Marine Sciences

Present short communication reports about beach stranding of Porpita porpita (Linnaeus 1758) from the Coast of Mandvi, Kutch during August 2021. Also, this is the first record of the blue button jellyfishes for the northern Gulf of Kutch region. A study was carried out by primary observation and measurements of common environmental parameters such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Wind Direction & Wind Speed. Aboral and oral parts were observed and described. It is assumed that the large biomass of blue button jellyfish on the beach is due to strong shoreward Monsoon winds.

Most of our knowledge about deep-sea habitats is limited to bathyal (200-3000 m) and abyssal depths (3000-6000 m), while relatively little is known about the hadal zone (6000-11,000 m). The basic paradigm for the distribution of deep seafloor biomass suggests that the reduction in biomass and average body size of benthic animals along depth gradients is mainly related to surface productivity and remineralisation of sinking particulate organic carbon with depth. However, there is evidence that this pattern is somewhat reversed in hadal trenches by the funnelling of organic sediments, which would result in increased food availability along the axis of the trenches and towards their deeper regions. Therefore, despite the extreme hydrostatic pressure and remoteness from the pelagic food supply, it is hypothesized that biomass can increase with depth in hadal trenches. We developed a numerical model of gravitational lateral sediment transport along the seafloor as a function of slope, using the Kermadec Trench, near New Zealand, as a test environment. We propose that local topography (at a scale of tens of kilometres) and trench shape can be used to provide useful estimates of local accumulation of food and, therefore, patterns of benthic biomass. Orientation and steepness of local slopes are the drivers of organic sediment accumulation in the model, which result in higher biomass along the axis of the trench, especially in the deepest spots, and lower biomass on the slopes, from which most sediment is removed. The model outputs for the Kermadec Trench are in agreement with observations suggesting the occurrence of a funnelling effect and substantial spatial variability in biomass inside a trench. Further trench surveys will be needed to determine the degree to which seafloor currents are important compared with the gravity-driven transport modelled here. These outputs can also benefit future hadal investigations by highlighting areas of potential biological interest, on which to focus sampling effort. Comprehensive exploration of hadal trenches will, in turn, provide datasets for improving the model parameters and increasing predictive power.

This paper is the first part of a twofold contribution dedicated to the new version of the Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model LIM3. In this part, LIM3 is described and its results are compared with observations. LIM3 is a C-grid dynamic-thermodynamic model, including the representation of the subgrid-scale distributions of ice thickness, enthalpy, salinity and age. Brine entrapment and drainage as well as brine impact on ice thermodynamics are explicitly included. LIM3 is embedded into the ocean modelling system NEMO, using OPA9, a hydrostatic, primitive equation, finite difference ocean model in the 2°Â 2°cos/ configuration ORCA2. Model performance is evaluated by performing a hindcast of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice packs, forced by a combination of daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and various climatologies. The annual cycle of sea ice growth and decay is very realistically captured with ice area, thickness, drift and snow depth in good agreement with observations. In the Arctic, the simulated geographical distributions of ice thickness and concentration are significantly improved when compared with earlier versions of LIM. Model deficiencies feature an overestimation (underestimation) of ice thickness in the Beaufort gyre (around the North Pole) as well as an underestimation of ice thickness in the Southern Ocean. The simulated first year/multiyear sea ice limit agrees with observations. The values and distribution of sea ice age in the perennial ice zone are different from satellite-derived values, which is attributed to the different definitions of ice age. In conclusion, in light of the exhaustive sea ice analysis presented here, LIM3 is found to be an appropriate tool for large-scale sea ice and climate simulations.

Altimeter measurements of sea level from the Topex/Poseidon mission are used to explore the relationship of sea level to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The secular trend in these areas is also calculated, and the confusing effect of the NAO discussed. Sea level throughout the Mediterranean is sensitive to the NAO during the winter months. No clear effect on the Black Sea is discovered. In the period considered (1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001), the NAO has a major effect on inter-annual variability of sea level in the Mediterranean but is unlikely to have affected the apparent secular trend.

Bert W. Hoeksema (1) and Willem Moka (21 r 1) Nutianal Museum of Nabrul History, I! 0. Box 951 7,2300 RA Lei&aI Th.e Netherlands (& Program 3uginesia iVNHASJ (21 Department of Biokagy and Marim Science Program, UNRRS %en@ yeam prior to the InWnal5ond Symp~rsiwn sn the M e bearch S h h s o f the Spemmdn Archipelago, Universih H a s m d d h clearly etarted t o s h~w I& interest in marins research &rough publ3mtione in its scientific journals. The tupics thathave bemi dealt with in the various articles vary from rnm5n.e ~cience adurntion to pure scienMc investigations related to the sea and the e~a a~a f area of Sauth Sulawesi. blot afinformxl on marine and maritime topics is easily available thanks t o these publications! bvt perhaps nor many p q b are aware aftbk, Especidp for foreigners. it may be difficult t o get access to thi,~ infarnzakion, bemuse many artides are in lndpnesim. 0x1 the ather hand, if they are aware that there ir something d their ~nxermt, they wduld try ta understand it with the help of a dwtionary or whh the assistance of a colleague, Therefore. we conskier it useful if at least the titles of relevant arkicles are listed: if necessary translated into English. and cawgo.~ized according to the vnr inus disciplines. Within each categoq, .be tides have been order& chrooalogicaI1~ by pear, UXHAS ecientists also published outside their own university journals, but such papers are more diffitult t o trace. With the help of the present list of titles there is at legst some access to the topics that ere of interest to the L~Yi4.S staff, which ma? help in establishing an exchange of in,Fomtion between colleagues.

We used the instantaneous growth rate method to determine the effects of food, temperature, krill length, sex, and maturity stage on in situ summer growth of krill across the southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. The main aims were to examine the separate effects of each variable and to generate a predictive model of growth based on satellite-derivable environmental data. Both growth increments in length on moulting (GIs) and daily growth rates (DGRs, mm d Ϫ1 ) ranged greatly among the 59 swarms, from 0.58-15% and 0.013-0.32 mm d Ϫ1 . However, all swarms maintained positive mean growth, even those in the low chlorophyll a (Chl a) zone of the central Scotia Sea. Among a suite of indices of food quantity and quality, large-scale monthly Chl a values from SeaWiFS predicted krill growth the best. Across our study area, the great contrast between bloom and nonbloom regions was a major factor driving variation in growth rates, obscuring more subtle effects of food quality. GIs and DGRs decreased with increasing krill length and decreased above a temperature optimum of 0.5ЊC. This probably reflects the onset of thermal stress at the northern limit of krill's range. Thus, growth rates were fastest in the ice edge blooms of the southern Scotia Sea and not at South Georgia as previously suggested. This reflects both the smaller size of the krill and the colder water in the south being optimum for growth. Males tended to have higher GIs than females but longer intermoult periods, leading to similar DGRs between sexes. DGRs of equivalent-size krill tended to decrease with maturity stage, suggesting the progressive allocation of energy toward reproduction rather than somatic growth. Our maximum DGRs are higher than most literature values, equating to a 5.7% increase in mass per day. This value fits within a realistic energy budget, suggesting a maximum carbon ration of ϳ20% d Ϫ1 . Over the whole Scotia Sea/South Georgia area, the gross turnover of krill biomass was ϳ1% d Ϫ1 .

The mangrove forest in four sampling sites in Ormoc Bay, namely; Benabaye, Calunagan, Puerto Bello and Tahusan Islet, was reassessed ten years after the implementation of the Fisheries Sector Program. The density ha-1 and the species diversity decreased by 50% or more; in addition, the basal areas were greatly reduced indicating that there was excessive harvesting of large mangrove trees since 1992. More than 50% of the different mangrove genera exhibited high regenerative capacities. Avicennia and Rhizophora have high regenerative capacities in all sampling sites; in contrast the regenerative capacities of Nypa and Sonneratia in four, of Ceprios in three and of Aegiceras and Bruguiera in two sampling sites were way below 50%. The mangroves in all sampling sites do not exhibit a distinct species zonation pattern; almost all the species overlap with each other.

The mangrove forest is highly utilized by the local communities. People gather different mangrove species and a variety of edible invertebrates both for household consumption and for economic gains by selling them to the market. The resource, however, is seriously threatened by human-induced stresses, such as, over-exploitation, conversion of mangrove areas to fishponds, and soil erosion due to the denuded forest cover in the uplands. Recommendations to prevent further degradation of the mangrove resource are given.

Zebrafish have gained momentum as a leading experimental model in recent years. At present, the zebrafish vertebrate model is increasingly used due to its multifactorial similarities to humans that include genetic, organ, and cellular factors. With the emergence of novel research techniques that are very expensive, it is necessary to develop affordable and valid experimental models. This review aimed to highlight some of the most important similarities between zebrafish and humans by emphasizing the relevance of the first in simulating neurological disorders and craniofacial deformity.

The main task of the conference is to develop scientific and creative activity of students, graduate students and young scientists, involve them in solving current scientific and technical problems in the transport industry, discuss a wide range of new scientific and practical results of modern innovations and technologies in maritime and inland water transport. tasks of modern science, the formation of a single scientific and educational space, the establishment of scientific links between young scientists.

A Community Radio station (CRS) is the type of media that is operated by the particular community for the well-being of their community. The aim of this kind of radio service is to offer the people a voice and helps them to progress their community. Kadal Osai (Sound of the sea) Community Radio (CR) is the first CR started exclusively for the fishing community. This study was conducted during January to February 2020 using case study research method. Two villages were selected purposively from Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu as this place consists of a large number of radio listeners. So far, there are no documented reports about Kadal Osai CR in the literature. The present study was carried out to understand the CR Kadal Osai's history, growth, to assess the listeners' attitude and feedback towards CR Kadal Osai programs. An outcome of the survey displays that the majority of the fishers are a middle-aged group (52%) and small-scale fishers (48%). Interestingly, most of the fishers (42%) use their radio and mobile phone for listening to this community radio, and 42% of the fishers came to know the CR through the people working there. Majority (76%) of the respondents have a highly favorable attitude towards the Kadal Osai CR, and many listeners provided positive feedback towards this radio. The study concluded that Kadal Osai CR plays a vital role by ensuring fishers' right to information and community participation by expressing their voice and thoughts of grassroots people in the developing process.

The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (RSGA) are globally distinguished by their great diversity of
marine environments, the number of unique species, and the importance of marine resources
to the social and economic development of the region. However, the RSGA region has
experienced rapid coastal development in the past four decades. This has been followed, in
some places, by degradation of the marine and coastal environments and loss of its potential
to sustain the livelihoods of coastal populations. The nations of the region have acted to
conserve these environments. PERSGA was established for organizing regional activities,
initiatives, and efforts for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
Great advances have been made during the last two decades in management and in the
knowledge that has been gained about the marine environment of the RSGA. Data has been
collected, and reviews and reports prepared to assist decision making and conservation
measures.
Monitoring programmes for sensitive ecosystems were established during the Strategic
Action Programme (SAP) in order to standardize data collection and survey methodology,
and to compare the region’s status to similar regions in the world. Standard Survey Methods
(SSMs) were prepared for the region followed by training of national teams of experts in
these methods for accuracy, comparability, and the assurance of future surveys and data
collection exercises. PER SGA participated with member countries in two regional surveys
of coral reef ecosystems, the first during 2002 and the second during 2008. The two surveys
followed the designated SSMs; the latter survey also aimed to determine the minimum
number and location of sites for a long-term, regional, coral reef monitoring network.
This report presents data from the 2008 survey. A total of 36 sites (5 in Djibouti, 8 in Egypt,
3 in Jordan, 9 in Saudi Arabia, 4 in Sudan, and 7 in Yemen) were chosen by PERSGA and
national team experts. The sites were selected to ensure they demonstrated a range of essential
characteristics. These were based on their suitability for long-term monitoring activities and
included: accessibility of the sites for future surveys, safety measures, national capabilities
of team members, and logistics required in relation to the national facilities available.
Full Reef Check survey protocols, one of the PERSGA-SSMs, were used during the 2008
regional monitoring survey. This survey methodology is designed to provide a rapid, broad
scale assessment of the distribution and abundance of a number of fish and invertebrate
species that are known to be either indicators of reef health or susceptible to the effects of
fishing or collection. The method also provides a quantitative assessment of sessile benthic
cover, including corals. In addition, this survey method collects data concerning different
types of impact or impact symptoms, such as trash, coral damage, and coral bleaching.
In order to fix the survey location at each site for comparable long-term monitoring, a
detailed mapping of the exact position of each reef site was made in advance with the aid
of Google-Earth images, GPS, in-situ photographs, and Admiralty charts. The mapped
positions were adjusted, or fine-tuned, directly after the field visit to each site. A test of the
ease of relocating the reef sites using the revised maps was done during the survey period in
consultation with national team members.
Data from the regional survey of 2002 (from 52 sites) was reviewed and standardised to be
comparable with the 2008 data. This step was essential as the data sheets of the Reef Check
were modified in 2006 by changing some indicator species and methods of data analysis and
interpretation. Comparisons between data of 2002 and of 2008 were carried out to detect
spatial and temporal changes. A one-way ANO VA test was performed for the abundance/
coverage of each indicator using compiled data for the different countries to detect any
regionally significant differences (p = 0.05). Data gathered during the two regional surveys
(2002 and 2008) were compiled for each country and are included in the appendices at the
end of this report. Furthermore, detailed maps of the surveyed locations and bottom profiles
of each site are also included. Comparisons with similar data gathered from other regions
of the world were carried out. The key findings of the analysis for the whole RSGA region
are as follows:
• Butterflyfish, indicators of the ornamental fish trade and overfishing, showed a mean
abundance slightly increased in 2008 over 2002. These abundance levels however,
were found to be lower than those recorded for the Indo-Pacific region as a whole
during 1997-2001.
• Sweetlips (Haemulidae), used as an indicator for line-fishing and spear-fishing, showed
similar abundances in the 2008 and 2002 surveys. These abundances were found to be
higher than those recorded for the Indo-Pacific region during 1997-2001.
• Grouper (with length greater than 30 cm), indicators for overfishing by line-fishing and
spear-fishing close to reef areas, showed mean abundances slightly decreased in 2008
compared to 2002. However these levels were higher than the recorded abundances for
the whole Indo-Pacific region during 1997-2001, but lower than those recorded for the
Red Sea in the same period.
• Snapper, an indicator for overfishing by nets close to reefs, showed a sharp decrease in
mean abundance in the 2008 surveys compared to 2002. These abundance levels were
still much higher than the abundances recorded for the whole Indo-Pacific region in
1997-2001.
• Parrotfish, an indicator for overfishing and controlling algal growth over coral reefs,
had similar mean abundances in 2008 and 2002. Similar abundance was recorded for
the whole Indo-Pacific region in the 1997-2001 surveys.
• Lobsters, an indicator for overfishing through direct collection from reefs, were
not found at 94% of sites during either the 2008 or 2002 surveys, indicating severe
overfishing. Absence of lobster records in 90% of the sites was recorded for the whole
Indo-Pacific region during 1997-2001 surveys.
• Long-spined sea urchins, Diadema, an indicator of problems with reef health if in
high abundance, showed a decrease in mean abundance in 2008 from 2002. Higher
abundances were recorded for the whole Indo-Pacific region in 2000 than in the RSGA
during 2008.
• Triton gastropods, an indicator of curio collection, were not found at about 90% of
sites during either the 2008 or 2002 surveys, indicating severe collection of this shell.
A similar situation was recorded for the whole Indo-Pacific region during 1997-2001.
• Giant clams, indicators for collection as food, curio, and ornamental shellfish, were
recorded at about 70% of the surveyed sites during 2002 and 2008. The recorded shells
were <20 cm in length, which are difficult sizes for collection. Higher abundances
were recorded for the whole Indo-Pacific region in the 1997-2001 period.
• Sea cucumbers, an indicator for collection as exported food, were recorded in more
sites during 2008 than in 2002, but with smaller sizes (mostly ≤10 cm), which might
reflect the disappearance of the large, commercial-sized individuals that are targeted
by fishermen. Most areas of the Indo-Pacific region were cleaned-out of sea cucumbers
by 2001.
• Crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), which can cause major damage to reef corals
during outbreak periods, were detected at around 35% of the surveyed sites in both
2002 and 2008, and with higher abundances toward the southern end of the Red Sea.
Lower abundances were recorded for the whole Indo-Pacific region during 1997-2001
surveys.
Similar mean percentage cover of hard corals was recorded in 2008 and 2002 for the
whole RSGA region. Most of the sites had 10-50% coverage. Only 4 sites out of 36
(2008) and 7 sites out of 52 (2002) showed hard coral coverage of 50-70%. Similar
percentage covers were recorded for the Indo-Pacific region during 1997-2001.
• Nutrient indicator algae (NIA), an indicator of high nutrient input to the sea, showed a
sharp decrease in its coverage in 2008 from 2002. According to other global monitoring
data, the RSGA region showed lower symptoms of high nutrient loads, such as from
sewage pollution.
Some recommendations are suggested as priority actions to ensure better monitoring of the
coral reef environment which will help in the evaluation of conservation measures taken at
national and regional levels.

In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic journey under the sea with the mysterious Captain Nemo aboard his submarine, the Nautilus. Over the course of their fantastical voyage, they encounter the lost city of Atlantis, the South Pole, and the corals of the Red Sea. Along the way, they must battle countless adversaries both human and monstrous. This triumphant work of the imagination shows the limitless possibilities of science and the dark depths of the human mind.

Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also an ecological
hot spot. It is the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found. At the same time St.
Martin’s Island also has an important ecological value as one of the few remaining nesting places in
the region for several species of globally threatened marine turtles, as well as being a wintering site
for migratory birds. There are also commercial important seaweed and oyster and shell.

Seasonal field investigations, observations  and collections of Seaweeds ,Seagrasses and associated Blue-Greens  were carried out in the Western Egyptian coastal area(2000-2010). About 410 Taxa ; 30.Blue greens and 380 Seaweeds were encountered in this part. Comparison and analysis of data collected ,with occasional collections as well as previously recorded data and measurements demonstrates 5 Eco-zones for the distribution of benthic vegetation along the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast. The 5 zones are different in the environmental conditions supporting life , reproduction and distribution of Seaweeds as well as their diversity .
5 species of Sea-grasses had been encountered in this study for their support of life to many epiphytic algal species as well as the Blue Greens inhabitants in their meadows .
A new and complete List of Seaweeds , Seagrasses and associated Blue greens  in the Egyptian Mediterranean Coastal Zones comprising about 40% new records , 46% reconfirmation of records and 14% previous registrations , had been developed .The list illustrates the actual status of the 3 groups of macrophytes in the beginning of the 21st century .

Monografia illustrata contenente l'intero capitolo sulle navi di Nemi e l'esperimento di lavoro subacqueo tratto da "Della Architettura Militare del Capitanio Francesco De' Marchi Bolognese", con l'aggiunta di testi integrativi scritti da Daniela Lamberini, Corrado Ricci e Mario Cianchi.

Abundance, species composition, distribution, and rapid survey on the fishery status of sea cucumbers in the intertidal areas of Poblacion, Cortes was conducted for two index seasons (dry and wet) in August and December 2017, respectively. A total of eight sea cucumber species from two families were identified during the two-monsoon seasons of collection with a higher species diversity for the dry season. Holothuria atra and Synapta maculata dominantly occurred in both seasons. These species were found mostly in seagrass and sandy areas. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the total organic matter and grain size in the sediments might influence the abundance of sea cucumber in two seasons. Gleaning and fishing might have affected the abundance of sea cucumber since they serve as the primary source of food and livelihood by the residents. Sustainable sea cucumber fishery resource and conservation should be implemented in the area.

Dalam era globalisasi ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi sekarang ini diperlukan informasi
yang akurat, singkat, berbobot, dan sistematis dalam semua segi dan tingkat kehidupan. Untuk dapat menggali semua informasi yang terkandung didalam data tersebut, diperlukan suatu metode dan analisa data yang tepat. Kenyataan membuktikan bahwa dalam lingkup bioekologi laut ,seringkali diperhadapkan dengan suatu keharusan untuk menarik suatu kesimpulan dari data yang besar dan kompleks, padahal sebagian besar metode dan analisa data yang ada selalu dilakukan dengan pendekatan yang rumit. Inspirasi penulisan buku ini didasarkan pada motivasi yang timbul oleh kurangnya dan terbatasnya informasi yang tersedia dalam bahasa Indonesia mengenai “Metode dan Analisa Kuantitatif dalam Bioekologi Laut” bagi mahasiswa dan dosen serta masyarakat umumnya yang diperlukan untuk menyusun sebuah karya ilmiah, skripsi, maupun thesis dan disertasi, maka dengan segala kerendahan hati penulis berusaha dengan sebaik-baiknya menulis buku ini. Dalam buku ini disajikan secara singkat dan jelas (concise) beberapa teknik pengumpulan data dan analisa data yang disertai dengan contoh-contoh penggunaannya, mengacu pada konsep dasardan aplikasinya.

Coral reefs form important ecosystems, globally and locally within the Red Sea and Gulf
of Aden. These reefs contribute a variety of valuable benefits to local communities and to
the gross national product of countries in whose waters they lie. These benefits include
commercial, artisanal and ornamental fisheries; bio-prospecting for new pharmaceuticals;
mining; revenue from tourists keen to observe their natural beauty; and shoreline
protection.
That the value of these natural resources has only recently come to be appreciated is a
sad reflection on our understanding of our interactions with the physical and biological
environment. However, in the recent past, scientists and sociologists have begun to prepare
methods of calculating a dollar value for these natural resources.
Globally, and locally, coral reefs face a variety of threats and many have suffered severe
degradation. These are common resources; they form part of our natural heritage. When
damage is caused to these resources, compensation should be paid by the perpetrator and
efforts should be made to restore the damaged area so that it continues to provide the physical
and biological benefits to society.
Ship grounding incidents are just one of many threats that coral reefs face. These accidents
vary in scale from slight to catastrophic, from grounding by small pleasure craft or the
careless use of anchors, to complete loss of the physical framework of the reef if struck hard
by a large container ship or supertanker, with possible threats from subsequent chemical
spills.
Since the opening of the Suez Canal, and with the regional increase in dive tourism, the number
of large and small boats using the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden has increased significantly.
With this rise in numbers has come a parallel increase in the number of grounding incidents,
damage and loss to coral reefs in the area.
The legal and institutional arrangements for prosecuting offenders in the region have
been varied and disparate, sometimes non existent. The presence of a clear set of regional
guidelines will assist national governments to pursue offenders and obtain compensation
that can be used in reef restoration or to improve navigation and management. The threat of
legal proceedings also focuses the minds of ships’ captains and leads to increased care and
fewer accidents.
This report provides historical records of ship grounding incidents and the current legal
framework in each of the PERS GA member countries and then proceeds to suggest a
framework for establishing compensation payments. The historical official records show
that the number of recorded incidents in each country ranges from zero in Djibouti and
Jordan, 4 in Yemen and Saudi Arabia, to 22 in Sudan, and 149 in Egypt. Administrative and
legal procedures for pursuing compensation claims are at different levels of development
and sophistication with varied formulae for calculating compensation rates in use.
Valuation systems for coral reefs currently only consider a few of the goods and benefits
described above. Values may be tempered by a weighting scale that varies with the quality of
the reef (percentage coral cover, biodiversity) and include a time factor for the period when
the reef can no longer supply these goods and benefits. In addition, compensation is usually increased to include a contribution towards the costs of surveys and legal proceedings, costs
of restoration, and costs of future monitoring.
Egypt has taken the lead in the development of valuation techniques and pursing legal
remedies to achieve compensation payments. The basic model developed by Egypt and used
to a greater or lesser extent within the region is as follows:
Compensation charge =
A x LC x D x RP x V
Where A is a measure of area in square metres, LC is the percentage of living coral, D is the
percent damage in the area, RP is the number years required for recovery and V is the value
of one square metre (set at US $120 but increased to US $300 for national parks).
However, coral reefs provide many goods and services within the region and this simple
formula is not a true reflection of them. Secondly, a one-size-fits-all scheme of compensation
in not necessarily appropriate as the uses of reefs in different countries are not the same. For
example in Egypt there is a large emphasis on tourism-related revenue and less on fisheries,
while in Yemen the situation is reversed. In light of these discrepancies, and aware of the
range of technical capacities within the countries of the region, PERS GA has embarked
on series of workshops to establish guidelines that can be used or modified to improve the
procedures for calculating and pursuing compensation claims.
The guidelines describe (i) an accident assessment system based on an underwater standard
survey method for assessing damage to coral reefs from grounding incidents following the
FISHBONE grid mapping system that has been successfully applied by the Florida Keys
National Marine Sanctuary; (ii) a set of valuation techniques that focus on three key goods
and services: coral reef-related tourism and recreation, coral reef-associated fisheries, and
shoreline protection services, chosen because these three goods and services are important
to local economies and data are available to support estimation of the values; (iii) restoration
of the damaged area.
In the final chapter, the benefits of a regional approach are discussed and areas for capacity
building are highlighted. These include underwater survey techniques; documenting/
reporting incidents; assessments of coral damage; fauna and flora identification; economic
valuation of natural resources; in-situ data/information collection and handling; and reef
restoration and rehabilitation techniques.
A regional compensation committee is proposed to consider scientific and economic studies
prepared on coral reefs and to draft laws specifically concerned with the conservation of
coral reefs, as currently coral reefs are only protected indirectly by legal articles. A regional
coral reef rescue team could be trained to be experts in the survey of grounding sites and the
preparation and recording of grounding evidence and damage size to improve the probability
of successful claims being won through the courts.

The actual date is known of only a few events in the diving history of the early modern period. The fact that Francesco De Marchi (1504-1576) (Fig. 1) recorded in his notes 1 the day of his two dives in Lake Nemi not far from Rome suggests that he was well aware of their significance. However, one central question remained unanswered over the centuries until today: how the diver had been supplied with fresh air. Here, based on the analysis of the original source, this technical aspect, in particular, will be questioned and evaluated. As will be shown, the sources used so far are not very reliable and the current state of research is rather insufficient. Contrary to current accounts in the literature dealing with this question of fresh air supply, a new perspective-the possibility of supplying the diver using a bellows/hose system-is presented here as a hypothesis concerning the methodological-technical instruments used by De Marchi at the time and substantiated by means of various argumental steps. First, however, the author and his publication, which will play a special role in the further course of the study, will be examined in more detail. 2

Toleration, adaptation, migration or extinction are the options for species making up Southern Ocean (SO) shelf biodiversity, in response to accelerating change (e.g. warming). Physiological evidence suggests few organisms may tolerate, and slow generational turn-over means fewer will adapt to, unprecedented change. To avoid extinction many organisms must migrate along linear coast, go deeper or both. There is strong evidence that such range shifts are happening, and occurred in the past, along N-S (linear) coastlines (e.g. USA), but there are no continuous shelf/slope connections to Antarctica from elsewhere. There are only 3 major linear shelves in Antarctica: Victoria Land, the Antarctic Peninsula, and the Kerguelen Plateau. Scientific effort has focused on the former two but their temperature gradient is negligible or bi-directional, so most potential for thermally-driven range shifts lies along the Kerguelen Plateau. We investigated ranges of several SO taxa (bivalve and gastropod molluscs, amphipods, ophiuroids and hexacorals), and looked for hotspots of where the geographical range limits of different species coincided. Southern Patagonia, South Georgia and Kerguelen had amongst the greatest range-limit hotspots. Shifts of SO endemics will be mainly range contractions (of northernmost limits), whilst species with ranges crossing the Polar Front (PF; the strongest jet of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current) may become 'new' SO endemics. Species with southernmost limits north of the PF should penetrate the SO, either as returning natives (expelled during glaciations) or invasive non-indigenous species. Monitoring range shifts in only a few suggested key places and taxa should give powerful insights into biodiversity responses and gauge tolerance vs. migration.

Il MU.CI.MA, Museo della Civiltà del Mare è un istituzione civica culturale che assicura in forma permanente, sul territorio e con la partecipazione della popolazione, le funzioni di ricerca, conservazione, valorizzazione di un insieme di beni naturali e culturali, rappresentativi di un ambiente e dei modi di vita che si sono succeduti intorno alla Tonnara di Bivona, come luogo di produzione identitario legato al mondo della pesca e alla cultura del mare.  Si occupa di studiare, conservare, valorizzare e presentare la memoria collettiva di una comunità e del territorio che la ospita, delineando linee coerenti per lo sviluppo futuro;-è il frutto del rapporto costruttivo tra una popolazione, la sua amministrazione e un equipe pluridisciplinare di esperti;-è un organismo che, pur rivolgendosi anche ad un pubblico esterno, ha come interlocutori principali gli abitanti della comunità i quali, anziché visitatori passivi, vogliono diventare fruitori attivi.-è un museo del tempo, dove le conoscenze si estendono e diramano attraverso il passato vissuto dalla comunità per giungere nel presente, con un'apertura sul futuro-è un museo dello spazio: spazi significativi dove sostare e camminare. Privilegia il linguaggio visivo diretto degli oggetti fisici e delle immagini, nel loro contesto originario e nella loro esposizione al pubblico. il MU.CI.MA, Museo della Civiltà del Mare è il frutto del processo di trasformazione del territorio realizzato gradualmente nel tempo dal succedersi delle popolazioni insediate, che ha reso celebri i luoghi della provincia di Vibo Valentia per la loro grandissima diversità e per l'inconfondibile identità culturale che ne è derivata. Pone al centro della propria attenzione tutto il territorio calabrese come un museo diffuso, ove rendere nuovamente leggibile e apprezzabile-in primo luogo alla sua popolazione-l'identità e la diversità del proprio paesaggio, la cultura materiale e immateriale qui radicata nei secoli, le caratteristiche e i valori che possano orientare con maggiore coerenza scelte di sviluppo sostenibile.

EDITORIAL

Por Etiene Villela Marroni (PPGCPol/UFPel)
e Delmo de Oliveira Torres Arguelhes (NEA/INEST/UFF)

Os mares aproximam. Esta assertiva elaborada por Montesquieu, e elevada a lei científica por vários estudiosos da geopolítica, resume bem a estreia do Centro de Estudos Estratégicos e Planejamento Espacial Marinho (CEDEPEM), e este respectivo boletim informativo, que apresentamos ao público. As origens do CEDEPEM remontam à iniciativa pioneira da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), em 2013, quando foi criado um laboratório multidisciplinar de estudos oceânicos. No ano seguinte, um projeto de ensino, intitulado Planejamento Espacial Marinho (PEM), foi oferecido aos estudantes daquela universidade, com resultados muito positivos, o que conduziu a diversos projetos de pesquisa e participação marcante em seminários regionais, nacionais e internacionais. O estudo do PEM configurou-se em aporte para o entendimento do espaço oceânico no âmbito das relações domésticas e internacionais de um Estado costeiro.
A partir de 2018, com a consolidação da temática do PEM nos Estudos Estratégicos, ocorreu a parceria do Grupo de Pesquisa Política Internacional e Gestão do Espaço Oceânico (vinculado à Universidade Federal de Pelotas) com a Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). A partir dessa parceria, foi criada e consolidada a linha de Pesquisa Planejamento Espacial Marinho nos Estudos de Cooperação em Segurança Internacional e Defesa Nacional. Essa integração institucional consolidou-se a partir das temáticas que passavam a ser estudadas no grupo: Planejamento Espacial Marinho e Estudos Estratégicos. Para tanto, no ano início do ano de 2019, fez-se uma chamada pública, objetivando alcançar estudantes, professores e profissionais que se interessassem pela área em estudo, sendo alcançados excelentes resultados.
Em 2020, o Núcleo de Estudos Avançados do Instituto de Estudos Estratégicos (INEST), da UFF, propôs uma parceria institucional com o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da UFPel. O Centro é uma comunidade de estudos e pesquisas voltada para a análise do PEM, singularizada pela variedade e abertura do leque metodológico. Institucionalmente, o CEDEPEM vincula-se ao Núcleo de Estudos Avançados (NEA) do INEST - UFF, localizado na cidade de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. A criação do Centro foi uma iniciativa conjunta da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) e Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), desde a consolidação de parceria institucional oriunda do Grupo de Pesquisa do CNPq, denominada Política Internacional e Gestão do Espaço Oceânico. O CEDEPEM surgiu como um espaço plural, multidisciplinar e multiinstitucional, com o objetivo de estudar todos os aspectos do Planejamento Espacial Marinho e demais temas relacionados. Com este boletim, pretendemos devolver à sociedade brasileira a parte que lhe cabe nesta iniciativa: conhecimento.
Em O artigo “Expansionismo Oceânico: o poder submerso” busca demonstrar que o crescente uso dos recursos oceânicos é resultado de um fenômeno global, onde os Estados e suas populações procuram, cada vez mais, um elevado padrão de vida, aumentando, substancialmente, o consumo dos recursos energéticos provenientes das plataformas continentais. Embora este argumento pareça esclarecedor, está longe de ser abrangente e relevante quanto ao comportamento territorial e/ou espacial da geopolítica oceânica.
Em “A Vida, no Mar ou na Terra, Depende Deles: Os Manguezais"  vemos que manguezais são ecossistemas costeiros inseridos na interface terrestre-marinha que recebem influência oceânica e fluvial. Esse ambiente apresenta uma expressiva diversidade de funções, servindo de área de berçário, abrigo, alimentação e reprodução para espécies marinhas, estuarinas, límnicas e terrestres.  Atuam como zonas de amortecimento costeiro, além de fornecer nutrientes que sustentam a vida nos ecossistemas marinhos. Destacando-se ainda, a importância que esse ambiente reflete nas relações socioculturais em diversas comunidades costeiras. Embora seja reconhecida a relevância deste ecossistema para conservação da biodiversidade, diversos impactos ambientais têm provocado uma desenfreada degradação dos manguezais brasileiros, que aliados à inação do Estado evocam a necessidade de refletir acerca da conservação dos nossos ecossistemas.
Em “A Mentalidade Marítima Brasileira: Ensaios Preliminares sobre a sua Relevância para o Planejamento Espacial Marinho” as autoras têm  como objetivo promover uma conscientização sobre relevantes projetos para o fortalecimento da identidade marítima brasileira. O progresso do LEPLAC e o desenvolvimento do conceito de ‘Amazônia Azul’ são enaltecidos neste ensaio preliminar. A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável e o progresso da ‘economia azul’ fazem com que o mar ganhe espaço cativo nas agendas, internacional e nacional. Assim, a análise de fenômenos que construíram (ou constroem) a mentalidade marítima brasileira são extremamente pertinentes e podem, a partir dela, promover o aperfeiçoamento das políticas públicas e do manejo do uso do mar e das atividades marítimas.
O artigo “O Caso das Algas no Planejamento Espacial Marinho”  tem como finalidade apresentar o caso das Algas no planejamento espacial marinho, destacando a congruência entre a gestão econômica, a ciência e a tecnologia. No exemplo da Embrapa, percebe-se o potencial que a pesquisa sobre algas poderá trazer ao estado brasileiro, especialmente se feito com uso racional do recurso. Noutros termos, as algas deverão ser mapeadas, a fim de que o potencial econômico seja usado de forma sustentável e benéfica para a sociedade brasileira. Para o boletim foram analisadas fontes secundárias (notícias de jornais), fontes bibliográficas (literatura sobre planejamento espacial marinho) e fontes quantitativas (dados econômicos sobre algas).
Em “Minerais Estratégicos no Mar Brasileiro” procura-se apresentar o conceito de minerais estratégicos aos olhos do Estado brasileiro e em que medida este ente tem envidado esforços para conhecer o assoalho marinho sob sua jurisdição e para explorá-lo. Para tal, lançar-se-á mão do Plano Nacional de Mineração 2030 (PNM-2030), dos relatórios anuais de atividades do Serviço Geológico Brasileiro (CPRM) de 2018 e 2019, bem como um dos relatórios do Projeto Estal. Por meio da avaliação destes documentos pretende-se compreender de que modo o Estado brasileiro vem incentivando o desenvolvimento de pesquisas para a apropriação efetiva e eficiente do espaço marinho em busca de suprir as necessidades internas de minerais estratégicos.
O artigo “As Dinâmicas Territoriais de Acumulação Capitalista: Portos e ‘Custo Brasil’” busca versar brevemente sobre a importância da estrutura portuária dentro das dinâmicas do processo de acumulação capitalista nacionais. Nesse sentido, a discussão aqui realizada encontra seu fio condutor dentro das determinações que regem o processo de troca mercantil, tal como descrito por Karl Marx em “O Capital”. Ademais, leva-se o olhar para as dinâmicas nacionais brasileiras e se verifica o chamado “custo Brasil” como um dos principais entraves para o desenvolvimento do país.
Em “A Importância de uma Estratégia de Segurança Marítima no Atlântico Sul” pode-se verificar que se na dimensão global, o Atlântico Sul tem papel secundário, no âmbito regional e nacional, sua importância econômica e geopolítica é fundamental para o Brasil. Entretanto, a maioria das Marinhas e Guardas-Costeiras dos países lindeiros ao Atlântico Sul não estão equipadas e preparadas para garantir a soberania nas suas águas jurisdicionais e o nosso país não é diferente. A partir desse aspecto, o presente trabalho,com análise documental, histórica e de políticas públicas, propõe-se a avaliar a forma como o Estado brasileiro trabalha a segurança marítima e a necessidade de apliacação de uma política de Planejamento Espacial Marinho.
Em “Gênero e Planejamento Espacial Marinho: breves considerações” as autoras visam contemplar oportunidades e desafios ao desenvolvimento do Planejamento Espacial Marinho (PEM) no Brasil. Buscou-se explorar a forma como o PEM e questões de gênero associadas têm sido abordados em foros multilaterais. Sendo o PEM um importante processo público de gestão do espaço, altamente adaptável e de amplo escopo, frisa-se a necessidade de incorporar a este processo as reivindicações que emergem da luta pela equidade de gênero. Partindo-se deste raciocínio, este artigo sugere a observação global de estratégias de inserção das questões de gênero junto ao PEM como forma de estimular o pensamento crítico.
O artigo “Gênero: Contextualizando Sustentabilidade Social em Sistemas Socioecológicos Marítimos” as autoras apontam que do nomadismo ao sedentarismo e a revolução agrícola, o excedente de produção precisou ser escoado fluvialmente. Posteriormente as grandes navegações e o costume de navegar tanto pela soberania quanto pelo comércio moldaram as sociedades e as aproximaram do litoral, onde desenvolveram-se rápida e complexamente. Um sistema complexo é caracterizado por ser um sistema aberto, constituído por ampla variedade de elementos e grande número de interações dinâmicas entre eles. Enquanto isso, um Sistema Socioecológico (SSE) recomenda-se ser orientado por uma questão, foco ou problema em específico e delimitá-lo por escalas (dimensões) com importantes contribuições e entre múltiplos níveis constituintes das escalas. Para que assim, um SSE possa ser visualizado em panorama macro. Planejamento Espacial Marinho (PEM) preconiza um desenvolvimento sustentável, e como parte integrante, a dimensão de Sustentabilidade Social visa equilibrar o uso dos recursos do oceano e processos de política, ponderando também a equidade de gênero.

‫ﺧﻼﺻـﺔ‬ : ‫اﻟﺴﺎردﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوئ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻌﻮﻣﺔ‬ ( ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎردﻳﻦ‬ ‫أﺳﻤﺎك‬ ‫ﻰ‬ . ‫أداء‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺎت‬ . ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺎت‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺖ‬ : ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺸﻮف‬ ‫رف‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫أرﻓﻒ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﺖ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‬ . ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫أﻋﺪاد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫وﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺮوآﺴﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫وﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻔﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺨﻤﻴﺮة‬ " L, a, b " ‫ﻟﻠﻮن‬ . ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫هﻨﺎك‬ ‫آﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫وﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ‬ . ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪو‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫أﻋﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬ ‫آﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أآﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫اﻷرﻓﻒ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻤﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‬ . ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬

In this study, a buckler crab, Cryptopodia angulata, reported for the first time from Majali, Karwar, West coast of India. This species occurs rarely in the Indian coastal waters and this is the first report from Karwar coast. External characters have been photographed and examined.

The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) is thought to play a key role in the propagation and amplification of climate changes through its influence on the global distribution of heat and water vapour. However, little is known about past changes in the size and position of the IPWP. In this study, we use a total of 48 modern and fossil coral records from the Mentawai Islands (Sumatra, Indonesia) and Muschu/Koil Islands (Papua New Guinea) to reconstruct oscillations in the extent of the IPWP since the mid-Holocene. We show that reliable estimates of mean sea surface temperature (SST) can be obtained from fossil corals by using low-resolution Sr/Ca analysis of a suite of corals to overcome the large uncertainties associated with mean Sr/Ca-SST estimates from individual coral colonies. The coral records indicate that the southeastern and southwestern margins of the IPWP were cooler than at present between w5500 and 4300 years BP (w1.2 C AE 0.3 C) and were similarly cool before w6800 years BP. This mid-Holocene cooling was punctuated by an abrupt, short-lived shift to mean SSTs that were warmer than at present between w6600 and 6300 years BP (w1.3 C AE 0.3 C), while similarly warm conditions may have also existed after w4300 years BP. We suggest that mid-Holocene cooling at our study sites was related to contractions of the southeastern and southwestern margins of the IPWP, associated with the more northerly position of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) that accompanied mid-Holocene strengthening of the Asian summer monsoon. Conversely, intervals of abrupt warming appear to correspond with widespread episodes of monsoon weakening and accompanying southward migrations of the ITCZ that caused the IPWP to expand beyond our coral sites. Intervals of a strengthened Asian monsoon and cooling in the southwestern IPWP during the mid-Holocene appear to correspond with a more positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)-like mean configuration across the tropical Indian Ocean, suggesting that the Asian monsoon-IOD interaction that exists at interannual time scales also persists over centennial to millennial scales. Associated mean changes in the Pacific ENSO modes may have also occurred during the mid-Holocene. The dynamic and inter-connected behaviour of the IPWP with tropical climate systems during the mid-Holocene highlights the fundamental importance of the warm pool region for understanding climate change throughout the tropics and beyond.

On July 15, 1535, two important dives for the history of diving took place in Lake Nemi near Rome. In Lake Nemi, there were two sunken wrecks from the Roman period. The Italian military architect Francesco De Marchi dived there to a depth of 12 meters with an open diving helmet. The designer of this helmed was a person called "Maestro Gulielmo da Lorena".  As Michael Jung's research shows, it is very likely that this person was Etienne Guillery from Lunéville near Toul in the district of Lorraine (France).

Geochemical hold associated with ecological risk were assessed along the coast track of Tuticorin Bay with the aid of outward sediments. The circulation of CaCO3 in the study area is derived from the terrigenous materials from the land side, major source of carbonate materials is the shell fragments and input from adjacent land mass. The concentration of organic matter is derived from the adjoining area mass and industrial effluents nearby. Accounting the major concentrations, Calcium upholds the role next to Silica and is because of both biogenic and lithogenic contributions. The level of Cr, Cu, Pb and Sr shows elevated concentrations which might be due to anthropogenic and industrial provenances. The main sources of most of these trace attributes are from power plants and coal handling operations from harbors.

The Scotia Sea ecosystem is a major component of the circumpolar Southern Ocean system, where productivity and predator demand for prey are high. The eastward-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and waters from the Weddell-Scotia Confluence dominate the physics of the Scotia Sea, leading to a strong advective flow, intense eddy activity and mixing. There is also strong seasonality, manifest by the changing irradiance and sea ice cover, which leads to shorter summers in the south. Summer phytoplankton blooms, which at times can cover an area of more than 0.5 million km 2 , probably result from the mixing of micronutrients into surface waters through the flow of the ACC over the Scotia Arc. This production is consumed by a range of species including Antarctic krill, which are the major prey item of large seabird and marine mammal populations. The flow of the ACC is steered north by the Scotia Arc, pushing polar water to lower latitudes, carrying with it krill during spring and summer, which subsidize food webs around South Georgia and the northern Scotia Arc. There is also marked interannual variability in winter sea ice distribution and sea surface temperatures that is linked to southern hemisphere-scale climate processes such as the El Niñ o-Southern Oscillation. This variation affects regional primary and secondary production and influences biogeochemical cycles. It also affects krill population dynamics and dispersal, which in turn impacts higher trophic level predator foraging, breeding performance and population dynamics. The ecosystem has also been highly perturbed as a result of harvesting over the last two centuries and significant ecological changes have also occurred in response to rapid regional warming during the second half of the twentieth century. This combination of historical perturbation and rapid regional change highlights that the Scotia Sea ecosystem is likely to show significant change over the next two to three decades, which may result in major ecological shifts.

Proposals to block the ice fjords of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables to prevent icebergs from moving into the sea is impractical, because the force of the ice would ultimately snap the cables and rapidly release a large quantity of frozen ice into the sea.

However, the sort of cables used in suspension bridges could potentially be used to divert, rather than halt, the southward movement of sea ice through the Svalbard Archipelago. It would be possible to block the ice moving south, and only allow sea ice to float northwards.

A number of geoengineering ideas are currently being examined and even employed in the Russian Arctic (the Far Eastern Shipping Company uses a 'sea ice demolition' technique called "ice chipping" to facilitate earlier loss of sea ice on the Amurskaya Bay area in the Russian Far East in the spring seasons). 

The opposite of 'sea ice demolition' is 'sea ice creation' by using ice-breaking vessels to deliberately break up and scatter coastal sea ice in both Arctic and Antarctic waters in their respective autumns, and redirecting Russian rivers to south to the Central Asia to prevent warm riparian water discharges to the ice-forming areas of the Arctic Ocean. These geoengineering techniques could be used to slow down sea ice losses in the Arctic Ocean when employed under the right temperature and wind conditions.

Another possible effort to try to prolong spring time snow cover includes planting millions of birch trees as their white bark enhances the albedo effect, and the loss of their leaves in winter enables the snow to reflect radiation. In contrast, native evergreen pines, fir and spruce tend to shade the snow and absorb sun's radiation to speed up the spring time melting.

This article by Geographical was also republished by the Cambridge University Press as a sample text in their student exercise book in the following year.

Gili Raja Island is a small island located in Gili Genting District, with the entire area located on the coast. The primary access to this island is the sea route, where oceanographic conditions such as tides are very influential. This study examines the tidal characteristics on the island of Gili Raja, Sumenep Regency, using the Least Squares method. Tidal data were obtained from the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) in April 2015. The research conducted shows that the tidal type on Gili Raja's island is Diurnal with a Formzahl number of 3.55 (F> 3.0). This type describes that there is one high tide and one low tide. However, several times there were also two tides and two ebbs with very different heights and periods. The calculation using the least-squares method produces nine harmonic components, including M2, S2, N2 and K2, which form multiple daily tides. K1, O1 and P1 are the harmonic components forming a single daily tidal type, and the following components are M4 and MS4. The value obtained for each harmonic component is the amplitude value and phase difference.