint data assimilation approach. A set of reliable tidal speed and tidal elevation data was therefore generated to determine the types of tides available in Malaysia, the potential areas of installing marine current turbines (MCTs), the total amount of electricity to be generated by MCT, the economical viability and the environmental benefits of using MCT in Malaysia. This paper presents the findings on the studies, encompassing the technical, economical and environmental aspects of installing MCT in Malaysia. The results are critical to policy makers and the potential investors on tidal energy in Malaysia for decision making. It may also help the neighboring countries to realize the possible potential of their ocean energy for electricity generation.