Oceanology

The taxonomy and distribution of halocyprid ostracods from the Arabian Sea Region is reported, based upon samples collected in the Northwestern Indian Ocean within the framework of the Netherlands Indian Ocean Program (NIOP: 1992-1993), the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (U.S. JGOFS: 1994–1996), and the U.S. Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics program (U.S. GLOBEC: 1995). Forty-one species from the following genera belonging to the family Halocyprididae are
described, illustrated, and representative photographs are presented: Archiconchoecia, Alacia, Conchoecetta, Conchoecia, Conchoecilla, Conchoecissa, Discoconchoecia, Loricoecia, Mikroconchoecia, Orthoconchoecia, Paraconchoecia, Paramollicia, Platyconchoecia, Porroecia, Proceroecia,
Pseudoconchoecia, Clausoecia, Kyrtoecia, Nasoecia and Euconchoecia. For fourteen species, members of the genera Macroconchoecia, Mollicia, Paraconchoecia, Metaconchoecia, Mülleroecia, Fellia, Halocypria and Halocypris, only carapace outlines are presented. Keys to the subfamilies, tribes, genera and species, and patterns of horizontal and vertical distribution of each described species in the Arabian Sea Region are also given. The data on occurrence of halocyprid species at each of the stations during the investigation period and the depth ranges of halocyprid species found in the analyzed material but not described in the present book are listed in appendices.

The data on the distribution of the radiolarian species Cycladophora davisiana in the present day ocean and its Quaternary sediments are summarized. The distribution of this species is influenced by the for mation of the cold ventilated intermediate water mass enriched in suspended organic matter. The maximal abundance of the species is recorded above the continental slopes. The long term Quaternary variations in the relative abundance of C. davisiana are inconsistent with the cyclic glacial-interglacial fluctuations and are of limited significance for the regional stratigraphy.

In marine geology, a guyot (also known as a tablemount) is an isolated underwater table mountain (seamount) with a flat top more than 200 m (660 ft) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat summits can exceed 10 km (6.2 mi).
Guyots are most commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, but they have been identified in all the oceans except the Arctic Ocean.
Guyots show evidence of having once been above the surface, with gradual subsidence through stages from fringed reefed mountain, coral atoll, and finally a flat-topped submerged mountain.

This essay explores variant stories surrounding the 1803 'Igbo Landing' on St. Simons Island, Georgia, in which a group of enslaved Africans mutinied against their captors and ran aground upon a shoal. Following Tiffany Lethabo King and other scholars of Black feminist thought, the essay explores not only the littoral fact of shoals in seafaring but also the concept of shoaling for troubling historical narratives oriented to settler colonial plot points. Following island studies scholar Jonathan Pugh, the essay asks what thinking with performance and the concept of liminality might offer attempts to account for sand, drift, and, in this case, accounts of Africans who fly. The essay also tells a story of its own regarding the author's attempt to approach the historical site of Igbo Landing by sea. An example of performative writing, the essay does not so much launch and unpack a singular argument as it explores the littoral zones among and between ideas, stories, arguments, facts, and fabulations in relation.

Въведение:

Учебникът „Океанология” е първото по рода си издание на
български език, което е посветено на физичните, химичните,
геологичните и биологични процеси и явления в Световния океан,
като особено внимание е отделено на Черно море и Изключителната
икономическа зона (ИИЗ) на Република България в него.
Идеята на авторите е той да запълни една голяма празнина в
нашата научна литература–твърде ограничените по брой издания по
темата до момента са посветени почти изключително на физическата
океанография:
„Океанография”, 1926 г. на контраадмирал Сава Иванов; „Физика
на океана”, 1988 г. на проф. Емил Станев; „Енциклопедичен речник
по океанология”, 1992 г. под редакцията на акад. Еким Бончев;
„Океанология: физика на океаните”, 2006 г. на проф. Диана Кюркчиева.
Същевременно сред българската общественост и медиите възникна
въпросът „Що е океанология и има ли тя почва у нас?”, на който
авторите се опитват да отговорят.
В своята антиутопия „1984” английският писател Джордж Оруел
разказва за държавата Океания един от основополагащите принципи,
на която е бил „Невежеството е сила”. Хората, които се питат какво
изучава океанологията и какъв е смисълът от съществуването на
Института по океанология „Проф. Фритьоф Нансен” – БАН, след
като България не граничи с океани, просто потвърждават този
основополагащ принцип на Оруел.
Учебникът е предназначен за студентите от специалност „Океанско
инженерство” на ВВМУ „Н. Й. Вапцаров”, за студенти по науки за
Земята от други висши училища, както и за всички любознателни
читатели.
Авторите проф. дн Веселин Пейчев и доц. д-р Димитър Димитров
работят от дълги години в секция „Морска геология и археология”
на Института по океанология „Проф. Фритьоф Нансен” - БАН, гр.
Варна. Глава 21 е написана от инж. Константин Щерев, управител на
фондация „Черноморски изследователски фонд“ (Black Sea research
fund).
Учебникът "ОКЕАНОЛОГИЯ" е удостоен с Награда Варна за
природни науки за 2013 г.
С написването на учебника авторите не се справиха веднага, а им
беше необходимо малко време.

EDITORIAL

Por Etiene Villela Marroni (PPGCPol/UFPel)
e Delmo de Oliveira Torres Arguelhes (NEA/INEST/UFF)

Os mares aproximam. Esta assertiva elaborada por Montesquieu, e elevada a lei científica por vários estudiosos da geopolítica, resume bem a estreia do Centro de Estudos Estratégicos e Planejamento Espacial Marinho (CEDEPEM), e este respectivo boletim informativo, que apresentamos ao público. As origens do CEDEPEM remontam à iniciativa pioneira da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), em 2013, quando foi criado um laboratório multidisciplinar de estudos oceânicos. No ano seguinte, um projeto de ensino, intitulado Planejamento Espacial Marinho (PEM), foi oferecido aos estudantes daquela universidade, com resultados muito positivos, o que conduziu a diversos projetos de pesquisa e participação marcante em seminários regionais, nacionais e internacionais. O estudo do PEM configurou-se em aporte para o entendimento do espaço oceânico no âmbito das relações domésticas e internacionais de um Estado costeiro.
A partir de 2018, com a consolidação da temática do PEM nos Estudos Estratégicos, ocorreu a parceria do Grupo de Pesquisa Política Internacional e Gestão do Espaço Oceânico (vinculado à Universidade Federal de Pelotas) com a Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). A partir dessa parceria, foi criada e consolidada a linha de Pesquisa Planejamento Espacial Marinho nos Estudos de Cooperação em Segurança Internacional e Defesa Nacional. Essa integração institucional consolidou-se a partir das temáticas que passavam a ser estudadas no grupo: Planejamento Espacial Marinho e Estudos Estratégicos. Para tanto, no ano início do ano de 2019, fez-se uma chamada pública, objetivando alcançar estudantes, professores e profissionais que se interessassem pela área em estudo, sendo alcançados excelentes resultados.
Em 2020, o Núcleo de Estudos Avançados do Instituto de Estudos Estratégicos (INEST), da UFF, propôs uma parceria institucional com o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da UFPel. O Centro é uma comunidade de estudos e pesquisas voltada para a análise do PEM, singularizada pela variedade e abertura do leque metodológico. Institucionalmente, o CEDEPEM vincula-se ao Núcleo de Estudos Avançados (NEA) do INEST - UFF, localizado na cidade de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. A criação do Centro foi uma iniciativa conjunta da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) e Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), desde a consolidação de parceria institucional oriunda do Grupo de Pesquisa do CNPq, denominada Política Internacional e Gestão do Espaço Oceânico. O CEDEPEM surgiu como um espaço plural, multidisciplinar e multiinstitucional, com o objetivo de estudar todos os aspectos do Planejamento Espacial Marinho e demais temas relacionados. Com este boletim, pretendemos devolver à sociedade brasileira a parte que lhe cabe nesta iniciativa: conhecimento.
Em O artigo “Expansionismo Oceânico: o poder submerso” busca demonstrar que o crescente uso dos recursos oceânicos é resultado de um fenômeno global, onde os Estados e suas populações procuram, cada vez mais, um elevado padrão de vida, aumentando, substancialmente, o consumo dos recursos energéticos provenientes das plataformas continentais. Embora este argumento pareça esclarecedor, está longe de ser abrangente e relevante quanto ao comportamento territorial e/ou espacial da geopolítica oceânica.
Em “A Vida, no Mar ou na Terra, Depende Deles: Os Manguezais"  vemos que manguezais são ecossistemas costeiros inseridos na interface terrestre-marinha que recebem influência oceânica e fluvial. Esse ambiente apresenta uma expressiva diversidade de funções, servindo de área de berçário, abrigo, alimentação e reprodução para espécies marinhas, estuarinas, límnicas e terrestres.  Atuam como zonas de amortecimento costeiro, além de fornecer nutrientes que sustentam a vida nos ecossistemas marinhos. Destacando-se ainda, a importância que esse ambiente reflete nas relações socioculturais em diversas comunidades costeiras. Embora seja reconhecida a relevância deste ecossistema para conservação da biodiversidade, diversos impactos ambientais têm provocado uma desenfreada degradação dos manguezais brasileiros, que aliados à inação do Estado evocam a necessidade de refletir acerca da conservação dos nossos ecossistemas.
Em “A Mentalidade Marítima Brasileira: Ensaios Preliminares sobre a sua Relevância para o Planejamento Espacial Marinho” as autoras têm  como objetivo promover uma conscientização sobre relevantes projetos para o fortalecimento da identidade marítima brasileira. O progresso do LEPLAC e o desenvolvimento do conceito de ‘Amazônia Azul’ são enaltecidos neste ensaio preliminar. A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável e o progresso da ‘economia azul’ fazem com que o mar ganhe espaço cativo nas agendas, internacional e nacional. Assim, a análise de fenômenos que construíram (ou constroem) a mentalidade marítima brasileira são extremamente pertinentes e podem, a partir dela, promover o aperfeiçoamento das políticas públicas e do manejo do uso do mar e das atividades marítimas.
O artigo “O Caso das Algas no Planejamento Espacial Marinho”  tem como finalidade apresentar o caso das Algas no planejamento espacial marinho, destacando a congruência entre a gestão econômica, a ciência e a tecnologia. No exemplo da Embrapa, percebe-se o potencial que a pesquisa sobre algas poderá trazer ao estado brasileiro, especialmente se feito com uso racional do recurso. Noutros termos, as algas deverão ser mapeadas, a fim de que o potencial econômico seja usado de forma sustentável e benéfica para a sociedade brasileira. Para o boletim foram analisadas fontes secundárias (notícias de jornais), fontes bibliográficas (literatura sobre planejamento espacial marinho) e fontes quantitativas (dados econômicos sobre algas).
Em “Minerais Estratégicos no Mar Brasileiro” procura-se apresentar o conceito de minerais estratégicos aos olhos do Estado brasileiro e em que medida este ente tem envidado esforços para conhecer o assoalho marinho sob sua jurisdição e para explorá-lo. Para tal, lançar-se-á mão do Plano Nacional de Mineração 2030 (PNM-2030), dos relatórios anuais de atividades do Serviço Geológico Brasileiro (CPRM) de 2018 e 2019, bem como um dos relatórios do Projeto Estal. Por meio da avaliação destes documentos pretende-se compreender de que modo o Estado brasileiro vem incentivando o desenvolvimento de pesquisas para a apropriação efetiva e eficiente do espaço marinho em busca de suprir as necessidades internas de minerais estratégicos.
O artigo “As Dinâmicas Territoriais de Acumulação Capitalista: Portos e ‘Custo Brasil’” busca versar brevemente sobre a importância da estrutura portuária dentro das dinâmicas do processo de acumulação capitalista nacionais. Nesse sentido, a discussão aqui realizada encontra seu fio condutor dentro das determinações que regem o processo de troca mercantil, tal como descrito por Karl Marx em “O Capital”. Ademais, leva-se o olhar para as dinâmicas nacionais brasileiras e se verifica o chamado “custo Brasil” como um dos principais entraves para o desenvolvimento do país.
Em “A Importância de uma Estratégia de Segurança Marítima no Atlântico Sul” pode-se verificar que se na dimensão global, o Atlântico Sul tem papel secundário, no âmbito regional e nacional, sua importância econômica e geopolítica é fundamental para o Brasil. Entretanto, a maioria das Marinhas e Guardas-Costeiras dos países lindeiros ao Atlântico Sul não estão equipadas e preparadas para garantir a soberania nas suas águas jurisdicionais e o nosso país não é diferente. A partir desse aspecto, o presente trabalho,com análise documental, histórica e de políticas públicas, propõe-se a avaliar a forma como o Estado brasileiro trabalha a segurança marítima e a necessidade de apliacação de uma política de Planejamento Espacial Marinho.
Em “Gênero e Planejamento Espacial Marinho: breves considerações” as autoras visam contemplar oportunidades e desafios ao desenvolvimento do Planejamento Espacial Marinho (PEM) no Brasil. Buscou-se explorar a forma como o PEM e questões de gênero associadas têm sido abordados em foros multilaterais. Sendo o PEM um importante processo público de gestão do espaço, altamente adaptável e de amplo escopo, frisa-se a necessidade de incorporar a este processo as reivindicações que emergem da luta pela equidade de gênero. Partindo-se deste raciocínio, este artigo sugere a observação global de estratégias de inserção das questões de gênero junto ao PEM como forma de estimular o pensamento crítico.
O artigo “Gênero: Contextualizando Sustentabilidade Social em Sistemas Socioecológicos Marítimos” as autoras apontam que do nomadismo ao sedentarismo e a revolução agrícola, o excedente de produção precisou ser escoado fluvialmente. Posteriormente as grandes navegações e o costume de navegar tanto pela soberania quanto pelo comércio moldaram as sociedades e as aproximaram do litoral, onde desenvolveram-se rápida e complexamente. Um sistema complexo é caracterizado por ser um sistema aberto, constituído por ampla variedade de elementos e grande número de interações dinâmicas entre eles. Enquanto isso, um Sistema Socioecológico (SSE) recomenda-se ser orientado por uma questão, foco ou problema em específico e delimitá-lo por escalas (dimensões) com importantes contribuições e entre múltiplos níveis constituintes das escalas. Para que assim, um SSE possa ser visualizado em panorama macro. Planejamento Espacial Marinho (PEM) preconiza um desenvolvimento sustentável, e como parte integrante, a dimensão de Sustentabilidade Social visa equilibrar o uso dos recursos do oceano e processos de política, ponderando também a equidade de gênero.

Cluster analysis by k-means algorithm by R programming applied for the geological data analysis is the scope of the presented paper. The research object is the Mariana Trench, a hadal trench located in west Pacific Ocean. The study evaluates the similarity of the geological data by the analysis of their attributes. The original observation data set contained samples varying in parameters: geology (sediment thickness), tectonics (locations on the tectonic plates), volcanism (igneous volcanic areas), bathymetry (depth ranges) and geomorphology (slope steepness and aspect). The data pool was divided to the clusters using k-means algorithm with aim to detect similarities. Clustering was chosen as a main statistical method, since it enables detecting similar groups within the original data set by unsupervised classification. Technically, the research was performed using R language and its statistical libraries. The main R libraries include {cluster}, {factoextra}; minor libraries include {ggplot2}, {FactoMiner}, {openxlsx}, {carData}, {rio}, {car} and {flashClust}. Several clusters were tested from two to seven, the optimal number is defined as five. The results show visualized computations: Supported by China Scholarship Council (CSC), State Oceanic Administration (SOA), Marine Scholarship of China, Grant Nr. 2016SOA002, Beijing, P.R.C. 2 P. Lemenkova correlation matrix of the factors; comparison of the bi-factors showing pairwise correlation; pairwise comparative analysis showing influence of the variables as bi-factors: sediment thickness correlating with slope angles ; correlation of the volcanic igneous areas with slope angles and aspect degree. Four variables affect geomorphology: slope angle, sediment thickness, aspect degree, bathymetry and volcanism. The paper includes listings of R programming codes for repeatability of the algorithms in similar research.

Due to the rather intense ongoing development of deep water gas and oil fields, the technical community has devoted considerable attention to the dynamic behavior of Spar floating systems. Spar dynamics exhibits a highly nonlinear behavior due to the presence of various components such as mooring lines, moonpool, and risers. Certain studies have focused on the reduction of the heave response of single-degree-of-freedom Spar models due to the oscillations of water entrapped in the moonpool through the partially closed bottom plates. In this paper, a novel coupled six-degree-of-freedom analytical model of a Spar system comprising top tensioned risers is proposed. The model accounts for the interactions among the Spar hull kinematics (heave, surge, and pitch), the riser kinematics (heave and surge), and the moonpool. This model involves six coupled differential equations comprising nonlinearities associated not only with stiffness and damping but also with inertia terms. A dynamic analysis is performed by subjecting the model to JONSWAP ocean wave spectrum compatible extreme forces (corresponding to the 100 year wave) and to moments applied to the center of gravity computed by means of a standard motion simulation program. Both numerical and analytical techniques (statistical linearization including inertia terms) are used for the determination of the response of the proposed dynamic model, both in the time and the frequency domains. Related parameter study results are reported, including ones pertaining to the dependence of the Spar system motion on the degree of opening of the bottom plates.

According to Polybius (IV, 38), goods exported from the Black Sea included salted fish, suggesting that fishing played an important role in the colonisation process along the Pontic shores, possibly from a very early date (Dupont 2007). However, in addition to the question of the containers used for this trade, raised by J. Lund (2005) and V. Gabrielsen (2005), there is also the issue of eventual discrepancies between sources and archaeological data. Perhaps due to the hasardous preservation of archaeological structures, or simply to a geographic imbalance in research, studies have until now revealed evidence of fish drying and salting mainly in the northern Pontic region, during a period that came after the testimony of Polybius. Nonetheless, careful analysis of ancient sources reveals the full range of complex factors involved in fishing in a region where species were zoned and subject to seasonal migration. A dichotomy between northern and southern Black Sea coasts, in addition to the distinctive characteristics of the deltas punctuating the north and northwest shores, may have had an impact on the resources produced, as enlightened by the Franco-Romanian archaeological mission around Orgame at the settlements of the Golovita lagoon (Baralis et al. 2017). Varied local resources, such as highly migratory species, may indeed explain different fishing management strategies, which in turn would have shaped local and regional exchange networks, including those stretching over greater distances to connect Pontic colonies with the Aegean world. Some fifteen years after the very promising symposium held at the University of Aarhus (2003), it is time to re-examine this key issue for the understanding of the colonial process in the Pontic region, particularly in light of the recent synthesis by T. Bekker-Nielsen (2016) and the latest studies carried out in the northern Black Sea region and Danube delta. The goal of this symposium is to shed light on the latest data, with a special focus on regional specificities resulting from the characteristics of species exploited within the perimeters of each site, in accordance with the aims of ichthyofaunal studies. Such research does sometimes produce results that contradict textual and epigraphic data, opening up new avenues for the analysis of local networks, where the participation of local populations has not always been taken into account (Gavriljuk 2005). In the framework of the research programme on the Greek colonisation in the Black Sea area (Musée du Louvre -Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS-Aix-Marseille University), we would like to bring together ichthyofaunal analyses, studies or reinterpretation of production structures and publication of archaeological material linked to fish exploitation and trade, all too often neglected and more often than not left unpublished. Through these various contributions, we wish to enrich the debate around fish-related trade and its potential role in Greek colonial process in the Black Sea and the Straights.

The composition, seasonal dynamics, and regional variations in the distribution of zooplankton are studied in the shallow-water coastal and deep-water open areas of the White Sea. In the shallow-water areas, seasonal observations were carried out in the period between 1960 and 1997 from spring to autumn and during several annual cycles. In the deep-water areas, the data was collected in the course of several plankton surveys from early spring to late autumn during the period from 1998 to 2001. The available data shows that the boreal, Arctic, and arctic–boreal taxa comprise most of the zooplankton stock in this subarctic sea. The boreal taxa, together with meroplankton, represent a temporal component of the zooplankton and they dominate the stock of the shallow-water regions during the warm season. The variability of the seasonal biomass is well pronounced in the shallow-water areas. The difference between the minimum winter biomass and the summer maximum is 10- to 20-fold. In contr...

The hydrological and hydrochemical parameters of the Tumen River estuary were collected at 13 stations in May and October 2015. Vertical temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll fluorescence, and turbidity profiles were obtained. Water was sampled from the surface and bottom layer. The water samples were analyzed for major ions, pH, salinity, concentrations of dissolved oxygen, major nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, humic matter, and δ 18 О and δD isotopes. This estuary is attributed to microtidal type with a flushing time of about 10 h. A phytoplakton bloom occurred in the top layer of the estuary. For surface horizons, the hydrochemical parameters show a linear correlation with salinity. In the bottom horizons, all these parameters, except for major ions and δ 18 О and δD isotopes, reveal substantial nonconservative behavior. The nonconservative behavior of the hydrochemical parameters in the bottom waters was mainly caused by degradation of the phytoplankton biomass at the water/sediment interface. Hypoxic conditions were established in the bottom waters of the estuary in May.

This paper describes the geotectonics of the Caspian Sea basin and the seismicity of its central part. The seismicity analysis enables us to identify the most probable zones of tsunami generation. We also present a brief review of the historical records of tsunamis in the Caspian Sea. In order to estimate the tsunami risk, we used the method of numerical hydrodynamic simulation while taking into account the real topogra phy of the Caspian Sea. The computation of the wave field for the possible tsunamis occurring in the central part of the Caspian Sea allowed us to estimate the maximum expected heights of the waves along the coast of the CIS countries (Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan). On the basis of the earthquake sta tistics in the region and the results of numerical experiments, we show that the extreme wave heights can reach 10 m at certain parts of the coast. Such extreme events correspond to extended (up to 200 km) seismic sources with M S ~ 8 and a recurrence period of T ≈ 1600 years. The tsunami wave heights are expected to be as high as 3 m for sources of lesser extent (<50 km) with earthquake magnitudes of M S ~ 7 and a recurrence period of 200 years.

Analysis of the ostracod assemblages and the distribution of benthic foraminifera Ammonia bec carii in the core section GS 194 08 1 recovered at a depth of 7.5 m near the Volga delta front showed changes in environmental conditions in response to sea level fluctuations. The pre Novocaspian ostracod assemblage reflects the conditions that were dominant during the Late Khvalynian transgression, with a depth of about 20-30 m, and a salinity range of 12-13‰. The Early Novocaspian sediments contain an ostracod assemblage that represents a deeper water environment compared to the present, with an inferred depth of 12-16 m. The fau nas from the younger Novocaspian sediments with abundant monospecific populations of Cyprideis torosa and co occurring benthic foraminifera Ammonia beccarii represent modern like environmental conditions.

Microstructure, ADCP and CTD profiles taken in the North Atlantic along 531N under moderate and high winds showed that the median of log-normally distributed kinetic energy dissipation rate e within the upper mixing layer is 1.5 Â 10 À7 W/kg and the layer depth, on the average, is $40 m. Assuming that mixing efficiency g is a constant (g ¼ 0:2), the following scaling is proposed for the normalized eddy diffusivity:

Long term hourly data from 35 tide gauge stations, including 15 stations in the Gulf of Finland, were used to examine tidal sea level oscillations of the Baltic Sea. High resolution spectral analysis revealed the well defined fine structure of tidal peaks with diurnal peaks at most stations being higher than semidiur nal. At some stations (e.g., Narva, Daugava, and Wladyslawowo), high frequency radiational tidal peaks with periods multiple of the solar day (3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 cpd) were detected; the respective oscillations are supposed to be caused by seabreeze winds. Harmonic analysis of tides for individual yearly sea level series followed by vector averaging over the entire observational period was used to estimate the amplitudes and phases of 16 tidal constituents. The maximum tidal oscillations of 17-19 cm were found to be observed in the Gulf of Fin land and, first of all, in Neva Bay (in the head of the gulf). Diurnal or mixed diurnal tides are predominant in almost the entire Baltic Sea. The comparison of the observed tides with those theoretically computed showed that the existing numerical models of the main tidal harmonics generally quite accurately reproduce the structure of the tides in the Baltic Sea except for some regions of the Gulf of Bothnia.

The Author discusses the analysis of sustainability of the coast applied catastrophe theory and the criteria for the degradation of beaches in conditions of anthropogenic regulation of clastic debris in the coastal zone Для анализа устойчивости развития берегов применена теория катастроф. Найдены критерии деградации пляжей в условиях антропогенного регулирования поступления обломочного материала в береговую зону

ABSTRACTION  :
MARS CRASHED into EARTH'S NORTH POLE, the SOUTH POLE of the EARTH at the SAME TIME HIT by JUPITER, DUE to the COLLISION of the PLANET that THEN OCCURRED 3 CRACKS in the PLANET EARTH into SEVERAL PLATES of the EARTH PLATE
GREAT EARTH MARS JUPITER COLLISION HAS CAUSED THE END OF THE BROKEN AMERICAN BENT, TORN AFRICAN AND AMERICAN CONTINENTS SEPARATED INTO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN, AFRICA MOVES FROM ANTARCTICA TO THE ARABIAN PENINSULA, INDIA KNOCKED OFF ANTARCTICA HIT THE HIMALAYAS, AUSTRALIA MOVE FROM ANTARCTICA TO THE EURASIAN PLATE.
THE COLLISION OF 3 PLANIT CAUSED the MOON OUT of the EARTH in the WESTERN PACIFIC, as well as the FORMATION of 63 JUPITER'S SATELLITES POSITION and 2 SATELLITES of MARS is a RESULT of THIS COLLISION, the FORMER APPEARANCE of the MOON is STILL RECORDED in the CRUST of the PACIFIC OCEAN FLOOR IN THE WEST PASIFIC
AS A RESULT OF THE COLLISION OF MARS THEN MELT ROCKS OF MARS TO THE PACIFIC AND THE AMERICAN MAINLAND WHICH SPLIT WITH AFRICA MOVING TO PASIFIC WHICH AT THE SAME TIME ALSO A MOON OUT OF THE EARTH'S CRUST THEN ALL PACIFIC PACIFIC REGARDLESS TO THE AIR AS ASTEROIDA AND AREA LAND OF EARTH IN PACIFIC  GOING DOWN AS THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
The ASTEROID BELT BETWEEN MARS and JUPITER is a FRACTION of the MATERIAL comes from 'EARTH MARS JUPITER COLLISION'
WHILE MARS CRASHED into EARTH in the NORTH, part of the CORE of MARS is OUT on the EARTH, CAUSING a PLATEAU WEDGED on the EARTH, the HIMALAYA 8000 M and OTHERWISE MAKE the MARINES on MARS AS DEEP AS 8000 m.
WATER ON EARTH, MARS AND JUPITER IS A PROOF THAT THE THIRD PLANET  HAD BEEN COLLISION AND WATER  WAS LEFT ON EARTH, JUPITER, MARS.

In recent years, the field of AMS has expanded into many areas of science. This paper reviews a variety of applications of AMS in the marine environment, focusing particularly on recent developments and applications. Following a brief summary of the three main isotope techniques used in environmental studies: dating, tracing and source identification, a number of applications are considered. Traditional 14 Cdating is no longer the dominant application of AMS measurements, and together with measurements of 10 Be, 26 Al and 36 Cl, much of the research is now directed towards an understanding of global climate change via studies of oceanic circulation, atmospheric processes and past climates by cosmic ray exposure dating. Profiles of long-lived cosmogenic radionuclides in sediments and ice cores, as a function of depth and, thus, age, provide key information on past solar variability, production rate changes and atmospheric transport and deposition mechanisms. Useful paleoclimatic information may be derived from these archives both because deposition is influenced by climate and because solar activity (which influences production) and solar radiance (which influences climate) are correlated. In recent years, emphasis has been put on the development and application of AMS techniques for the measurement of heavier long-lived isotopes, including 99 Tc, 129 I, 236 U and other actinide isotopes. AMS combines ultra low detection limits and the possibility to analyse isotope ratios that can be difficult with traditional instruments and has been used in a number of applications on the consequences and uses of releases from nuclear energy. Finally, the use AMS in environmental sciences is expected to expand further in the foreseeable future with long-lived cosmogenic radionuclides contributing to a large body of knowledge on processes involving atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, biosphere, soils and sediments.

To study the nature of climate change in the hydrometeorological parameters of the Black and Azov Seas—surface air temperature (SAT), sea surface temperature (SST), ice cover, and sea level—under conditions of ongoing global warming, we used reanalyses and remote sensing data, as well as information from known publications of recent years. It was found that against an increase in SAT over the Black–Azov Sea region (+0.053°C/year in 1980–2020) and SST of the Black Sea (+0.052°C/year in 1982–2020), the values of these parameters in the 2000s differ significantly from those in the 1980s–1990s: the maximum average monthly summer and minimum average monthly winter temperatures have increased, as well as the number of mild winters. The average annual SST of the Black Sea, which practically did not exceed 15°C in the 1980s–early 1990s, has exceeded 16°C in most cases since 2010 (maximum 16.71°C in 2018). In the 2010s, the average monthly winter minima, with the exception of the winters of ...

In the summer of 1999 and the winter of 2000, during international expeditions of R/Vs Professor Khromov and Roger Revelle , hydrological and hydrochemical studies of the Sea of Japan were performed. Comparing the hydrochemical characteristics of the Sea of Japan in the summer and winter seasons, we have found that the seasonal variability affects not only the upper quasihomogeneous layer but also the deeper layers. This variability is caused by the intensification of vertical mixing during the winter season. It was shown that the mixing intensification in the deep layers of the sea in the winter might be caused both by the slope convection and by the deep convection in the open part of the sea, penetrating deeper than 1000 m. It was found that the area of positive values of the biological constituent of the apparent oxygen consumption coincides with the area of deep convection. The climatic zoning in the distribution of partial pressure of carbon dioxide was revealed for both seasons. In the northwestern part of the sea, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere due to the deep convection in the winter and the heating process in the summer. The southern part of the sea absorbs the atmospheric carbon dioxide because of the process of photosynthesis and cooling of the waters supplied from the Korea Strait.

The study area is focused on the Mariana Trench, west Pacific Ocean. The research aim is to investigate correlation between various factors, such as bathymetric depths, geomorphic shape, geographic location on four tectonic plates of the sampling points along the trench, and their influence on the geologic sediment thickness. Technically, the advantages of applying Python programming language for oceanographic data sets were tested. The methodological approaches include GIS data collecting, data analysis, statistical modelling, plotting and visualizing. Statistical methods include several algorithms that were tested: 1) weighted least square linear regression between geological variables, 2) autocorrelation; 3) design matrix, 4) ordinary least square regression, 5) quantile regression. The spatial and statistical analysis of the correlation of these factors aimed at the understanding, which geological and geodetic factors affect the distribution of the steepness and shape of the trench. Following factors were analysed: geology (sediment thickness), geographic location of the trench on four tectonics plates: Philippines, Pacific, Mariana and Caroline and bathymetry along the profiles: maximal and mean, minimal values, as well as the statistical calculations of the 1st and 3rd quantiles. The study revealed correlations between the sediment thickness and distinct variations of the trench geomorphology and sampling locations across various segments along the crescent of the trench.

На основе численного моделирования исследуется влияние стока реки Дунай на формирование гидрологической структуры вод и особенностей циркуляции на северо-западном шельфе Черного моря. Используется трехмерная σ-координатная численная модель ECOMSED, адаптированная для шельфа и эстуариев, для расчета циркуляции в прибрежной зоне и переноса взвеси. Параметры модели были подобраны таким образом, чтобы они соответствовали району впадения Дуная в Черное море. Проведен ряд численных экспериментов по изучению влияния реальной конфигурации береговой черты западного побережья Черного моря на процесс формирования прибрежного гидрофронта и плотностного течения в отсутствие воздействия ветра

Seismoacoustic investigations with a high resolution parametric echo sounder "SES 2000 deep" carried out on cruises 33, 35, and 37 of the R/V Akademik Ioffe revealed several erosional-depositional con tourite systems on the São Paulo Plateau escarpment and its toe in the South Atlantic. Two contourite ter races related to interfaces between different water masses are observable on the escarpment. These terraces presumably reflect the activity of internal waves and turbulent eddies. The São Paulo contourite channel and genetically related drift are traceable along the escarpment toe. Changes in planktonic foraminiferal assem blages in Core AI 2563 retrieved from the summit of the São Paulo contourite drift suggest a shallowing of the Weddell Sea Deep Water mass during glacial times. It is established that the contour current of the Wed dell Sea Deep Water and Lower Circumpolar Water considerably affect the formation of contourite deposi tional systems on the escarpment and its toe.

In April 2002, at four stations located in the vicinity of the White Sea Biological Station, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (Chupa Inlet, Kandalaksha Bay), subice nano- and microplankton were sampled. It was shown for the first time that, in the winter, the White Sea underice waters are inhabited, along with diatoms, by phototrophic and heterotrophic small flagellates. Their abundance and biomass were comparable with values obtained during the summer period. As early as the start of April, within the 2- to 40-m layer, the biomass of algae exceeded 300 mg C/m2, whereas within the thin layer near the sea-ice surface it reached 0.69–2.9 g C/m3. It seems that, due to the active grazing on the sea-ice algae directly under the ice, their settling into the deeper water layers was insignificant. Simultaneously, the microbial food web actively functions, which is confirmed by the high biomass of heterotrophic flagellates. From the data obtained, we can conclude that the se...

The Asian whelk Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae), being tolerant to wide variations in the temperature, salinity, and oxygen concentration, successfully settled down in the Black Sea and eventually became one of the dominant species in the benthic ecosystems. The whelk inhabits all types of grounds all over the Black sea demonstrating a wide spectrum of morphological modifications. The objective of this research is to compare 10 samples of R. venosa from different biotopes of the Black Sea coast from the western Crimea to Sochi. The results of the statistical comparison based on 15 morphological characteristics showed that most of the samples differed from each other with high statisti cal significance (p < 0.001). The material fell into five groups on the discriminant analysis diagram corre sponding to the biotope in which each was collected. The main ecological factor influencing the morpholog ical variability of the rapa whelk populations is the characteristics of prey items they feed on, i.e., the bivalve species (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Anadara sp., Chamelea gallina), the prevailing prey size, and its abundance.

Исследуется влияние сезонной изменчивости вертикальной скорости на формирование поверхностной солености в центральной части Черного моря. Проведены расчеты по одномерной
гидродинамической модели с учетом постоянной и переменной во времени вертикальной скорости. Дана оценка объема воды и соли, который поступает к периферии бассейна из центральной глубоководной части Черного моря.

The estuary can be considered as environments characterized by high productivity and un commensurable ecological value. However, marine ecosystems are also subjected to high human pressures that increase their vulnerability. The aim of this work is to analyze grain size trend of sediment due to the action of the main hydrodynamic condition. The spatial distribution patterns of sediments were monitored according to season. The grain size trend of surficial sediments revealed a dominant sediment transport trend towards the eastern and south eastern part of study area. This study shows that there is an agreement among sediments path ways, hydrodynamic condition and the sediment spatial distribution in the estuarine environment. The agitation by waves is an important sorting mechanism in the study area. The findings are based on the grain size trend and also corroborated by short term observations of the estuarine sediment dynamics and transport during the monsoon, postmonsoon, summer and premonson seasons in Tiru malairajan River estuary.

The full characterized list of known species of Harpacticoida is presented for the South China Sea based on original and literature data. Three Harpacticoida taxocenes from soft sediments are described on the littoral and sublittoral of shallows of Nha Trang Bay (Vietnam). The first taxocene is represented by dominating species of the genuses Phyllopodopsyllus and Brianola at the upper and middle littorals. The second one, which is characterized by dominating species of the genus Diarthrodes , is found on sublittoral, silty and fine sands. The third taxocene with dominating species of the genus Amphiascoides is described at coarse sands. The sediment type is a main factor of the organization of sublittoral harpacticoids associations. The depth also has an effect on the harpacticoids diversity and abundance. A comparative analysis of the Harpacticoida species composition is presented for the South China Sea, the Philippines, the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, the Yellow Sea, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The similarity of the species lists of the considered sector of the Indo-Pacific is extremely low. The main reason for the present high specificity of the faunas of the compared regions is the deficit of studies on Harpacticoida in tropical waters.

The size, species, and age composition of zooplankton was studied in the ice-covered Chupa Inlet (White Sea, Kandalksha Bay) in early April 2002. The species composition of zooplankton was poor and typical of the end of the winter season, and the abundance and biomass were considerably lower than in the summer. In terms of biomass, two species of copepods, namely, Calanus glacialis and Pseudocalanus minutus , prevailed. Both species were already feeding on the ice algae available and began to reproduce. Such an early reproduction of Calanus glacialis was noted in the White Sea for the first time. The results obtained show that the secondary production in the White Sea starts well before the thawing of the ice cover.

ing over the North Weddell Ridge takes place at an angle of 85° ± 2° at a rate of 0.9 ± 0.1 cm/y. The spreading direction on the Southwest Indian Ridge is 45° ± 2°, and its rate is 0.8 ± 0.1 cm/y. Crust accretion in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge takes place at a rate of 0.6 cm/y. At present, the position of the triple junction is characterized by coordinates of 54°50 ′ S, 0 ° 40 ′ W.

Seismoacoustic investigations with a high resolution parametric echo sounder "SES 2000 deep" carried out on cruises 33, 35, and 37 of the R/V Akademik Ioffe revealed several erosional-depositional con tourite systems on the São Paulo Plateau escarpment and its toe in the South Atlantic. Two contourite ter races related to interfaces between different water masses are observable on the escarpment. These terraces presumably reflect the activity of internal waves and turbulent eddies. The São Paulo contourite channel and genetically related drift are traceable along the escarpment toe. Changes in planktonic foraminiferal assem blages in Core AI 2563 retrieved from the summit of the São Paulo contourite drift suggest a shallowing of the Weddell Sea Deep Water mass during glacial times. It is established that the contour current of the Wed dell Sea Deep Water and Lower Circumpolar Water considerably affect the formation of contourite deposi tional systems on the escarpment and its toe.

The accuracy and detection limit of the oxygen technique is an actual problem in studying the processes that occur in the redox zone. The formal accuracy of the Winkler technique is 1 µM (0.02 mL L -1 ) and its detection limit is about 3.0 µM (0.06 mL L -1 ). These values are significantly higher than the similar characteristics (in molar concentrations) for such parameters as the hydrogen sulphide, nitrates, manganese, and others. In this work, we describe some recommendations for increasing the accuracy of the Winkler tech nique. The results of the application of these recommendations for the suboxic zone of the Black Sea are pre sented. During the 100th cruise of the R/V Professor Shtokman, argon filled balloons were attached to the upper valves of Niskin bottles during the sampling, which allowed protecting the samples from contamination with atmospheric oxygen. The titration was performed with an automatic Metrohm Titrino burette with potentiometric end point detection. That allowed us to significantly increase the accuracy and decrease the detection limit compared with the visual techniques. The oxidized forms of metals present in the sea water (Mn(IV), Mn(III); Fe(III)) were measured, which allowed us to correct the Winkler technique calculations for the oxidizers. The studies performed during the 100th cruise of the R/V Professor Shtokman confirmed the absence of a layer of the coexistence of oxygen and hydrogen sulphide.

The radiolarian distribution is studied in Core IMAGES MD01-2415 (46-m-long) from the central Sea of Okhotsk. The obtained data made it possible to refine the regional biostratigraphy and document the major paleoenvironmental changes in the basin in the last million years. In total, 17 radiolarian datum planes are defined with 12 of them being new. Their number exceeds that previously established for different fossil groups in the Subarctic Pacific for this period. Radiolarian datum planes are usually confined to the main boundaries and Quaternary climatic events. The analysis of the radiolaria distribution reveals several major paleoenvironmental shifts in the sea that occurred 950, 700, and 420-280 ka ago and are correlative with regional and global phases of the Middle Pleistocene climatic revolution.

Diatoms were studied in the KOMEX LV28-34-2 sediment core from the northwestern Sea of Okhotsk. The interval from the penultimate glacial to the Holocene was subdivided into stratigraphic units based on the distribution of biogeographic groups and individual index species. The analysis of the diatom assemblages indicated that, during the Last Glacial Maximum, of the Deryugin Basin was regularly covered with extensive seasonal ice of at least 70% concentration for a minimum of 6-7 months per year. Cold subarctic water from the adjacent open Pacific could have reached as far as the northwestern sea area.

During cruise 54 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh to the southwestern Kara Sea (September 6 to October 7, 2007), a large amount of hydrophysical data with unique spatial resolution was obtained on the basis of measurements using different instruments. The analysis of the data gave us the possibility to study the dynamics and hydrological structure of the southwestern Kara Sea basin. The main elements of the general circulation are the following: the Yamal Current, the Eastern Novaya Zemlya Current, and the St. Anna Trough Current. All these currents are topographically controlled; they flow over the bottom slopes along the isobaths. The Yamal Current begins at the Kara Gates Strait and turns to the east as part of the cyclonic circulation. Then, it turns to the north and propagates along the Yamal coast over the 100-m isobath. The Eastern Novaya Zemlya Current (its core is located over the eastern slope of the Novaya Zemlya Trough) flows to the northeast. Near the northern edge of Novaya Zemlya, it encounters the St. Anna Trough Current, separates from the coast, and flows practically to the east merging with the continuation of the Yamal Current. A strong frontal zone is formed in the region where the two currents merge above the threshold that separates the St. Anna Trough from the Novaya Zemlya Trough and divides the warm and saline Arctic waters from the cooler and fresher waters of the southwestern part of the Kara Sea. This threshold, whose depth does not exceed 100–150 m, is a barrier that prevents the spreading of the Barents Sea and Arctic waters to the southwestern part of the Kara Sea basin through the St. Anna Trough.

The se-�surface bioproductivity changes over the last 25 kyr were inferred from published data on 30 sediment cores from the open Northwest Pacific (NWP), Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea and Sea of Japan accounting for the glacioeustatic se-�level changes. A novel method was developed to compare the variations of several independent productivity proxies relative to the present-day values. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the bioproductivity in the Sea of Okhotsk and the western Bering Sea (BS) was lower than at present, whereas the southern and southeastern Bering Sea and the open NWP are characterized by enhanced bioproductivity. During the early deglacial stage, an increase in bioproductivity was estimated only for the southeastern Bering Sea. High and fairly high bioproductivity was estimated for Heinrich 1 in the open NWP, above the Umnak Plateau and on the Shirshov and Bowers Ridges in the Bering Sea. The high productivity in the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and NWP during the Bølling...

Main features of bottom topography, acoustic basement, unconsolidated sediments, anomalous magnetic field, magnetization of the inversive magnetic layer, and geochronology of the mid-ocean Bouvet Ridge are established for the past 2 My. Peculiarities of the temperature behavior at the constructive boundary between the African and Antarctic lithospheric plates are assessed. The axial zone of the Bouvet Ridge is characterized by the presence of three recent volcanic centers, suggesting discrete supply of the matter of new oceanic crust during the Brunhes epoch. During this epoch, spreading was not monotonic; its rate varied from 1.2 − 1.3 cm/y over the southeastern and northwestern margins of the Bouvet Ridge to 0.8 cm/y in its central part.