Male Nurses

Title. 'Being a Chameleon': labour processes of male nurses performing bodywork. Aim. This paper is a report of a study examining the labour processes of male nurses in the conduct of bodywork, and is part of a broader study of social practices that configure masculinity through the lives of male nurses. Background. Bodywork is defined as the direct work on others' bodies, and involves interactions of bodies and the control of emotions. As the body is an arena in which social practice occurs then bodywork is a form of social engagement. Bodywork is inextricably intertwined with gender where bodywork is socially structured and culturally accepted as women's work. Method. Life history method was used in this study. Twenty-one life stories from male registered nurses were gathered in 2003-2004 using semi-structured interviews. Each life story underwent structural analysis, using a four-dimension structural model of gender relations. Findings. The ability of male nurses to do bodywork and provide care is dependent on the way they 'do' gender, that is, they have to be perceived to be performing the masculine identity that best represents the individual patient's ideology of what it is to be a man, which is set in a particular location and time. In addition, they have to counter the representations of the male nurse, whether it is homosexual, paedophile or heterosexual deviant. Respondents develop labour processes and workplace strategies to overcome the effects of gender stereotypes that may hinder their nursing work. Conclusion. Nursing procedures, policies and texts should reflect the complexity and multiplicity in the conduct of bodywork in nursing and refrain from representing essentialist ways (reinforcing nursing as feminine) of doing nursing.

Male nurses have induced into the profession for a decade and their number is increasing. This represents a challenge and a change in societal expectations. It is believed that intrusion of nursing by males might improve the perception about it and increase diversity of skills in health care team. Gender diversity in nursing is expected to enhance decision making abilities and create a positive, competitive and innovative work climate. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the patients' perception of care provided by male nurses in Alexandria Governorate. Material and method: An exploratory descriptive design was used. The study was conducted in five hospitals, namely; Main University Hospital and EL-Hadara Orthopedic Hospital affiliated to Alexandria University, El-Mabara Hospital affiliated to Curative Health Organization, whereas Mabaret El-Asaphra and Alex New Medical Center (ANMC) affiliated to private sector at Alexandria governorate. Patients' perception of care provided by male nurses structured interview schedule was used for data collection. The sample consisted of 300 patients, randomly selected from the previously mentioned settings who were willing to participate in the study. Results: the study showed that more than half of the subjects had positive perception regarding male nurse care. Moreover, there was significant difference between gender group and level of perception where (P= 0.000). Also, there was statistically significant difference between age and level of perception where (P= 0.011). In relation to the preferences of receiving care from male nurses it was noticed that mean value of male group was (14.14 ± 2.67) while mean value of female group was (9.11 ± 3.15), a significant difference was found between the two groups where (p<0.001).Conclusion: More than half of the patients who receiving care from male nurses having a positive perception. On the other side, a high percentage which cannot be neglected especially for young female patients stated that they felt embarrassed and stressed when male nurses touched them especially during sensitive procedures. Also, they stated the male nurses need more skills in communication and providing sense of caring. Recommendation: Male nurse have intense needs in-service training programs in governmental and nongovernmental hospitals regarding nonverbal communication clues that convey sense of caring. Furthermore, Faculty of nursing should adopt graduate male nurses psychologically and educationally after graduation in form of participations in scientific meetings, conferences, graduation magazine and social media support groups. One of the recommended solutions is to updating educational nursing programs to provide equal learning opportunities without gender bias and inducing new specialty for male students.

A . ( 2 0 0 2 ) ( 2 0 0 2 ) Journal of Advanced Nursing 37(2), 192±198 Preferences for female and male nurses: the role of age, gender and previous experience ± year 2000 compared with 1984 Background. The situations in which patients prefer a male or female nurse are not clear, as the literature reports differing relationships between gender and preference. Furthermore, most research has focused on female preferences. Methods. This questionnaire study investigated the preferences of both males and females for a male or female nurse, depending on four clinical situations. The role of age and previous experience with a male nurse was also taken into account. Gender, age and experience were further examined in relation to attitudes towards professional nursing practice. To determine whether preferences and attitudes have changed over time, the study was replicated in 2000, having been ®rst conducted in 1984. Data were collected from the same general practice waiting room on each occasion. Results. Consistent with previous research, the degree of intimacy in a clinical situation was found to be predictive of same-gender preferences. Younger females may prefer female nurses more than older females. Experience with male nurses was limited in both samples, but was not predictive of preferences or attitudes. Conclusions. Generally speaking, results from 1984 and 2000 were not signi®cantly different. As a quantitative study, this research contributes to an understanding of patient preferences. However, in-depth, qualitative research is recommended to understand better the reasons for preferences and attitudes, for both male and female patients.

Quantitative analysis of mental health nurse prescribers in Scotland The UK parliament approved legislation expanding prescribing rights for all registered nurses in 2006. Mental health nurses do not appear to be embracing prescribing to the same degree as their colleagues. For example, mental health nurses represent 14% of the UK nursing population, but only 3% nurse prescribing population. In order to explore this disparity, the paper discusses quantitative analysis of the following objectives: (1) describe the impact of nurse prescribing on nurse prescribers in NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde; and (2) identify differences between mental health nurse prescribers and other nurse prescribers in NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. Following online pilot study, a 26-item questionnaire was posted to 668 nurse prescribers in NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. A total of 365 questionnaires were returned (55.4%). Significant differences were found between mental health nurse prescribers and others in terms of age, gender, prescribing practice, academic achievement, method of prescribing, workplace, experience and attitude to prescribing. Possible reasons for these differences are suggested and form the basis of further planned research.

Because there have been very few recent studies focusing on the nursing studies of Chinese male learners in Hong Kong, this paper reports some findings on the educational experiences of such students from a local university, giving them a chance to voice out their concerns and express their feelings. In this qualitative ethnographical study, 18 second-to fourth-year male nursing students were recruited by purposive snowball sampling and invited to participate in individual semi-structured interviews for the collecting of data. The taped recordings were transcribed and translated. Following this, five themes were identified for content analysis. The findings of this study suggest that people would be more likely to accept male nurses; and male nursing students would be more able see their role as nurses with the acceptance of some feminine subjects in the nursing curriculum. This study provided male nursing students the chance to express their thoughts and experiences on nursing education, which will suggest further modifications to the curriculum design and implementation.

Violence against women is pervasive in South Africa where, as in many other countries, cultural values and norms serve to condone and reinforce abusive practices against women. Primary health care nurses, who are widely distributed throughout the rural areas, may appear to be an ideal network for addressing this issue in resource-poor settings. However, based on a qualitative and quantitative study of a class of 38 PHC nurses, this paper emphasises that the nurses are women and men firstFand as such, experience the same cultural values, and indeed, similar or higher levels of violence, as the clients they are expected to counsel and treat.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de hemşire olma deneyiminin öne çıkan yönlerini hemşirelerin gözünden betimlemek, hemşireliğin erkekler açısından avantaj ve dezavantajlarını literatürdeki benzer çalışmalarla kıyaslayarak irdelemek ve sosyolojik olarak değerlendirmektir. Çalışma, 2015 yılında gerçekleştirilen, fenomenolojik desene sahip nitel bir alan araştırmasına dayanmaktadır. Örneklem, yarısı erkek yarısı kadın olan 42 hemşireden oluşmaktadır, veriler derinlemesine mülakatlarla toplanmış ve betimsel ve sistematik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, erkek hemşirelerin avantajlarının da dezavantajlarının da hegemonik erkeklik normları çerçevesinde deneyimlendiğini göstermektedir. Erkek hemşireler toplumsal cinsiyet kalıp yargılarını meslek içine taşıyarak ve sembolik şiddet uygulayarak meslek içinde avantajlı pozisyonlardan kadınları dışlamaktadırlar. Kadınların meslekte ilerlemesini sınırlandıran cam tavanı sağlamlaştıran bu süreç, erkek hemşirelerin en önemli avantajıdır. Erkek hemşirelerin başlıca dezavantajları ise hegemonik erkeklik normları ve meslek normları arasında sıkışmaları, kadın hastalara dokunmayı gerektiren durumlarda muhtemel cinsel taciz suçlamalarına ilişkin kaygı duymaları ve kadın yoğun bir meslekte çalıştıkları için cinsel kimliklerinin sorgulanmasıdır. Abstract The aim of this study is to describe the nurses " opinions on male nurses " occupational experiences, to compare the advantages and disadvantages of being a male nurse in Turkey with related literature and to make a sociological evaluation. The study draws on the data of a qualitative field research conducted in 2015. The sample consists of 42 nurses, of whom half are male and half are female. The data are collected by in-depth interviews and analyzed descriptively and systematically. The findings show that both the advantages and the disadvantages of male nurses are experienced around hegemonic masculinity. By transferring gender stereotypes into occupational area and by practicing symbolic violence, male nurses exclude female nurses from advantageous positions in the occupation. This process strengthens glass ceiling, which limits female nurses " career advancements, and seems to be the most important advantage of male nurses. The main disadvantages of male nurses are to be stuck between hegemonic masculinity norms and occupational norms; the concerns about female patients " potential charges of sexual harassment; and the implicit suspicions about their heterosexuality.

This article aims to examine gender stereotypes in relation to men in nursing, discuss gender discrimination cases in nursing, and explore methods used for promoting equal educational opportunities during nursing studies. The literature review was based on related databases, such as CINAHL, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and EBSCO. Legal case studies are included in order to provide a more practical example of those barriers existing for men pursuing nursing, as well as statistical data concerning gender discrimination and male attrition to nursing schools in relation to those barriers. These strengthen the validity of the manuscript. Literature review showed that gender discrimination is still prevalent within nursing profession. Nursing faculty should prepare male nursing students to interact effectively with female clients as well. Role modeling the therapeutic relationship with clients is one strategy that may help male students. In general, the faculty should provide equal learning opportunities to nursing students.

The study of smoking initiation and behavior of nurses and nurse students is important when considering their professional health promotion roles. In the present qualitative study, 26 nursing students of all grades from two nursing schools in the capital city of Iran were surveyed to explore their reasons for smoking. Through in-depth and semistructured interviews, participants were encouraged to talk about their smoking behavior and explain initiating reasons freely. Majority of the participants began smoking before commencing nursing, while only a few initiated smoking after entering into nursing school. Reasons for smoking included belonging to a group and as a symbol of friendship and mutual trust. Indeed, peer group behaviors influenced most participates to commence smoking and social influences also emerged as a theme in this study.

Purpose: To describe the rationale maternity patients use in determining whether to accept care by a male student nurse. Information about the activities that women are comfortable having male nursing students perform is inconsistent and the reasons for women's comfort or discomfort are unclear. Furthermore, little is known about what factors patients consider when assigned a male nursing student. Yet, knowledge of such factors can enhance understanding and guide the selection of students in maternity units. Design: Focused ethnography using a purposive convenience sample of 32 women, aged 20 to 40 years, who spoke English, and who had given birth to normal newborns in one small community hospital in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Patients were excluded if they or their infants were in an unstable physical or mental condition. The study was conducted in 1995. Methods: The women were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Findings: Data from participants pertained to personal and contextual factors. Personal factors were perception of postpartum self and personal feelings. Contextual factors were student characteristics, establishment of relationships, nursing care activities, and partner viewpoint. Conclusions: Women during and after giving birth have definite thoughts about male student nurses caring for them. Nurse educators should consider these when assigning men. Educators should encourage professionalism and competence in their students.

Background: Incentives play an important role in organizations as it influences a variety of work-related behavior, as well as the motivation of employees. Aims of the study: The present study was conducted in the main Assiut University Hospital to assess nurse's awareness and satisfaction regarding the incentives system. Subjects and Methods: This study included 271 nurses who randomly selected from all units at the main Assiut University Hospital. The study included both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection. Results: High percent of the participants reported that the most important incentives are fair remuneration, bounces, appropriate working hours, and different services (health/ education) (69.7%, 60.9%, 60.5, % 60.5%, respectively). The promotion, appreciation of work efforts, good relations with colleagues and superior encouragement were the most important morale incentives reported by (77.1 %, 71.2 %, 66.8 %, 64.6%) respectively. This is confirmed by the results of Focus group discussions as about half of the participants especially female nurses considered the morale incentives are more important than the financial one especially the good dealing and the respect from the physicians. Conclusion and Recommendations: In conclusion, this study indicates that nurses know what they want from incentives. Attention to priorities and flexible incentives system may help to create the cohesive work environment that nurses seek. Determine the objectives are the most important factors to increase the effectiveness of the incentive system.

Drawing on the data of a qualitative field research with a sample of 42 nurses, this study aims to put forward the masculinization strategies of male nurses in Turkey and to sociologically examine the transformative effects of these strategies on nursing occupation. From a critical phenomenological frame, the findings show that the masculinization strategies of male nurses are re-defining the occupation in a masculine discourse, concentrating at physical areas that doesn’t require emotional labor, focusing on career rather than occupation and making masculine objections to physicians’ authority. Widely supported by women participants, these strategies don’t seem to transform the nursing occupation, but construct a new masculine version of nursing in which men are more favored. Men’s entry to nursing occupation is an opportunity for providing gender equity and should not reproduce and reinforce patriarchal values in work life. Otherwise a gendered division of labor in nursing occupation would cause men to concentrate on advantaged areas and occupations, to widely exclude women from these area and positions and deepen work related gender inequalities.

The study of smoking initiation and behavior of nurses and nurse students is important when considering their professional health promotion roles. In the present qualitative study, 26 nursing students of all grades from two nursing schools in the capital city of Iran were ...

Background: Inter-professional collaboration between physicians and nurses, within and between cultures, can help contain cost and insure better patient outcomes. Attitude toward such collaboration is a function of the roles prescribed in the culture that guide professional behavior.

As transformações que ocorrem no mundo moderno vêm exigindo dos serviços de saúde constante atualização de suas práticas, requerendo dos profissio-RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os significados de liderança em enfermagem, seus atributos e o papel do enfermeiro líder. Trata-se de revisão integrativa e a estratégia de busca foi a consulta às bases eletrônicas nos meses de fevereiro e março de 2011. A análise dos 14 artigos selecionados revelou três categorias: conceituando liderança em enfermagem, atributos essenciais para liderança em enfermagem e o papel do enfermeiro líder. Liderar é a capacidade de influenciar as pessoas a atuarem de modo ético-profissional, a fim de alcançar objetivos comuns. Um desempenho eficaz do enfermeiro líder pressupõe o desenvolvimento de habilidades pessoais e profissionais, além do compromisso, responsabilidade, tomada de decisões, comunicação e gerenciamento de forma efetiva, qualificando o serviço e atendendo às expectativas da organização. O enfermeiro líder pode proporcionar eficiência no desempenho da equipe, possibilitando a satisfação dos clientes, profissionais e instituição. Palavras-chave: Enfermeiros; liderança; administração hospitalar; gerência.

HY does he do it?" From our perspectives, the choices of others often seem so curious, unreasonable, or irrational, that we seek motivations for their behavior. Furthermore, when we encounter a person who has assumed an identity incongruent with our expectations, we are uncomfortable. Therefore, in a culture that defines nurses as female, we find it difficult to know how to relate to a man who claims the nurse position. We are suspicious of his apparent choice of a position traditionally reserved for the lower status sex; and we cannot understand the choice of an identity which seems likely to incur negative sanctions.

Despite their historical significance to the UK's nursing profession, numbers of registered male nurses here have seldom exceeded 10% of the total. This is not an immutable principle, given that countries such as the Netherlands manage to attract males to the profession in much greater numbers. This paper examines and critiques the available literature on males in nursing from both a historical and present day perspective. In so doing, it discusses factors such as caring, over-performance and career progression, and, notions of masculinity. It then moves on to outline and discuss an on-going pilot study specifically designed to examine the motivations and experiences of a sample of preregistration and postregistration male nurses in the UK, across a range of ages and ethnicities. The ultimate aim of the study is to produce evidence which will advance the recruitment of men to a profession which is currently experiencing severe recruitment difficulties. The paper presents themes emerging from the study to date, examining the implications these may have for the future management of nurse recruitment.

Violence against women is pervasive in South Africa where, as in many other countries, cultural values and norms serve to condone and reinforce abusive practices against women. Primary health care nurses, who are widely distributed throughout the rural areas, may appear to be an ideal network for addressing this issue in resource-poor settings. However, based on a qualitative and quantitative study of a class of 38 PHC nurses, this paper emphasises that the nurses are women and men firstFand as such, experience the same cultural values, and indeed, similar or higher levels of violence, as the clients they are expected to counsel and treat.

Nursing is feminized profession by its nature, and traditional development of its concept of caring to sick for centuries. Nursing
is a profession established by women that support the stereotypical feminine image with qualities of nurturing, and caring, in contrast to
malecharacteristics of power, aggression, and authority. Males have concerns related to stereotyping and role strains, particularly in relation
to patient care, as patients expecting female nurses to care for them, which cause difficulty in adjustment for men in nursing profession.

The history of men in the profession of nursing is largely inconsistent, and the number and the proportion of men in nursing varied considerably over time. During Medieval times, both men and women of religious orders provided care and support for the sick and needy. Men in St Anthony's Order, for example, cared for persons inflicted with Erysipelas and people on the verge of death as early as the 11th century; it was men who took care of the victims of the Black Plague in the 14th century (Mackintosh 1997). Men were also the main care providers for injuries until Florence Nightingale initiated nursing care for soldiers injured during the Crimean War. Since this war, however, women became the dominant nursing personnel. Although a marginal number of male nurses continued to practice nursing from the end of the 19th through the middle of the 20th century, they were subject to considerable constraints. The USA navy, for

The role of men in nursing has been of ongoing interest to gender and work scholars who examine the processes that maintain or challenge occupational gender segregation. Drawing on professional nursing texts, the current study moves beyond individual men to investigate organizational practices within nursing that discursively construct the male nurse. Using the rhetoric of 'equality' and 'diversity' , texts frame men in nursing as a missing and needed antidote to projected worker shortages and a homogenous workforce. Taking a critical lens to these arguments, analysis of professional discourse reveals an appropriated disenfranchisement that masks men's gendered privilege. Professional leaders frame men in nursing as equivalent to women in traditionally male occupations with little attention to the ways in which US men, particularly white and heterosexual men, are advantaged currently and historically. The findings trace a process of discursive hybridization through which organizational leaders appropriate rhetoric from historically disenfranchised groups to benefit predominantly white, middle-class men.

Purpose: It is seen that male student nurses encounter gender-based barriers during their professional experiences. Our aim was to evaluate the perspective of pregnant women of male students in the maternity clinic. The sociodemographic characteristics of the pregnant women were recorded. In order to evaluate the perspectives of the pregnant women of male student nurses, 30 questions consisting of three parts were asked. Results: When asked whether male nurses should work in maternity wards, 61.99% of the pregnant women answered 'no.' When asked whether male students should participate in active maternal and neonatal care in maternity wards, 60.09% of pregnant women said 'No.' Three-quarters (77.67%) of the pregnant women thought that male student nurses could communicate easily with their husbands, and 71.49% believed their husbands would feel more comfortable with male nurses outside the delivery room. Conclusion: Our study contributed to a better understanding of the approach to male student nurses in obstetrics clinics. As a result of Turkey's cultural structure, male students face gender-based prejudices. Changing the social environment in nursing is a difficult process to influence the value judgments of society. We may not have enough time to change the perspective of societies, it may take many years. Students should be encouraged to become nurses who are professionals. Socioculturally equipping student nurses and making them resistant to psychological attrition will encourage them to perform their profession through ownership. Keywords: Male student nurses, pregnant women, gender discrimination GEBELERİN PERSPEKTİFİNDEN, KADIN SAĞLIĞI VE HASTALIKLARI HEMŞİRELİĞİ'NDE, ERKEK ÖĞRENCİLERE BAKIŞ ÖZET Amaç: Erkek hemşirelik öğrencilerinin, mesleki deneyimleri sırasında cinsiyete dayalı engellerle karşılaştıkları görülmektedir. Amacımız, doğum kliniğinde erkek öğrencilere gebelerin bakış açısını değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Çalışmamız Mart 2019-Ağustos 2019'da, Trakya Üniversitesi Hastanesi Perinatoloji kliniğinde interne edilen 421 gönül-lü gebeyle yapıldı. Gebelere sosyodemografik özellikleri ve erkek hemşirelik öğrencilerine bakış açılarını değerlendirmek üzere, üç bölümden oluşan 30 soru soruldu. Bulgular: Erkek hemşireler doğum servislerinde çalışmalı mı sorusuna; gebelerin %61.99'u hayır cevabını verdi. Doğum servis-lerinde aktif maternal ve yenidoğan bakımlarına katılmalı mı sorularının cevaplarıysa %60.09 ''hayır''dı. Erkek öğrencilerin; do-ğum servislerinde, diğer gebelerden tepki alacağını düşünenlerin oranı %78.14, gebelerin eşlerinden tepki alacağını belirtenler %77.90'dı. Gebelerin %77.67'si eşlerinin; erkek hemşirelik öğrencilerine, babalara düşen maternal ve yenidoğan bakımıyla ilgili sorularda, daha kolay iletişim kurduklarını belirttiler. Gebelerin 71.49%'u doğum sırasında, doğumhane dışında bekleyecek babaların, yanlarında erkek hemşireler olursa, kendilerini güvende hissedeceklerini belirtti. Sonuçlar: Bu çalışma, doğum kliniklerindeki erkek hemşirelik öğrencilerine yaklaşımın daha iyi anlaşılmasına ve karşılaştıkları en-gelleri gebelerin bakış açısıyla görebilmemize katkı sağladı. Türkiye'nin sosyokültürel yapısının sonucu olarak; erkek öğrencilerin cinsiyete dayalı önyargılarla karşılaşıldığını gösterdi. Kadın sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşireliği bakım hizmetleri için kadın hemşireler tercih edilmektedir. Toplumda, sosyal ortamın değiştirilmesi, toplumun değer yargılarına etki edilebilmesi zor bir süreçtir. Toplum-ların bakış açısının değişmesi için sürecek uzun yıllar için, yeterli zamanımız olmayabilir. Hemşirelik öğrencilerini; sosyokültürel donanımlı, manevi yıpranmalara dayanıklı; mesleği sahiplenen hemşireler olarak yetişmelerine destek olunmalıdır. Anahtar sözcükler: Erkek hemşirelik öğrencileri, doğum klinikleri, gebe, cinsiyet ayrımcılığı

The current worldwide nursing shortage and high attrition of nursing students remain a challenge for the nursing profession. The aim of this paper was to investigate how key psychological attributes and constructions differentiate between completers and non-completers of nursing education. A questionnaire including measures of gender role identity and perceived gender appropriateness of careers was administered to 384 students early in the first year of the course. At the end of the programme attrition rates were obtained. The findings indicate that males were more likely to leave the course than females. Furthermore, those who completed the course tended to view nursing as more appropriate for women, in contrast to the non-completers who had less gender typed views. The female-dominated nature of nursing, prevalent stereotypes and gender bias inherent in nursing education seem to make this an uncomfortable place for males and those with less gendered typed views. Whilst it is acknowledged that attrition is undoubtedly a complex issue with many contributing factors, the nursing profession need to take steps to address this bias to ensure their profession is open equally to both female and male recruits.

Background: Inter-professional collaboration between physicians and nurses, within and between cultures, can help contain cost and insure better patient outcomes. Attitude toward such collaboration is a function of the roles prescribed in the culture that guide professional behavior. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to test three research hypotheses concerning attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration across genders, disciplines, and cultures. Method: The Jefferson Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration was administered to 639 physicians and nurses in the United States (n = 267) and Mexico (n = 372). Attitude scores were compared by gender (men, women), discipline (physicians, nurses), and culture (United States, Mexico) by using a three-way factorial analysis of variance design. Results: Findings confirmed the first research hypothesis by demonstrating that both physicians and nurses in the United States would express more positive attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration than their counterparts in Mexico. The second research hypothesis, positing that nurses as compared to physicians in both countries would express more positive attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration, was also supported. The third research hypothesis that female physicians would express more positive attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration than their male counterparts was not confirmed. Conclusions: Collaborative education for medical and nursing students, particularly in cultures with a hierarchical model of inter-professional relationship, is needed to promote positive attitudes toward complementary roles of physicians and nurses. Faculty preparation for collaboration is necessary in such cultures before implementing collaborative education.

Being a female-concentrated job, nursing has forgotten the place of men within the profession despite their contribution since time immemorial. The heightened efforts of Florence Nightingale to transform nursing into a respectable female occupation denied men the opportunity to enter this domain. Despite their growing representation, they are still a minority in nursing in countries across the globe. When the occupational roles do not conform to the gender-appropriate roles prescribed by the society, the ‘male’ nurses’ prestige and self-esteem are at risk since others recognize them neither as true nurses nor as real men. Drawing majorly from secondary sources and data gathered from an anthropological study of in-home care providers in the South Indian state of Kerala, this paper on the predicament of men in nursing throws light on the ‘spoiled identity’ they carry; the work stress, gender stereotyping, stigma and discrimination they encounter by always being suspected and their very identity and sexual orientation questioned. A note on the strategies employed by them to overcome the problems is also within the purview of this paper.

There continue to be assumptions within the nursing literature that nursing is synonymous with a feminine sex role identity. A comparative cross-sectional survey consisting of the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Australian sex role scale was used to determine sex difference in gender characteristics of Australian nurses and with male engineers. A statistically signifi cant difference in femininity was found between all the samples (F (2,908) = 20.24, p < 0.00001; F (2,908) = 60.13, p < 0.00001). A statistical difference in masculinity was found between female nurses and the two male samples on the two masculine scales (F (2,908) = 12.48, p < 0.000001; F (2,908) = 6.94, p = 0.001). Path analysis found strong significant direct relationships between the samples and expressive orientation (t = 27.67) and self display (t = 12.42). Whilst differences in expressive characteristics were found between male and female nurses, a similar difference was found between male nurses and male engineers, supporting the notion that male nurses perceive themselves as having feminine characteristics essentially required for nursing.

This article aims to examine gender stereotypes in relation to men in nursing, discuss gender discrimination cases in nursing, and explore methods used for promoting equal educational opportunities during nursing studies. The literature review was based on related databases, such as CINAHL, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and EBSCO. Legal case studies are included in order to provide a more practical example of those barriers existing for men pursuing nursing, as well as statistical data concerning gender discrimination and male attrition to nursing schools in relation to those barriers. These strengthen the validity of the manuscript. Literature review showed that gender discrimination is still prevalent within nursing profession. Nursing faculty should prepare male nursing students to interact effectively with female clients as well. Role modeling the therapeutic relationship with clients is one strategy that may help male students. In general, the faculty should provide equal learning opportunities to nursing students.

The objective: to analyze the experiences and perceptions regarding the nursing profession in two male students from the National School of Nursing and Obstetrics (ENEO). Introduction: nursing is a profession that has been historically associated with the feminine. According to official sources, the nursing staff working within the National Health System, women represent about 85% of the nursing staff. Methodology: qualitative. Research progress in which the narratives of two volunteer male students of the Nursing Degree in March 2019 were analyzed from a phenomenological perspective. Results and discussion: immersion in the nursing profession was mediated by female figures (mother). From the point of view of the interviewees there is a clear vision of nursing as a profession with little autonomy and always subordinate to medicine. One of the main attractions of the profession for men is the technical and scientific aspects. The stereotypical view of nursing as a feminized profession contributes to the fact that men are not attracted to the hegemonic models of masculinity. Conclusions: It has been documented in this and other works that there are few motivations for men to choose and remain within the nursing profession given gender stereotypes.
Keywords: Nursing Profession; Male Identity; Men; Gender; Phenomenology

Perspectives into Better Communication Practices at this Conference

The "7th International Conference on Public Health and Nursing" scheduled during September 19-20, 2018 at Singapore..

The conference is with the Theme: Focusing on the Global Outbreaks and Upgrades towards Public Health and Nursing

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The purpose of this research was to test the applicability of Kanter's theory of tokenism to male nursing students. Kanter's theory states that numerical underrepresentation, not cultural factors, causes tokens to experience greater performance pressure, social isolation, and role entrapment. Subjects were 322 male and female nursing students from two similar midwestern nursing schools. Subjects completed instruments measuring social isolation, upward communication distortion, performance pressure, and communication apprehension. This research did not find support for Kanter's claims. Possible explanations for the findings include sex status differences and the nurturing character of the nursing profession.

Background and objective Hand dexterity and hand-eye coordination are very important in nursing profession. In nursing education, equal conditions for gaining experience should be established regardless of gender difference. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gender difference on hand dexterity and hand-eye coordination.

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Background: Inter-professional collaboration between physicians and nurses, within and between cultures, can help contain cost and insure better patient outcomes. Attitude toward such collaboration is a function of the roles prescribed in the culture that guide professional behavior.

Background: The evolution of nursing education into an academic curriculum and the growing interest of men in nursing have been significant landmarks in the development of a 'female' occupation. Chilean nursing is considered as the leading example of nursing education in Latin America, demanding a five-year training on a full-time university programme. The consequences of education, however, are assumed as more egalitarian opportunities, disregarding the latent replication of structures that perpetuate inequalities. Objective: To comprehend the socialisation of male nursing students and its relation with their masculine identity and the construction of inequalities in nursing education. Methods: We draw upon interviews undertaken with beginner and advanced nursing students from a Chilean university. Approval was obtained from the relevant Ethics Committee. The data were organised to allow the development of concepts by using the Grounded Theory approach. Results: The analysis uncovers paradoxical results of nursing education and its ineffectiveness in preventing gender-based inequalities. The interest in empowering nursing politically may lead to favour an increasing number of men entering nursing in ways that facilitate male students' progress. Furthermore, there exist discourses of compassion that feed consideration for male students, engendering in the process the prospect of professional success and the gravitation into strategic positions in the employment market. These are mechanisms that reproduce earlier gender-based inequalities in nursing. Conclusions: In the light of the social reproduction theory, the academisation of Chilean nursing seems to be built upon historical gender asymmetries. Although the interest of men in embracing a career in nursing may have a meaningful resonance with the transformation of contemporary society, this process needs a judicious examination in order to protect academic integrity and, ultimately, prevent the reproduction of those inequalities in question. This analysis offers a perspective for understanding social patterns embedded in the practice of nursing education in Chile and elsewhere.

Violence against women is pervasive in South Africa where, as in many other countries, cultural values and norms serve to condone and reinforce abusive practices against women. Primary health care nurses, who are widely distributed throughout the rural areas, may appear to be an ideal network for addressing this issue in resource-poor settings. However, based on a qualitative and quantitative study of a class of 38 PHC nurses, this paper emphasises that the nurses are women and men firstFand as such, experience the same cultural values, and indeed, similar or higher levels of violence, as the clients they are expected to counsel and treat. Current models for encouraging nurses and other health care workers to detect and address gender-based violence have evolved largely in the context of developed countries, and have focused primarily on acquiring the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to engage this issue in the health care setting. Yet, as this paper suggests, there is an urgent need to understand and address the lived experiences of the nurses, and the duality of their roles as professionals and as community members, before promoting the training of nurses as an effective strategy for dealing with gender-based violence. One such training model was piloted and assessed in this study. The intervention used partnership with a domestic violence NGO to initially focus on dealing with the attitudes and experiences of the nurses as individuals, and to begin a process of self-awareness and sensitisation. Only then did the intervention turn to their roles as professional nurses. Clearly, there is a need for further research to explore these issues in more depth and to inform the development of appropriate training strategies for health care workers, particularly in developing countries. Moreover, such research may well have implications for the design and implementation of training interventions aimed at raising awareness and capacity within other sectors such as the welfare, police and judicial systems.

To describe the rationale maternity patients use in determining whether to accept care by a male student nurse. Information about the activities that women are comfortable having male nursing students perform is inconsistent and the reasons for women's comfort or discomfort are unclear. Furthermore, little is known about what factors patients consider when assigned a male nursing student. Yet, knowledge of such factors can enhance understanding and guide the selection of students in maternity units. Design: Focused ethnography using a purposive convenience sample of 32 women, aged 20 to 40 years, who spoke English, and who had given birth to normal newborns in one small community hospital in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Patients were excluded if they or their infants were in an unstable physical or mental condition. The study was conducted in 1995. Methods: The women were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Findings: Data from participants pertained to personal and contextual factors. Personal factors were perception of postpartum self and personal feelings. Contextual factors were student characteristics, establishment of relationships, nursing care activities, and partner viewpoint. Conclusions: Women during and after giving birth have definite thoughts about male student nurses caring for them. Nurse educators should consider these when assigning men. Educators should encourage professionalism and competence in their students.

Male identity in mental health nursing 33-37 Providing culturally competent health services for ethnic minorities 38-39 Feeding patients after abdominal surgery 41-44 Continuing professional development The management of obesity 47-52 Multiple-choice self-assessment 54 Practice profile assessment 55 Author guidelines If you want to write for Nursing Standard's art&science section, visit our website at www.nursing-standard.co.uk

Background: Inter-professional collaboration between physicians and nurses, within and between cultures, can help contain cost and insure better patient outcomes. Attitude toward such collaboration is a function of the roles prescribed in the culture that guide professional behavior.

Enfocado al aprendizaje y perfeccionamiento de las técnicas ecográficas para el manejo del paciente en urgencias, cuidados del paciente en plantas de hospitalización, anestesia y cuidados críticos econurse ® la formación ecográfica para el personal de enfermería