Natural Gas Technology

This research is considered as an introduction for designing a Natural Gas
  processing plant
- It concerns with natural gas processing systems (sweeting, dehydration,
  fractionation, liquefaction  and  recovery)
- As an example for natural gas processing systems we have studied and
  designed a processing system for Egyptian natural gas
- Firstly we get the Egyptian natural gas composition and we have studied
  the methods of processing  by using ( Cryogenic refrigeration cycles ) like
  Cascade, Linde and Claude cycles.
- After making an evaluation and studying the advantages and  disadvantages of     
  these systems we get that Cascade and Linde cycles are the most suitable
  systems in natural gas processing plant.
- We made two different designs for separation and liquefaction plants ( as   
  mentioned in chapter 3 and chapter 4 )
-  In our design process , we have used basic rules of thermo dynamics and
  refrigeration charts
- Also we have used computer skills and software for calculation and
  simulation as Microsoft Excel , EES, and mainly HYSYS 7
- This design only contains general plant design without equipment detail 
  design or sizing
- so the next step after this research is a complete prototype design for 
  Linde oxygen production plant (containing equipment design)

The exploration and production of natural gas are usually accompanied by large amount of water vapor
production. In order to prevent serious problems like hydrate formation that would be posed by water
vapor molecules it is necessary to remove water from natural gas stream; a process called dehydration. In
this study, a natural gas dehydration unit along with its diethylene glycol (DEG) recovery section, located in
Iran, is simulated using a steady state flow-sheet simulator. For simulation purposes, a Redlich-Kwong-
Soave equation of state with Modified-Huron-Vidal mixing rule (known as RKSMHV2 model) was
applied owing to its low absolute average relative deviation percentage (AARD%) compare to the other
available models. The primary aim of this research is to study the possibility of optimizing the whole
process and performing a sensitivity analysis over the obtained results from the simulation. Volatile organic
compounds (VOC) emission, dry gas dew point, solvent loss, and process total duty were chosen as
dependent variables of the dehydration process the sensitivity of which were examined by independent
variables variations like wet gas molar flow rate, solvent molar flow rate, solvent purity and water content
of natural gas. The final results revealed that VOC emission is extremely sensitive to an enhancement in
purity or molar flow rate of glycol while for the wet gas and water molar flow rate variations, solvent loss
changes are more severe than the other dependent parameters. By taking into account all operational
restrictions and assuming dry gas dew point as the key factor for the process optimization; itwas revealed
that a 10% increase in solvent molar flow rate is applicable in order to reduce dry gas dew point up to 6%
without a significant rise in the dehydration unit's total energy consumption and VOC emission.

Nesta monografia de especialização, discorre-se sobre viabilidade de construção de Termelétricas a Gás Natural no âmbito do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro, para complementar o suprimento das usinas hidrelétricas, objetivando a confiabilidade do sistema elétrico que está intimamente ligada à gestão integrada das usinas e à estratégia de expansão da oferta. São demonstrados os aspectos: técnico, ambiental e econômico-financeiro das usinas hidrelétricas e termelétricas, que servirão de subsídios de comparação entre as duas formas de geração e análise de viabilidade de construção de termelétrica como fonte alternativa. Considero imprescindível para esta avaliação de viabilidade o estudo sobre o suprimento de insumos e, como a termelétrica em estudo é de gás natural, são abordados aspectos relacionados à evolução da indústria do gás natural no Brasil e no mundo, bem como sobre os agentes participantes dessa indústria, o Gasoduto Bolívia-Brasil e preços do gás natural. Apesar das mudanças e de vários avanços no setor elétrico nos últimos anos, o Brasil continua enfrentando uma preocupante crise. O déficit de energia não é mais uma ameaça do futuro. É um problema do presente e que necessita, já, de atenção na busca de soluções de curto, médio e longo prazo.

Available free at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/lng-supply-chains-development-lng-shipping-fuel-northern-europe/

On the 1st of January 2020, the global shipping sector will face a highly significant shift in the regulation of sulphur emissions from the consumption of shipping fuel. In preparation for that shift, ship owners have several options for achieving regulatory compliance. These include switching to low-sulphur oil-based fuel, installing ‘scrubbers’ to remove sulphur from exhaust gas, and switching to LNG as a bunker fuel.

Stringent limits on sulphur emissions from shipping have been in place in northern Europe since 2006–07, and these limits were lowered in 2010 and 2015. This stepwise approach mirrors (and indeed foreshadows) the approach seen at the global level, where limits on sulphur emissions were introduced in 2005 and tightened in 2012. The shift in January 2020 will replicate, at a global level, the regional change experienced in northern Europe in 2015.

Northern Europe has seen the most substantial development of LNG as a shipping fuel, in terms of supply (bunkering) infrastructure and the growth of a fleet of vessels powered by LNG. This region therefore represents a valuable case study, through which this paper identifies the main drivers of the uptake of LNG as a shipping fuel, and the extent to which the experience of northern Europe may be repeated at a global level post-2020. The paper concludes that, with the global LNG market expanding and the size of the global LNG-fuelled fleet set to double by 2022, global demand for LNG as a bunker fuel is set to grow significantly.

The primary function of natural gas well cementing is to provide downhole zonal isolation. However , the residual non-aqueous drilling fluid in cement and on the surface of the casing can weaken the bond of hardened cement to the casing. In this paper, the amount of remaining drilling fluid both in cement and on the casing is quantified by the fluorescent dye method, which is verified by other two methods, mass difference and laser scanning. The essential factor-surface roughness that can significantly affect the amount of residual drilling fluid-is investigated. Results show good correlations between the thickness of the remaining drilling fluid and the surface roughness. The comparison of mud removal efficiency of two commercial spacers indicates that microemulsion can remove more drilling fluid than the common spacer, as pointed out in the literature; however, microemulsion is also apt to remain on the casing and thus reduce the bonding between cement and the casing.

This paper presents an exergy and environmental assessment of a 1000 metric t/day ammonia production plant based on the steam methane reforming (SMR) process, including the syngas production, purification (CO 2 capture) and compression units, as well as the ammonia synthesis and purge gas treatment. An integrated heat recovery system produces power and steam at three pressure levels, besides exporting hot water, CO 2 and fuel gas, with no additional heat or power consumption being required. Two configurations for ammonia refrigeration process (À20 C) are compared in terms of power consumption. Exergy cost data for upstream processing stages of natural gas is used to calculate the extended exergy cost of the products of the plant, namely ammonia, CO 2 and fuel gas. Moreover, an appropriated methodology is employed to properly allocate the renewable and non-renewable exergy costs, as well as the CO 2 emissions of the reforming, shift and furnace stack among the products of the plant. By considering that the cost reduction of the combustion gases is a linear function of the exergy flow rate reduction in each component of the heat recovery system, an improved allocation of the CO 2 emission cost along the convection train is performed. A breakdown of the total exergy destruction rate of the plant (136.5 MW) shows that about 59% corresponds to the reforming process followed far behind by the ammonia synthesis and condensation (18.3%) and the gas purification units (13.2%). The overall exergy efficiency of the ammonia plant is calculated as 66.36%, which is enhanced by recovering the hydrogen-rich and fuel gases in the purge gas treatment process. The total and non-renewable exergy costs and CO 2 emission cost of the ammonia produced are calculated as 1.7950 kJ/kJ and 0.0881 kg CO2 /MJ, respectively. In addition, a rational exergy cost of 1.6370 kJ/kJ and CO 2 emission cost of 0.0821 kg CO2 /MJ are allocated to the CO 2 gas, which can be supplied as feedstock to an associated chemical plant (urea, methanol, polymers, etc.).

At present, natural gas is a plausible part of the solution to reducing CO 2 emissions from shipping due to a reduction in shipboard carbon emissions when it is used. Natural gas has a favourable energy density and price when compared to oil, as well as significant reductions in NO x , SO x and PM emissions. The established natural gas and LNG carrier market has also advanced the need for classification society rules for the storage of both liquid and gaseous fuels that have already been readily applied to ships using natural gas as a fuel supply. The main obstacles to the implementation of natural gas are its low storage density, the economic viability of retrofit into existing ships, its safe storage and its supply and availability in ports. This study focuses on examining the viability of natural gas for powering a panamax container carrier with a specific route and hence a specific operating profile in order to evaluate the overall ship impact and the potential CO 2 reductions from modifications to the ship including the selection of fuel, marine power plant and transmission combinations. A panamax container carrier has been investigated because this ship type represents a significant proportion of the market, has unique power requirements and is volume and stability limited. Solutions will examine a trade-off between the amount of shipboard natural gas utilised and the combined cost of fuel and CO 2 emissions, from the retrofitting of existing ships to more significant changes, only viable for a new build.

This research concludes that, natural gas dewatering techniques consists of; absorption, adsorption, condensation and membrane separation. The criteria for selecting the dewatering method to use, depends on the dew point requirements and the dewatering capacity. Tri-ethylene Glycol (TEG) dewatering method was chosen to be the best because it can provide the desired dewatering capacity, low cost of operation and low energy consumption. We can achieve a water content of 6lb/MMSCFD-7lb/MMSCFD which is the standard water content in natural gas.

Industrial gas turbines are used for different purposes, for instance for combined heat and power and, by the oil and gas industry, for generating electricity and supplying shaft power for pumping duties. In United Kingdom and North America gas turbines have mostly been used in electricity generation, particularly for off peak load. The first stage of the process cycle in the gas turbine engine is to pass air through the compressor to increase the air temperature and pressure. It is a known facts that gas turbine is said to be the most versatile item of turbo machinery currently in existence that can be used severally in different modes in a critical industries such as power, oil and gas and process plants. This turbine puts together air that it compresses in its own compressor module and fuel, which are then ignited and the resulting gases are expanded through the turbine. When it comes to land-based industries, in either direct drive or mechanical drive application, the gas turbine can be used. In terms of power generation, the turbine shaft is coupled to the generator shaft, either directly or through a gearbox direct drive application. In power generation it is measured in unit watts, kilowatts and megawatts while in mechanical drive application it is measured in horsepower.

Factibilidad técnica de un ciclo de refrigeración en cascada con R410A y Xenón como refrigerantes no convencionales para la producción de GNL.
Technical feasibility of a Cascade refrigeration cycle with R410A and Xenon as unconventional refrigerants for the production of LNG

Wet compression is a patented process that increases the capacity of a combustion turbine (CT) by as much as 15 to 25% by purposely injecting water droplets into a compressor inlet (AKA – overspray, high fogging or supersaturation). The increase in capacity is primarily due to reduction in compressor work and ability for additio nal firing in the combustor, and secondarily due to increase in mass flowrate. This paper presents thermodynamic benefits of wet compression, the risks associated with applying wet compression systems to a CT, the steps that were taken to integrate and validate the system at a recent installation, and performance results of the system application on a GE Frame 6B combustion turbine, in which power output was augmented by 9%.

Nowadays, the market for natural gas production and its use as a source of energy supply has been growing substantially in Brazil. However, the use of tools that assist the industry in the management of production can be essential for the strategic decision-making process. In this intuit, this work aims to evaluate the formulation of Holt Winter's additive and multiplicative time series to forecast Brazilian natural gas production. A comparison between the models and their forecast play a vital role for policymakers in the strategic plan, and the models estimated production values for the year 2018 based on the information contained in the interval between 2010 and 2017. Therefore, It was verified that the multiplicative method had a good performance so that we can conclude this formulation is ideal for such an application since all the predicted results by this model showed greater accuracy within the 95% confidence interval. Abstract Nowadays, the market for natural gas production and its use as a source of energy supply has been growing substantially in Brazil. However, the use of tools that assist the industry in the management of production can be essential for the strategic decision-making process. In this intuit, this work aims to evaluate the formulation of Holt Winter's additive and multiplicative time series to forecast Brazilian natural gas production. A comparison between the models and their forecast play a vital role for policymakers in the strategic plan, and the models estimated production values for the year 2018 based on the information contained in the interval between 2010 and 2017. Therefore, It was verified that the multiplicative method had a good performance so that we can conclude this formulation is ideal for such an application since all the predicted results by this model showed greater accuracy within the 95% confidence interval.

Propane-Precooled Mixed Refrigerant (C3MR) and Single Mixed Refrigerant (SMR) processes are considered as optimal choices for onshore and offshore natural gas liquefaction, respectively. However, from thermodynamics point of view, these processes are still far away from their maximum achievable energy efficiency due to nonoptimal execution of the design variables. Therefore, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) production is considered as one of the energy-intensive cryogenic industries. In this context, this study examines a single-solution-based Vortex Search (VS) approach to find the optimal design variables corresponding to minimal energy consumption for LNG processes, i.e., C3MR and SMR. The LNG processes are simulated using Aspen Hysys and then linked with VS algorithm, which is coded in MATLAB. The results indicated that the SMR process is a potential process for offshore sites that can liquefy natural gas with 16.1% less energy consumption compared with the published base case. Whereas, for onshore LNG production, the energy consumption for the C3MR process is reduced up to 27.8% when compared with the previously published base case. The optimal designs of the SMR and C3MR processes are also found via distinctive well-established optimization approaches (i.e., genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization) and their performance is compared with that of the VS methodology. The authors believe this work will greatly help the process engineers overcome the challenges relating to the energy efficiency of LNG industry, as well as other mixed refrigerant-based cryogenic processes.

The need for liquid and gaseous fuel for transportation application is growing very fast. This high consumption trend causes swift exhaustion of fossil fuel reserve as well as severe environment pollution. Biogas can be converted into various renewable automobile fuels such as bio-CNG, syngas, gasoline, and liquefied biogas. However, bio-CNG, a compressed biogas with high methane content, can be a promising candidate as vehicle fuel in replacement of conventional fuel to resolve this problem. This paper presents an overview of available liquid and gaseous fuel commonly used as transportation fuel in Bangladesh. The paper also illustrates the potential of bio-CNG conversion from biogas in Bangladesh. It is estimated that, in the fiscal year 2012-2013, the country had about 7.6775 billion m 3 biogas potential equivalent to 5.088 billion m 3 of bio-CNG. Bio-CNG is competitive to the conventional automobile fuels in terms of its properties, economy, and emission.

The Russian natural gas industry is the world's largest producer and transporter of natural gas. This paper aims to characterize the methane emissions from Russian natural gas transmission operations, to explain projects to reduce these emissions, and to characterize the role of emissions reduction within the context of current GHG policy. It draws on the most recent independent measurements at all parts of the Russian long distance transport system made by the Wuppertal Institute in 2003 and combines these results with the findings from the US Natural Gas STAR Program on GHG mitigation options and economics.With this background the paper concludes that the methane emissions from the Russian natural gas long distance network are approximately 0.6% of the natural gas delivered. Mitigating these emissions can create new revenue streams for the operator in the form of reduced costs, increased gas throughput and sales, and earned carbon credits. Specific emissions sources that have cost-effective mitigation solutions are also opportunities for outside investment for the Joint Implementation Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanism or other carbon markets.

The Russian natural gas industry is the world's largest producer and transporter of natural gas. This paper aims to characterize the methane emissions from Russian natural gas transmission operations, to explain projects to reduce these emissions, and to characterize the role of emissions reduction within the context of current GHG policy. It draws on the most recent independent measurements at all parts of the Russian long distance transport system made by the Wuppertal Institute in 2003 and combines these results with the findings from the US Natural Gas STAR Program on GHG mitigation options and economics.

All natural gas processes, including production, sweetening, drying, transportation, storage, metering and selling requires that we possess ability to predict with great accuracy its volume, pressure, temperature, specific heat capacity etc. Unlike an ideal gas, a real gas does not expand and contract according the simple pressure-volume-temperature relation.