Nongovernmental organizations

(IFPRI) was established in 1975. IFPRI is one of 15 agricultural research centers that receive principal funding from governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations, most of which are members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

The environmental and social costs of Brazilian economic development have been paid by displaced populations in rural areas and poor residents of shanty towns in urban and metropolitan regions. These population segments mainly consist of Blacks and "pardos" (mulattos). In spite of Brazil's supposed lack of racist policies, the country has inherited certain aspects of the culture of slavery which create inequalities, including environmental ones that are largely accepted as "natural." Some efforts have been made to denounce this situation and create real sustainable development. These aim at the empowerment of vulnerable populations so that recognized formal rights of citizenship may be actually obtained. The present article focuses on cases that exemplify such efforts including the Brazilian Forum of NGOs and Social Movements for Sustainability (1990), the Brazilian Network for Environmental Justice (2001), and the First Brazilian Seminar against Environmental Racism (2005).

In Venezuela, large-scale shrimp farming began in the 1980s. By 1987, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARNR) had received 14 proposals for approval. A developer illegally started the construction of ponds at the Piritu Lagoon in the State of Anzo~tegui before the authorization process was completed. This action triggered a land-use conflict. This study identifies the causes for public protest and determines the consequences of this conflict for land-use management. The results show that public protest was based on the impacts of the partial construction of ponds. These impacts were related to direct removal of wetlands, interruption of natural patterns of surface flows, and alteration of feeding grounds of some bird species with migratory status. Consequences were identified in relation to the role that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play in land-use conflicts and the actions that MARNR could take in the future to prevent and solve similar situations.

An NGO- though not a permissible term- is a nongovernmental organization or an association made for the welfare of society as a charitable trust, non-profit corporation, foundation or other common person who is a part of governmental sector. NGOs have played a considerably important role in the development of countries and 60% developing countries obtain their aid through NGOs. In

This series is published by the Rural Microfinance and Employment project (RUME). The project, RUME, has been selected in December 2007 by the French National Agency for Research (programme: Les Suds, Aujourd'hui). The main objective of this research is to explore the linkages between rural finance and rural employment -including diversification and migration -with a view to contributing to the ongoing discussions and interventions in the fields of rural development and poverty and vulnerability reduction. The project methodology relies on the following features: a pluridisciplinary approach, a combination of tools for data collection and analysis, a comparative perspective across three countries (Madagascar Mexico, South-India), a strategic collaboration with microfinance institutions. From an outcome perspective, the proposal will seek to achieve a balance between academic and applied results. Further details about the project and its work can be viewed on our web site at

Based on field research in Lebanon and Sri Lanka, this article discusses the ways in which Hizballah and the LTTE use nonprofit service provision as a tool for increasing community support. The article compares the organizations’ goals for service provision and specific structures of service provision. The difference in resources and capacity between the two organizations has shaped the structure of service provision used by each organization. Whereas Hizballah autonomously operates a sophisticated group of nongovernmental organization (NGO) service providers, the LTTE has developed an elaborate system for controlling and channeling the resources of existing local and international NGO service providers.

This is the Introduction to the following book:

The Nonprofit World: Civil Society and the Rise of the Nonprofit Sector

DESCRIPTION

John Casey explores the expanding global reach of nonprofit organizations, examining the increasingly influential role not only of prominent NGOs that work on hot-button global issues, but also of the thousands of smaller, little-known organizations that have an impact on people's daily lives.

What do these nonprofits actually do? How and why have they grown exponentially? How are they managed and funded? What organizational, political, and economic challenges do they face? Casey answers these questions and also, liberally using case studies, situates the evolution of the sector in the broader contexts of differing national environments and global public affairs.

With its broad perspective, The Nonprofit World affords readers a thorough understanding of both the place of nonprofits in the global arena and the implications of their growing importance.

THE AUTHOR

John Casey is associate professor in the School of Public Affairs at Baruch College, City University of New York. His previous publications include Policing the World: The Practice of International and Transnational Policing.


CONTENTS

• The Nonprofit World.
• The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector.
• The Evolution of the Nonprofit Sector.
• Comparing National Nonprofit Sectors.
• The Globalization of Ideas.
• Internationalization of the Nonprofit Sector.
• International Nonprofits at Work.
• Stewarding International Nonprofits.
• Emerging Trends.


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In the past two decades, governments from around the world have adopted access-to-information laws at a rate unlike any other time in history. This reform in government information policy parallels a global movement of intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, which have pressed countries to advance the norm of transparency. Competition in the global economy has also provided a strong incentive for governments to show openness, as business leaders and donor nations contend that access-to-information is critical for efficient markets. Given the growing interaction between governments and transnational firms, and the global emphasis on access-to-information, this cross-national study examines the relationship between business executives' perceptions of transparency in government policymaking, and several indicators suggested in the literature as means to advance the flow of information about government. The study found countries that respondents ranked as ‘most transparent’ had significantly higher levels of access-to-information laws, telecommunication infrastructure, E-Government, free press, and higher income levels, than countries with low transparency levels. Our regression findings indicate that telecommunications infrastructure and free press influenced the perceptions of government transparency in a positive and significant way. The evidence indicates that democracy did not contribute toward the perceptions of transparency. The findings also suggest that nations aiming for openness by adopting access-to-information laws and engaging in E-Government may signal to businesses that their governments are aware of the international norm of transparency—though these conditions are not necessarily sufficient to advance the perceptions of government transparency.

This paper describes how multisource satellite data and efficient image analysis may successfully be used to conduct rapid-mapping tasks in the domain of disaster and crisismanagement support. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) has set up a dedicated crosscutting service, which is the so-called "Center for satellite-based Crisis Information" (ZKI), to facilitate the use of its Earth-observation capacities in the service of national and international response to major disaster situations, humanitarian relief efforts, and civil security issues. This paper describes successful rapid satellite mapping campaigns supporting disaster relief and demonstrates how this technology can be used for civilian crisis-management purposes. During the last years, various international coordination bodies were established, improving the disaster-response-related cooperation within the Earth-observation community worldwide. DLR/ZKI operates in this context, closely networking with public authorities (civil security), nongovernmental organizations (humanitarian relief organizations), satellite operators, and other space agencies. This paper reflects on several of these international activities, such as the International Charter Space and Major Disasters, describes mapping procedures, and reports on rapid-mapping experiences gained during various disaster-response applications. The example cases presented cover rapid impact assessment after the Indian Ocean Tsunami, forest fires mapping for Portugal, earthquakedamage assessment for Pakistan, and landslide extent mapping for the Philippines.

With the revolution of December 1989, citizens of Romania gained the right to form non-profit organisations for the first time in 40 years. Since then, Romania has begun to explore the frontiers of private initiative through the introduction of non-profit, non-governmental organisations as well as profit-making businesses. In this article we review the historical development and legal framework of Romania's emerging non-profit sector. We also provide the first empirical snapshot of that sector by applying the international Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO) developed by Salamon and Anheier to 499 organisations identified in the Soros Catalogue of Nongovernmental Organizations in Romania: 1991-92. Finally, we speculate on the future development of the Romanian non-profit sector by considering alternative scenarios involving the relationships between indigenous nonprofits, international NGOs and the Romanian government.

This series is published by the Rural Microfinance and Employment project (RUME). The project, RUME, has been selected in December 2007 by the French National Agency for Research (programme: Les Suds, Aujourd'hui). The main objective of this research is to explore the linkages between rural finance and rural employment -including diversification and migration -with a view to contributing to the ongoing discussions and interventions in the fields of rural development and poverty and vulnerability reduction. The project methodology relies on the following features: a pluridisciplinary approach, a combination of tools for data collection and analysis, a comparative perspective across three countries (Madagascar Mexico, South-India), a strategic collaboration with microfinance institutions. From an outcome perspective, the proposal will seek to achieve a balance between academic and applied results. Further details about the project and its work can be viewed on our web site at

The proliferation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the developing, as well as the developed, world, has triggered an ‘associational revolution’. Political scientists, however, have made a relatively minor contribution to the contemporary NGO literature which has evolved since the mid-1980s. This article examines some of the main political themes addressed in the NGO literature, as well as related themes in other political studies. NGOs, the article argues, make significant contributions to political life and to political change in developing countries, revealing a fertile, and hitherto neglected, research agenda.

The emergence of organized civil society and of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) as organizational manifestations of broader social movements has dramatically altered the global political-economic landscape. The increasing global reach of NGOs challenges established international business (IB) research, and highlights opportunities for broadening and adapting extant paradigms in the field. In this article, we introduce the concept of NGOs and contrast them with their private-sector (firm) and public-sector (government) counterparts within the context of IB. We discuss factors giving rise to NGOs as important organizational entities that participate in global value creation and governance, and identify limits to their efficacy and viability. We identify important questions raised by incorporating NGOs into our conceptualization of global context, and we challenge three basic tenets of IB theory: the definition and dynamics of an institutional field, the relevance/centrality of a firm-government (i.e., two-sector) bargaining model, and the pre-eminence of the firm as the global organization of interest within the field. We conclude by offering suggested research directions that should serve as catalysts for this new and potentially rich area of future IB research.

""The first attributed attack by the Abu Sayyaf Group, an Islamic terrorist group operating in the southern Philippines, was a grenade assault at a concert hosted by the crew of the MV Doulos in August 1991. This attack on Christian NGO workers, killing 2 women and injuring 36 others, represented the debut of an Al Qaeda-linked terrorist movement that was later responsible for over 100 violent incidents and which became one of the primary targets for the US 'War on Terror' incursion Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. This talk presents a first-hand account of the speaker's experience of the event and an examination of how such terrorist attacks are remembered, both at the time and (often misremembered) in the  historical narrative of Abu Sayyaf and political violence in Southeast Asia.

Presented at a student seminar for the CENTRE FOR GLOBAL SECURITY AND GOVERNANCE at the University of Aberdeen."

THIS IS THE RAW SCRIPT USED FOR PRESENTING THIS TALK. IT IS NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION AND CONTAINS NO REFERENCES OR SOURCES.

The Hawaiian Islands comprise a large and isolated archipelago that includes the largest reef area in the United States. Managing nearshore fisheries in this archipelago is a major challenge compounded by the difficulty of coordinating multiple agencies to provide governance across a broad series of islands with substantial social and political differences. There has been interest in, and progress toward, key elements of ecosystem-based management (EBM) in Hawaii, including a network of MPAs and community-based co-management. However, progress has been slow and largely driven by increased attention to the risks facing coral reef ecosystems, enabling both legislation and emergence of local engagement in fishery issues. Key elements of EBM in Hawaii include enhanced coordination among multiple agencies, establishment of place-based and community-based (or Hawaiian ahupua'a'-based) co-management, and acquisition of data on both the ecology of the nearshore system and the role of human impacts for use in management decisions. The development of community-based co-management and an MPA network along the western Kohala-Kona coast of the island of Hawaii (West Hawaii) illustrates a unique approach demonstrating an incremental approach toward EBM. Nonetheless, there are major challenges to scaling up the West Hawaii model to other islands within the state. These challenges include (1) the limited extent of community involvement, as well as legislative and administrative support, of communitybased co-management and MPAs, (2) the complexity of conflicts that develop on more populated islands with diverse stakeholders, (3) weak enforcement of fishing regulations, and (4) whether synergy among federal, state, and local governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the scientific community will be sustainable.

The forestry industry provides a good illustration of the active roles that industry associations, environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), national governments, and international organizations can play in developing and promoting codes of conduct that are formally sanctioned and certified. It also reflects some of the challenges of disseminating codes of conduct in developing countries and ensuring market benefits from certification. We describe the emergence of forest certification standards, outline current certification schemes, and discuss the role of major corporations in creating demand for certified products. We also discuss the limited success of certification and some of the obstacles to its adoption in developing countries. The current diversity of forest certification programs and ecolabeling schemes has created a costly, less-than-transparent system that has been largely ineffective in terms of the initial goals of reducing tropical deforestation and illegal logging. Some steps have been taken toward harmonization of different certification criteria as well as endorsement and mutual recognition among existing forest certification programs. However, it is unlikely that standardization alone can overcome other, more serious barriers to certification in developing countries.

1 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at Abstract iv

Ð Over the last decade, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have embraced``good governance'' as a set of principles to guide their objectives in member countries. Both institutions now face pressures to apply some similar standards of transparency, accountability and participation to themselves. This paper examines the challenges this poses for the organizations, beyond the steps they have already undertaken to disseminate more information and to enhance their relations with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The paper argues that if``good governance'' is to be furthered within the IMF and the World Bank, then changes in their constitutional rules, their balancing of stakeholders' rights, their decision-making rules and practices, and their stang and expertise need to be considered. Ó

In this thesis I investigate gender in environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) in the United Kingdom (UK) and Turkey. ENGOs play an increasingly important role as lobbyists on environmental policy making at national and international scales. There is large literature dealing with gender inequalities in governing bodies, and in organisations. However, gender structures of ENGOs and their implications for campaigns have been under-researched. I therefore examined the structure and composition of ENGOs in the UK and Turkey, how far they include women in decision-making process and the implications for their campaigns. To this end, I undertook cross-national comparative research applying feminist research methodology to explore differences and similarities and underlying factors for gender inequalities in organisational settings in two different societies. The research methods included 38 interviews and one focus group interview in 9 ENGOs in the UK and 40 interviews in 10 ENGOs in Turkey. These were conducted mainly with senior managers, but also with junior managers and staff. Furthermore, I placed myself as a volunteer and researcher in two ENGOs, one in the UK and one in Turkey in order to observe the organisational practices directly and to enable triangulation of data. In addition, I collected secondary data from annual reports, staff charts, publications and websites of the organisations to collect data on gender compositions as well as campaigns of the ENGOs. In order to explore and provide sufficient explanation for the under-representation of female senior managers and gender inequalities in ENGOs settings, theoretical approaches were looked into in order to find the most appropriate feminist theories that explain the gendered nature of ENGOs. I found that while the ENGO sectors in both countries are dominated by female employees, white, middle class men are in charge of the decision-making in the ENGOs. Moreover, in the ENGOs I found that there seemed to be resistance to integrate gender related perspectives when deciding environmental campaigns. Since there is no research on ENGOs that makes gender blindness visible, this thesis is an attempt to fill that gap. I argue that neglecting gender relations in environmental decision-making and campaigns reinforces the current gendered practices and imbalances in ENGOs that fail to integrate women’s perspectives in environmental policies.

Processes of decentralization characterize much of the developing world's natural resource sectors (eg, forestry). At the heart of decentralization processes lies the question of power, given that most decentralization efforts involve some transfer of authority from a central ...

1. A new kind of international regulatory system is spontaneously arising out of the failure of international 'Old Governance' (i.e., treaties and intergovernmental organizations) to adequately regulate international business. Nongovernmental organizations, business firms, and other actors, singly and in novel combinations, are creating innovative institutions to apply transnational norms to business. These institutions are predominantly private and operate through voluntary

Nutrition educators research, teach, and conduct outreach within the field of community food security (CFS), yet no clear consensus exists concerning what the field encompasses. Nutrition education needs to be integrated into the CFS movement for the fundamental reason that optimal health, well-being, and sustainability are at the core of both nutrition education and CFS. Establishing commonalities at the intersection of academic research, public policy development, and distinctive nongovernmental organizations expands opportunities for professional participation. Entry points for nutrition educators' participation are provided, including efforts dedicated to education, research, policy, programs and projects, and human rights.

Being one of the major problems of humanity poverty has been given great importance all over the world and various perspectives have been employed in search of possible solutions.  In this study, social innovation is offered as a way out from poverty. Caring about human dignity and putting entrepreneurship and developmental approach to the fore social innovation offers a model that integrates state, society, private sector and NGOs targeting the most efficient and effective ways.

İnsan haklarının korunması ve geliştirilmesi alanında faaliyet gösteren hükümet dışı örgütlerin tarihi eski olmakla birlikte, bu örgütlerin insan hakları yargılamalarına dahil olmaları nispeten yeni bir olgudur. Hükümet dışı örgütlerin uluslararası siyasetin ve uluslararası hukukun özneleri olarak güç kazanmaları esasen 20. yüzyıla ait bir olgudur. 1 Sayıları tam olarak bilinemese de, 1914 yılında Dünya genelinde yaklaşık 1000 tane hükümet dışı örgüt bulunduğu, 2000 yılına gelindiğinde bu sayının 37000'e ulaştığı ifade edilmektedir. Hali hazırda faaliyet gösteren hükümet dışı örgütlerin dörtte birinin ise 1990'dan sonra kurulduğu bilinmektedir. 2 Doğrudan insan hakları alanında çalışan hükümet dışı örgütlerin görünür olmaları ve devletlerin insan hakları politikalarını etkilemeyebaşlamaları iseİkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasına rastlamaktadır. İnsan haklarının uluslararası alanda korunması yönünde ilk adımların atıldığı bu dönemde, uluslararası örgütlere paralel olarak çok sayıda hükümet dışı örgüt de ortaya çıkmış ve insan haklarına ilişkin sözleşmelerin hazırlanmasında belirli bir rol üstlenmişlerdir. 3 Bu örgütlerin sayıları ve etkinlikleri, insan hakları alanındaki gelişmelere koşut bir şekilde gelişim göstermektedir. İnsan haklarına ilişkin yeni uluslararası sözleşmelerin imzalandığı 70'li yıllar ve Soğuk Savaş'ın son bulmasıyla birlikte sivil toplum hareketlerinin güç ka-1 Peter R.

The ongoing crises in NorthEast region of Nigeria attracted many international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) to come into the country with different forms of assistance ranging from emergency support to development based interventions for the benefit of people living in the region. These assistances are directly or indirectly affecting the lives of all categories of people living in the region. It is against this backdrop that this study assessed the impact of INGOs on youth development in Yobe State, Nigeria; with specific emphasis on social, economic and political spheres among youths. The study was survey research that utilised virtual structured questionnaires to generate information from respondents. Convenience sampling technique was utilised in generating 394 responses. The study revealed that INGOs certainly impacted on the lives of youths, especially in the areas of employment and skill acquisition opportunities, education, healthcare and youthful female empowerment. The study recommended that governments create enabling environment for INGOs to operate with very close monitoring of their operations, and ensure that indigenous populations are largely employed by the organisations.

Philanthropic organizations have recently started to focus on how to invest their resources in a way that will really make a difference to society. Strategic philanthropy is the new concept for voluntary action for the public good to create a valuable sustainable impact! This inaugural address presents the future research agenda of the Erasmus Centre for Strategic Philanthropy and focuses

Demokrasi ideali; verilen kararları, o kararlardan etkilenebilecek bireylerin etkileyebilmesi temel anlayışına dayanır. Bu anlayış bütün toplumsal kesimlerin ve bireylerin görüşlerinin dinlenmesini ve karar alma süreçlerine katılımını gerekli kılar. Bir demokraside benimsenen vatandaşlık anlayışı kapsayıcı ve birleştirici olmalıdır. Vatandaşlık; bireyin devletle hak ve sorumluluk ilişkisini belirleyen statü, yaşadığı ülkeye aidiyet duygusu, toplumsal, kültürel, siyasal ve ekonomi ile ilgili faaliyetlere katılımıyla ilgili uygulama olmak üzere üç temel bileşenden oluşur. Bu bileşenleri içeren eğitim demokratik vatandaşlık eğitimi olarak adlandırılır. Bu eğitimde bireylere kazandırılmak istenen en temel becerilerden birisi aktif vatandaşlık becerisidir. Bireylerin aktif vatandaş olabilmeleri için eylemde bulunabilecekleri alanların başında ise sivil toplum gelmektedir. Sivil toplum kuruluşları sağladıkları alanlar ile toplumun barındırdığı farklılıkların sesinin duyulmasına yardımcı olarak temsili demokrasilerin içinde bulunduğu toplumu oluşturan farklılıkları yeterince kapsayamama ve karar alma sürecine dâhil edememe krizinin aşılmasına katkıda bulunabilir. Bu bölümün amacı; vatandaşlık, vatandaşlık eğitimi, aktif vatandaşlık ve sivil toplum gibi sosyal bilimlerin en sıcak kavramlarının birbirleriyle ilişkilendirilerek tartışılması yoluyla ilgili alan yazına katkıda bulunmaktır.

This is a quantitative-qualitative study on the relationships among organizational culture, motivation, and organizational commitment in the context of nongovernment organizations (NGOs). Seventy employees, who held regular positions in Quezon City-based PHILSSA-member NGOs, participated in the study by accomplishing online and printed surveys. In addition, qualitative data were gathered from focus group discussions with 17 employees and 2 directors from 4 NGOs. This paper used the following theories: Competing Values Framework of Cameron and Quinn (2006), Self-Determination Theory by Deci and Ryan (2000), and Organizational Commitment by Allen and Meyer (1990). Findings show that NGOs have a clan culture type where employees consider their workplace as a personal place and an extended family; directors are considered as mentors and parent-figures; the organizational glue is loyalty, tradition, and commitment; and human resources, high cohesion, and morale are emphasized. In addition, NGO employees are intrinsically motivated with the following: the work itself, achievement, recognition, responsibility, personal life, supervision from the directors, personal growth, good working relationship with co-employees, and flexible organization policy and administration. Salary does not serve as a major consideration in employee motivation. Lastly, employees are affectively committed or emotionally attached to their organizations. Through Pearson Moment-Product Correlation, results reveal that organizational commitment has a moderately weak significant positive linear relationship with organizational culture and a moderately strong one with motivation. Other factors such as the vision of the organization, its formation and mentoring, and its being a comfort zone are also said to directly influence organizational commitment. On the other hand, the NGOs' forced closing, loss of direction, lack of variety in work and lack of recognition, and employees' frustration, lack of satisfaction, diminishing contribution to the organization, personal financial stability, and family might influence commitment negatively. Thus, to increase employee commitment, organizations may want to build a culture where relationships among employees are valued and where employees get motivated intrinsically.

In the past three decades seagrass research has adopted several disciplines and matured into a global science. One of the approaches we can use to focus our science to benefit the management and protection of seagrass is that of Conservation Biology; a proactive field of science bringing together academic, government, and nongovernmental organizations from a wide range of disciplines to understand and conserve biodiversity. This relatively recent field synthesises and directs insights from many disciplines for direct application to the protection and conservation of species, communities, and biomes (Fig. 1). While the primary focus for conservation biology comes from ecology, genetics, landscape ecology, population biology and taxonomy, the discipline also incorporates analytical procedures associated with the social sciences, biogeography, and evolutionary biology (Soule and Wilcox, 1980; Soule, 1985; Meffe and Carroll, 1994; Primack, 2000). Conservation biology recognizes that humans derive both extractive and intrinsic benefit from the natural world and embraces methods and analyses utilized in fisheries science, agriculture, anthropology, economics, law, philosophy, and sociology. Today, unlike traditional approaches that were rooted in the preservation and management of selected species, conservation biologists are advising natural resource managers to focus more on an ecosystem approach that includes entire biomes, and to recognize that public trust demands comprehensive protection of biodiversity as much as sustaining the yield of harvestable organisms. Conservation biology endeavors to maintain and protect biodiversity at all spatial scales, including a variety of little understood and often overlooked life forms. In the broader meaning of biodiversity we are interested in conserving ecological services as much as life forms (sensu Randall, 1986).