Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization

Industrial control systems are nowadays exposed in environments with rapid and unstable parameter changes and uses measuring equipments with critical output sensitivity. In the case of thermal gas analyzer, measurement errors are contributed by temperature, gas flow, and pressure. Error compensation is a key problem for these control systems. In recent years, it has been proven in the literature that artificial neural network (ANN) is a reliable and low cost solution to manage errors. Among all the algorithms of ANN, the back propagation is commonly used because of its simplicity and learning methodology is easy to realize. However, it has two notable drawbacks: (a) it is likely to run into local minimum, and (b) convergence is slow. Thermal conductivity gas analyzer often works in adverse surroundings, which requires fast and accurate measurements. Therefore, a strong learning network is needed. This paper proposes a novel thermal gas analyzer using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method is verified by simulation studies using MATLAB. Fuzzy membership rules are created to allow regulation of learning parameters. Further, the fuzzy adaptive network model is constructed to train large data samples while the high precision compensation of sensor error is realized by the improved flow. Simulation results reveal that the convergence speed and output accuracy is improved and the learning parameters in thermal gas analyzer are automatically corrected by the proposed method in comparison with the back propagation algorithm of artificial neural network.

In the oil province of southern Iran like other hydrocarbon zones, thorough understanding and risk management resulting from the rock mass deformation, can be of great help in executing operational processes such as the stabilization of the borehole wall, controlling the sand production in the borehole and hydraulic fracture. In oil well excavation operations, determining maximum and minimum horizontal stresses helps in designing the excavation route in the minimum stress direction so that collapsing of the borehole wall and drilling tube blockage against the rocks is avoided. The aim of this study was removing the main excavation problems especially of the diversion wells through exact geomechanical calculations in the Darian lime formation depth range in the understudy field. In order to develop the geomechanical model, first the bulk, the shear and the Young's modules, the Poisson coefficient and Vp/Vs ratio were calculated using the visual log data integrated with the geomec...

In the oil province of southern Iran like other hydrocarbon zones, thorough understanding and risk management resulting from the rock mass deformation, can be of great help in executing operational processes such as the stabilization of the borehole wall, controlling the sand production in the borehole and hydraulic fracture. In oil well excavation operations, determining maximum and minimum horizontal stresses helps in designing the excavation route in the minimum stress direction so that collapsing of the borehole wall and drilling tube blockage against the rocks is avoided. The aim of this study was removing the main excavation problems especially of the diversion wells through exact geomechanical calculations in the Darian lime formation depth range in the understudy field. In order to develop the geomechanical model, first the bulk, the shear and the Young's modules, the Poisson coefficient and Vp/Vs ratio were calculated using the visual log data integrated with the geomec...

Porosity & permeability are important rock properties which are dependent on rock texture and also on the diagenetic process rock go through upon burial. Rock texture is responsible for primary porosity variation where’s diagenesis deals with secondary porosity enhancement or reduction. Porosity & permeability are the most important parameter for evaluating reservoir quality measuring sealing potential etc.

This Article is about the Unconventional reservoirs; what are they, what are the differences between them and the normal Conventional reservoirs and what made us in need for studying and exploring these reservoirs even if they are very hard to produce and need much money and sacrifices. 
It also describes a geological, petrophysical, geochemical and geomechanical study of shale gas/oil characteristics that without it we can’t have a successful exploration and our target is to reach the sweet spots which are defined as the most prospective volumes of the shale play, they are primarily targeted to achieve early economic production. From all these studies we can conclude the methodology of exploration, as well as having a general view about the techniques used for investigation of the shale gas/oil, and also discussing the worldwide production and in Egypt.

Reservoir characterization and structural mapping using integration of well logs and 3-D seismic data was carried out to determine the prolificacy of OVU field, onshore Niger delta. The distribution of reservoir physical parameters (porosity, permeability etc.) and availability of traps that favour hydrocarbon accumulation in the field were evaluated. Four hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs were delineated out of several identified sands in the field out of which three horizons were mapped. Two major growth faults, an antithetic fault and five synthetic faults were delineated. Structural closures were identified as rollover anticlines with the trapping mechanism delineated as a Fault assisted anticlinal structure. The computed range of values for gross thickness, volume of shale, net to gross, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, total porosity and absolute permeability with respect to each reservoir are: 18-125m, 9-17%, 83-92%, 18-28%, 62-82%, 21-23%, and 736-3965mD respectively. Hydrocarbon reserves calculations reveals a total reserve of 30.9 billion stock tank barrels of oil. With the very good to excellent calculated values of petrophysical parameters and high hydrocarbon reserve together with the suitable trapping mechanisms makes the study field prolific. Few wells exist in the southwestern corner of the field where a closure is identified in this study. The area should therefore be subjected to further evaluation with a view to increasing the number of wells there.

Tesis de licenciatura presentada por Lutz Alexander Keferstein Caballero al sínodo respectivo de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, campus Aragón.
Primera tesis en la Historia de la Facultad de Derecho de la UNAM con un tema tan actual en aquel entonces, a sólo dos años de la entrada en vigor del TLC de América del Norte.
Dumping, prácticas desleales de comercio internacional y los páneles internacionales para dirimir diferencias.

Specific surface area s is one of the most important and effective geometrical parameters in defining and interpreting s petrophysical relationships, textural framework, and fluid-solid interactions in porous media. It is defined as the interstitial surface area of the pores and pore channels for each unit of bulk volume, grain volume, or pore volume, or for a unit of Ž. Ž. weight of a material. Variations in the specific surface area s and mean grain size G influence the physical parameters p s. limestone, and marl were also obtained. The rocks in both reservoirs are generally characterized by fine-to medium grain size and high values of s .

The Gulf of Suez in Egypt has a north-northwest–south-southeast
orientation and is located at the junction of the African and Arabian
plates where it separates the northeast African continent from the
Sinai Peninsula. It has excellent hydrocarbon potential, with the
prospective sedimentary basin area measuring approximately
19,000 km2, and it is considered as the most prolific oil province
rift basin in Africa and the Middle East. This basin contains more
than 80 oil fields, with reserves ranging from 1350 to less than 1
million bbl, in reservoirs of Precambrian to Quaternary age. The
lithostratigraphic units in the Gulf of Suez can be subdivided into
three megasequences: a prerift succession (pre-Miocene or Paleozoic–
Eocene), a synrift succession (Oligocene–Miocene), and a
postrift succession (post-Miocene or Pliocene–Holocene). These
units vary in lithology, thickness, areal distribution, depositional
environment, and hydrocarbon importance. Geological and geophysical
data show that the northern and central Gulf of Suez consist
of several narrow, elongated depositional troughs, whereas the
southern part is dominated by a tilt-block terrane, containing numerous
offset linear highs.
Major prerift and synrift source rocks have potential to yield oil
and/or gas and are mature enough in the deep kitchens to generate
hydrocarbons. Geochemical parameters, sterane distribution, and
biomarker correlations are consistent with oils generated from marine
source rocks. Oils in the Gulf of Suez were sourced from potential
source rock intervals in the prerift succession that are typically
oil prone (type I), and in places oil and gas prone (type II), or
are composites of more than one type (multiple types I, II, or III
for oil prone, oil and gas prone, or gas prone, respectively).
The reservoirs can be classified into prerift reservoirs, such as
the Precambrian granitic rocks, Paleozoic–Cretaceous Nubian sandstones,
Upper Cretaceous Nezzazat sandstones and the fractured
Eocene Thebes limestone; and synrift reservoirs, such the Miocene
sandstones and carbonates of the Nukhul, Rudeis, Kareem, and Belayim
formations and the sandstones of South Gharib, Zeit, andpost-Zeit. The majority of oil fields in the region incorporate
multiple productive reservoirs. Miocene
evaporites are the ultimate hydrocarbon seals, whereas
the shale and dense limestones of the prerift and the
synrift stratigraphic units are the primary seals. Structural,
stratigraphic, and combination traps are encountered
in the study area. The Gulf of Suez is the most
prolific and prospective oil province in Egypt, and any
open acreage, or relinquished area, will be of great interest
to the oil industry.

Stratigraphy and the oil industry are intricately intertwined and have been so ever since the early days of hydrocarbon exploitation. Stratigraphic understanding forms the basis for all upstream activity from basin exploration through field evaluation to reservoir development and production. In the quest for hydrocarbons, both the exploration and exploitation programs can be greatly enhanced by applying stratigraphic analysis. This technique provides the explorationist with the capability to recognize, discover and evaluate new hydrocarbon reservoirs and to reduce the risk in management's decision-making.
Stratigraphic approach to hydrocarbon studies can make use of high-resolution biostratigraphic and pale bathymetric data, well-log signatures and seismic-reflection profiles, and well core data to determine the lithostratigraphy, lithofacies, depositional sequences, and the sequence boundaries.
This study explores the integration of seismic and well-log data for stratigraphic studies. The identification of depositional environments from well logs is based on the principle that well log responses are related to changes in thickness, texture, grain size, and lithology along the well path, while the relection pattern recorded on seismic sections can be interpreted in term of depositional environment and lithofacies.
A case study of the Sequence Stratigraphy of Akos Field in the Coastal Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta was considered. From which it can be concluded that the integration of seismic and well log data for stratigraphic studies is a valuable tool for oil and gas exploration.

The paper presents a numerical algorithm that performs accurate lithology corrections for thermal (CNL/TNPH, CNL/NPHI) and epithermal (SNP) neutron logs, in the whole range of porosities normally encountered in practice. It is known that neutron logs respond not only to a formation’s true porosity, but, to some extent, also to its lithology (the so-called "matrix effect"). Because the matrix effect is nonlinear and varies with true porosity, which is unknown beforehand, an iterative process is needed in order to carry out proper lithology corrections and obtain formation's porosity. The relationships between measured neutron porosity and true porosity for the common reservoir lithologies (sandstones, limestones and dolomites), at different formation water salinities, are approximable via suitable regression polynomials. Nonlinear neutron responses thus expressed are combined with the responses of density and sonic velocity logs, together with the volumetric unity constraint, into a system which is solved using a Newton-Raphson root-finding routine. The algorithm, implemented as a set of Matlab™ codes, provides optimal petrophysical models for the interpretation of neutron-density-sonic log suites and is easily adaptable in order to include additional linear or nonlinear log response equations. A case study regarding its applicability is also presented in the paper.

In this reservoir study, two adjacent fault blocks have
been subject to the same initial liquid and subsequent gas
charges, yet fl uid characteristics are different. Wells in each
fault block have a gas-oil contact (GOC) and an oil-water
contact (OWC), thus all depth-dependent in-reservoir fl uid
geodynamic processes are visible within each well. The
two adjacent fault blocks are found to be at different stages
of the same reservoir fl uid geodynamic process yielding a
‘movie’ with two time frames.
Diffusion of gas, from the late gas charge, into the oil
column causes a signifi cant increase of solution gas initially
at/near the GOC. This increase in solution gas causes the
asphaltenes to migrate down in the oil column. Well 1 is in
the middle of this process exhibiting huge disequilibrium
gradients of gas-oil ratio (GOR), saturation pressure and
asphaltenes. In Well 2, the diffusion of gas reached the
base of the column expelling most of the asphaltenes out
of the oil column creating a 10-m tar mat at the base of
the column. In Well 2, the oil is nearly in thermodynamic
equilibrium in contrast to large disequilibrium in Well 1.
Asphaltene extracts of core plugs are consistent with these
fl uid profi les and reinforce conclusions. The disequilibrium
oil column is associated with low vertical permeability
as seen with pressure interference testing indicating
multiple baffl es. In drillstem tests (DSTs), the equilibrated
oil column exhibited 10x greater production than the
disequilibrium oil column. Equilibrated asphaltenes are
associated with good production; here, disequilibrium
asphaltene gradients and poor vertical permeability are
associated with low production due to reservoir baffl ing.

MANAGING SUPPLIES AND DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN GHANA: THE WAY FORWARD
ABSTRACT
The dissertation was first and foremost aimed at examining existing systems of supplies and distribution of petroleum products across Ghana and studying how relevant they are. This was due to lack of improvement in the few available systems which the researcher had encountered in his endeavours as an engineer in the petroleum industry. Many developing countries lack a systematic approach towards the management of petroleum products as the study in the West African countries as example depict. In most cases the approaches adopted are ad hoc which is not good enough. This called for an in-depth study of the various systems with their problems or successes in order to see to the implementation of any meaningful solutions to them.
Having examined the existing facilities in the field the dissertation further adopted the strategy in analysing the problems in the management of supplies and distribution of petroleum products. Hence the aims which are as listed in Chapter 1, i.e. to analyse the numerous problems in the management of supplies and distribution of oil and gas in Ghana; to study the state of existing facilities associated with petroleum supplies, storage and distribution; to recommend processes that would bring them to acceptable international standards; to research into recovery of oil from wastes as a result of runoffs; and to recommend for existing and new depots. The findings showed that the existing methods and processes were rather expensive and out-dated. They rather create wastage and incur much to transport smaller amounts of processed products across the length and breadth of the country. More effective means of transportation of the products in the country were arrived at with recommendations given in Chapter 5. In conclusion there is the need for the government of Ghana to source for long term solutions to the problems by constructing various projects as analysed in the research activity with regard to the carting of products to and from their various destinations. This is because petroleum wastage could cost the nation fortunes.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the effects of production scheme and reservoir properties on the ultimate recovery and production trends of gas condensate reservoirs under bottom water drive mechanism. The aim of this study is to provide reservoir geologists and engineers with a strategy for optimizing the development, prolong field life and maximize recovery of bottom water driven gas condensate reservoirs. The approach focused on the review of the simulated results of various constructed radial numerical models from different producing gas and oil reservoirs in various fields. Technical papers and journals concerning hydrocarbon recovery and production were also reviewed. In this study, all factors that have potential impact on gas and oil ultimate recoveries such as gas production rate, completion length, aquifer size, horizontal permeability and permeability anisotropy were thoroughly studied and reviewed. Technological efforts to outwit challenges facing bottom water driven gas reservoirs such as water coning were also reviewed. Results showed that, low gas production rate is more preferred in order to prolong field production life, minimize water production and water breakthrough time in gas condensate reservoirs. The effect of aquifer size in gas recovery is not very much pronounced though the gas recovery increase with an increase in aquifer size up to aquifer size (M)=10 and then starts to decrease and for maximum gas recovery, the gas zone has to be totally perforated.

West Betara (WB) Field is located in South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia, tested hydrocarbon (Gas) from carbonate reservoirs of the Batu Raja Formation. This is an interesting challenge to describe the lateral distribution and its property within carbonate reservoir at minimum data information. The objectives of this study are to delineate carbonate reservoir distribution including the laterally rock properties by using seismic reservoir characterization methods.

The availability of 3D seismic data, DST's data, conventional well data as wireline and mudlog data is very helpful in answering the challenge. By optimizing well data information, the sensitivity analysis can be generated from wireline log data to determine gas zone and appropriate seismic reservoir characterization method. 3D Seismic data provides a helpful inter-well information for determining and visualizing reservoir structure and rock properties at the present day, they also help us to generate seismic inversion model and multi-attribute analyses to predict reservoir boundary and its property distribution laterally.

The sensitivity analysis of cross-plots combination from Gamma Ray Log, Acoustic Impedance (AI) Log derived from Sonic and density log, Neutron-Porosity Log and Resistivity Log shows good separation for gas zone in carbonate reservoir. The results help us to predict reservoir boundary and its property distribution laterally by seismic inversion and multi-attribute method in our 3D seismic data. The Gamma-ray (low value) and AI (high value) maps are showing consistency of carbonate reservoir delineation. In line with Gamma-ray and AI maps, the porosity map of the carbonate reservoir shows gas zone (high value) with certain pattern and it is consistent with tested well data.

The objective of this study is to provide information on source organic matter input, depositional conditions and the correlation between crude oils recovered from Sunah oilfield and Upper Jurassic Madbi Formation. A suite of twenty-six crude oils from the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs (Qishn clastic) of the Masila Region (Eastern Yemen) were analysed and geochemically compared with extracts from source rock of the Upper Jurassic (Madbi Formation). The investigated biomarkers indicated that the Sunah oils were derived from mixed marine and terrigenous organic matter and deposited under suboxic conditions. This has been achieved from normal alkane and acyclic isoprenoids distributions, terpane and sterane biomarkers. These oils were also generated from source rock with a wide range of thermal maturity and ranging from early-mature to peak oil window. Based on molecular indicators of organic source input and depositional environment diagnostic biomarkers, one petroleum system operates in the Masila Region; this derived from Upper Jurassic Madbi organic-rich shales as source rock. Therefore, the hydrocarbon exploration processes should be focused on the known location of the Upper Jurassic Madbi strata for predicting the source kitchen.

Resolute development of the already explored and accessible Ukrainian resources could result in a substantial increase of Ukrainian gas production. The boost would not only enable the country to fully cover its domestic gas needs, but also make Ukraine largely self-sufficient from an energy perspective. In a best-case scenario, increased production could even allow Ukraine to start exporting gas to or via neighboring European states. This would be feasible because Ukraine’s substantial gas transportation system means that the necessary infrastructure is already in place to bring large amounts of gas to the EU.

Wavelet is an important parameter for tying well to seismic data. Frequency and phase from wavelet highly affect the correlation coefficient result from tying process. There are several methods has been used in this study to generate an optimum single wavelet with good correlation coefficient for seismic data interpretation and also as a preliminary analysis to show the influence of external pressure to formation pressure indirectly.

24 wells of RPH Field were applied in this study and the target is thin reservoirs from Lower Talang Akar Formation. The methods which used to estimate an optimum single wavelet are statistical method, deterministic method and hybrid method. The generated wavelets from different methods are used to create synthetic seismogram and correlated it with real seismic trace in order to produce good correlation coefficient. By analyzing the change of velocity and the phase of wavelet in each well indirectly revealed the relationship of the phase and the formation velocity corresponding to formation pressure due to external pressure.

Based on comparison of analysis result from all methods, an optimum wavelet which used for interpretation is wavelet from hybrid method. Its average phase is 30˚ at the dominant frequency of 45 Hz. It yields average correlation coefficient of 0.775. The result of phase, velocity, and pressure analysis show that the phase change is influenced by the difference of velocity due to external pressure. The seismic phase tends to positive when the formation velocity and formation pressure is increase. The distribution of velocity and phase in this field indicates that the Lower Talang Akar formation in lower structure is more affected by pressure than those in higher structure. So, the lower structure has higher velocity and more positive in seismic phase.

The identification of fluid contacts (gas–water contact—GWC, oil–water contact—OWC and gas–oil contact—GOC) is essential for field reserve estimates and field development and, also, for detailed formation evaluation. For the accurate calculation of some petrophysical parameters, such as porosity, the reservoir interval has to be zoned by fluid type, to account for differences in fluid saturations and fluid properties (e.g., hydrogen index, density, sonic transit time) in the various intervals: gas cap, oil column and aquifer zone. The fluid contacts may vary over a reservoir either because of faults, semipermeable barriers, rock quality variations / reservoir heterogeneity, hydrocarbon-filling history or a hydrodynamic activity. Horizontal contacts are typically taken into consideration, although irregular or tilted contacts occur in some reservoirs. The methods used for determining the fluid contacts include fluid sampling, water and hydrocarbons saturation estimation from geophysical well logs, analyses of conventional or sidewall cores, and formation pressure measurements. The pressure profiles obtained with various formation testing tools over reservoir intervals are, frequently, the primary source of data for defining the fluid contacts. When good quality pressure data can be collected, the fluid contacts can be determined by identifying the depths at which the pressure gradients (pressure versus depth trends) change. This study addresses some issues related to the identification of GWC for two gas fields of Early Pliocene age (Dacian stage), belonging to the biogenic hydrocarbon system of western Black Sea basin-Romanian continental shelf. We show that the identification of these contacts based exclusively on pressure gradients analysis is uncertain or may be inaccurate. The pressure gradients approach should be checked against the results of the conventional interpretation of geophysical well logs (e.g. changes in the computed fluid saturations as a function of depth) and, if available, the results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) log investigations, which are able to indicate the intervals with clay-bound water, capillary-bound water and movable fluids.

Recovery Factor (R.F) can be expressed as the ratio of ultimate oil recovery to oil initially in place. In these
work, the study of recovery factor for the water drive reservoir in the Niger Delta oil reservoir was analysed
using a statistical correlation approach. A sensitivity analysis was performed on different parameters affecting
recovery factor of water drive reservoir. The statistical correlation was based on data obtained from (5)
reservoirs, with data based on actual production performance from oil producing reservoir. The material balance
method was used to determine the oil in place and the drive indices. A statistical correlation package (SYSTAT)
was used to correlate the rock and fluid properties to the Recovery Factor (R.F) obtained for the (5) reservoirs.
Models were developed to determine the Recovery Factors; the two models tested were that of Guthrie and
Green Berger Model, and the API correlation model. The results show that the proposed correlation is reliable in
a full range of parameters but the compared simulated values of recovery factors obtained from these models
was not in agreement with the obtained field data. These results confirmed that the recovery factor analysed
only appeared to be conventional.

A.)Tachycardia B.)Hypotension C.)Hyperthermia D.)Bradypnea Ans: B 2.) Which type of surgery is most likely to predispose a patient to postoperative atelectasis, pneumonia or respiratory failure? A.)Upper abdominal surgery on an obese patient with a long history of smoking B.)Upper abdominal surgery on a patient with normal pulmonary function C.)Lower abdominal surgery on a young patient with diabetes mellitus D.)Surgery on the extremities of a nonsmoking football player Ans: A 3.) Which of the following characterizes excitement stage of anesthesia A.) Occurs from the administration of anesthesia to the loss of consciousness B.) Extends from the loss of consciousness to the loss of lid reflex, characterized by struggling and talking C.) From the loss of lid reflex to the loss of most reflexes D.) From the loss of most reflexes to respiratory and circulatory failure Ans: B 4.) To prevent headache after spinal anesthesia the patient should be positioned: A.) Semi-fowler's B.) Flat on bed for 6 to 8 hours C.) Prone position D.) Modified trendelenburg Ans: B 5.) Which of the following nursing actions should be given highest priority when admitting the patient into the operating room? A.) Level of consciousness B.) Vital signs C.) Patient identification and correct operative consent D.) Positioning and skin preparation Ans: C 6.) What is the primary reason for the gradual change of position of the patient after surgery? A.) To prevent muscle injury B.) To prevent sudden drop of BP C.) To prevent respiratory distress D.) To promote comfort Ans: B 7.) Which of the following assessment data is most important to determine when caring for a patient who has received spinal anesthesia? A.) The time of return of motion and sensation in the legs and toes B.) The character of respiration C.) Level of consciousness D.) Amount of wound drainage Ans: A 8.) Which of the following postop findings should the nurse report to the M.D.? A.) The patient pushes out the oral airway wit h his tounge B.) Urine output is 20ml/hr for the past two hours C.) VS are as follows: BP=110/70;PR=95;RR=19,Temp=36.8C D.) Wound drainage is serosanguinous Ans: B 9.) Which of the following is the earliest sign of poor respiratory function? A.) Cyanosis B.) Fast thready pulse C.) Restlessness D.) Faintness Ans: C 10.) If wound eviscerations occurs, the immediate nursing action is: A.) Cover the wound with sterile gauze moistened with sterile NSS B.) Cover the wound with water-soaked gauze C.) Cover the wound with sterile dry gauze D.) Leave the wound uncovered and pull the skin edges together Ans: A 11.) Appendectomy is classified as A.) Ablative B.) Constructive C.) Reconstructive D.) Palliative Ans: A 12.) The worst of all fears among clients undergoing surgery is: A.) Fear of financial burden B.) Fear of death C.) Fear of the unknown D.) Fear of loss of job Ans: C Ans: C 19.) Which of the following drugs is administered to minimize respiratory secretions preop? A.) Valium (Diazepam) B.) Nubain ( Nalbuphine HCL) C.) Phenergan (Promethazine) D.) Atropine Sulfate Ans: D 20.) Which of the following is experienced by the patient who is under spinal anesthesia? A.) The patient is unconscious B.) The patient is awake C.) The patient experiences amnesia D.) The patient experiences total loss of sensation Ans: B 21.) The patient who has undergone TAHBSO complains of pain. Which of the following is an initial nursing action? A.) Administer the PRN analgesics B.) Instruct to do deep breathing exercises C.) Assess the VS D.) Change the patient's position Ans: C 22.) How frequent should the nurse monitor the VS of the patient in the recovery room? A.) Every 15 minutes B.) Every 30 mins C.) Every 45 mins D.) Every 60 mins Ans: A 23.) Which of the following drugs is given to relieve nausea and vomiting? A.) Mepivacaine B.) Aquamephyton C.) Nubain D.) Plasil Ans: D 24.) The most important factor in the prevention of postop infection is: A.) Proper administration of antibiotics B.) Fluid intake of 2-3L/day C.) Practice of strict aseptic techniques D.) Frequent change of wound dressings Ans: C 25.) Which of the following primarily prevents postop complications? A.) Adequate fluid intake B.) Early ambulation C.) Well-balanced diet D.) Administration of antimicrobials Ans: B Situation: A female client, 23 y/o was admitted for the first time at the Fatima Hospital with the chief complaint of Right Iliac Pain, accompanied by nausea and vomiting, chills and fever. She was diagnosed to have acute appendicitis. She was scheduled to have emergency appendectomy under spinal anesthesia 26.) Pre-op instructions to the client would include the following EXCEPT: A.) Deep breathing and coughing exercise B.) Turning to sides C.) Foot and leg exercises D.) reassuring her that narcotics will be given every 4 hours round the clock until she is discharged Ans: D 27.) The client gave her consent for the surgery. To ensure the legality of the consent, the following conditions must be met EXCEPT: A.) She gave her consent freely B.) She must understand the nature of the surgery C.) The consent must be signed by a witness D.) Signing should be done after the administration of pre-anesthesia meds Ans: D 28.) The skin is shaved prior to surgery in order to: A.) Facilitate skin incision B.) Indicate the site to be draped C.) To prevent wound infection D.) Reduce post op scarring Ans: C 29.) The important nursing intervention prior to administration of pre-anesthetic medication is: A.) Ask patient to empty the bladder B.) Do deep breathing and coughing exercises C.) Regulate IVF accurately D.) Shave the skin Ans: A 30.) Immediately following spinal anesthesia, the greatest risk is: A.) Severe hemorrhage B.) Severe Hypotension C.) Severe Hypoglycemia D.) Hypertensive crisis Ans: B 31.) Nursing measures to promote the client's respiratory function during recovery from anesthesia are the following EXCEPT: A.) Encourages deep breathing and coughing exercises B.) Administer Humidified oxygen C.) Place in semi-fowlers position D.) Place in supine position with head turned to the side without pillow support Ans: C 32.) Which of the following criteria must be met before the client is released from the RR to the unit. A.) Breathes with ease, coughs freely B.) Has regained consciousness C.) Vital signs fluctuates erratically D.) Able to move four extremities Ans: C 33.) Early signs of poor respiratory function include which of the following A.) Cyanosis B.) Hypotension C.) Loss of consciousness D.) Restlessness Ans: D 34.) Post operatively, the client must be encouraged to turn, cough and deep breathe: A.) Every 1-2 hours B.) Every 4 hours C.) Every 30 Mins D.) Every 8 hours Ans: A 35.) A client in shock must be placed in: A.) High-fowlers position B.) Sim's position C.) Modified trendelenburg D.) Prone position Ans: C 36.) The most important factor in the prevention of post op wound infection is: A.) Adequate fluid intake B.) Proper administration of antibiotics C.) Practice of strict aseptic technique D.) Frequent cleaning of the wound Ans: C 37.) When the patient vomits, the most important nursing objective is to prevent: A.) Dehydration B.) Aspiration C.) Rupture of suture line D.) Met. Alkalosis Ans: B 38.) Post operatively, a patient is expected to void after: A.) 6-8 hours B.) 2-4 hours C.) 12-24 hours D.) 10-12 hours

The main objective of this project was to determine reservoir characteristics using gas well test data. The problem assessed in this project was the level of uncertainty that other methods of characterizing reservoir such as well logging, coring and PVT analysis have to meet operation scope. The specific objectives were achieved by analyzing secondary well test data of Songo Songo gas field by using Horner technique, excel program, and different analytical equations.
Results obtained from analysis of buildup test data shows permeability of about 33 md, very high positive skin factor of about 22.7 which resulted to permeability drop of about 6md compared well logs and coring which were 39md and 39.5md.
Evaluation of inflow performance and gas deliverability was done using theoretical deliverability equations. From the analysis the absolute open flow potential for 2015 and 2016 were found to be 65 MMSCD and 52 MMSCD respectively, also showing  deliverability of gas well were 53 MMSCD and 45 MSCD for 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the analysis it was concluded that the absolute open flow potential has dropped by 8 MMSCFD which is a normal situation because of declining of reservoir pressure.
In order to monitor the performance of the well it is recommended that these tests should be done at least twice in year.Also due permeability drop of about 6md, the gas well has to be stimulated in order to reduce damage of the reservoir formation and hence increase productivity of the well

Employees today are different. They are not the ones who do not have good opportunities, especially, experienced and talented ones. As soon as they feel dissatisfied with the current employer or the job due to lack of advancement opportunities, salary and remuneration and others, they switch over to the next. The result is that employers lose their invested resources to their competitors, corporate memory is lost, employee-customer relationships are strained and more over the moral of existing staff goes down. It is therefore very important that employers retain their employees, especially the good and experienced ones. Employee retention is a process in which employees are encouraged to remain with the organization for the maximum period of time or until the completion of a particular project. This study looks at the retention practices in Oil & Gas Sector, from the point of view of its employees and what role retention plays in their job performance. The study confirms that lack of advancement opportunities, work-life balance, lack of reward and recognition and salary and remuneration were more common reasons for departure among all employees. Retaining top talent is a primary concern for many organizations today and this study recommends that retention strategies should be aimed at retaining highly skilled personnel and at the same time building up under-performers. Feedback on employee performance is vital to building confidence in the retention practices of the Oil & Gas Sectors. In addition, employee value proposition as enshrined in the vision statement of the Oil & Gas Sectors must be upheld while management should be flexible in terms of work-life balance. This motivation of employees produces a culture of commitment to the objectives of the organization.

Penentuan cadangan minyak bumi dilakukan untuk memperkirakan jumlah cadangan yang dapat diproduksikan ke permukaan. Umumnya penentuan cadangan dengan menggunakan metode decline curve dilakukan saat berlangsung proses produksi untuk dapat memperkirakan life-time dari sumur.

• Chemical composition and effects of oily wastewater • Polymeric and ceramic membrane for wastewater oily treatment • Effect of surface modification and effect of operating parameters of the membrane performance • Combined systems with membrane separation and future outlook for removal of oily wastewater a b s t r a c t Membrane separation processes have become an emerging technology for the treatment of oily wastewater due to high oil removal efficiency and relatively facile operational process. This review will highlight the recent development of advanced membrane technology such as surface modification, addition of inorganic particles in polymer membrane and the development of ceramic membranes. Additionally, the effect of operating parameters on the membrane performance is discussed in detail. Future outlooks in oil–water membrane separation are also discussed to further broaden the research and development related to this technology.