Masculinity

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the military and homosexuality by analyzing the experiences of sexual minority soldiers in the Korean military beyond the claim that homosexuality in the Korean military is a social and national "problem". In recent years, the anti-homosexual discourses have been spreading that homosexuality in the military is causing the serious national crisis. However, substantive researches or sociological interests are insufficient. Meanwhile, homosexuality in the military has been defined as a perverse existence to be managed and punishment in the change of the 'Sexual Harassment in Military Criminal Act' or 'the Military Discipline Instructions' since the mid - the 2000s. However, unlike anti-homosexual discourse or legal discourse that calls homosexuality in the military as a "problem," non-normative sexual identity in the military actually exists as a process rather than a fixed, essential attribute or category. In the military that is male-centered and heterosexual -oriented, sexual minorities are coping strategies for surviving by "passing" into heterosexuals and practicing being joined into the male bond, or by separately performing military service successfully. Some sexual minorities have been criticizing the military from the point of view of a man who is not a 'heterosexual soldier', that is, an 'inside outsider', by first being aware of and accepting his sexual identity in the military. These experiences reveal that self-representation carried out by sexual minority soldiers in the institutional and cultural conditions of the military is in the dilemma of self-contradiction and invisibility of homosexuality. However, this dilemma comes not from the strategic gender practice itself of the sexual minorities but from the institution itself, which reproduces homophobia and recognizes only heterosexuals as 'men'.

최근 한국에서는 군대 내 동성애를 국가적 위기와 연결하는 반동성애 담론이 거세지고 있다. ‘군형법상 추행죄’나 ‘부대관리훈령’이 2000년대 중반 이후 정비되 는 과정에서 군대 내 동성애(자)는 관리되어야 할 변태적 존재이자 처벌받아야 할 대상으로 규정되어 왔다. 본 연구는 그러한 배경 아래에서 군대 내 남성 동성애자 의 경험을 중심으로 군대와 동성애(자) 간 관계를 분석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 군대 내 동성애(자)를 ‘문제’로 호명하는 반동성애 담론 내지는 법 담론과는 달리 실제 군대 내 비규범적 성 정체성은 고정적이고 본질적인 속성이나 범주이 기보다는 과정으로서 존재한다. 동성애(자)는 군대 내에서 존재하지 않는 것으로 간주되거나 존재를 드러내지 않도록 강요당하며, 이들에 대한 차별대우는 공적/ 사적 영역 그리고 행위와 존재라는 허구적 구분을 통해 정당화된다. 폐쇄적이고 위계적 공간 속에서 성소수자는 이성애자로 ‘패싱’하여 남성 연대 속으로 편입되기를 시도하거나, 군인됨을 성공적으로 수행함으로써 살아남는 전략을 택하기도 한다. 반면 어떤 이들은 군대에서 자신의 성 정체성을 비로소 자각하고 받아들 임으로써, 남성이지만 ‘이성애자 군인’이 아닌 ‘내부의 외부인’의 관점으로 남성 중심적인 군대 문화를 비판하기도 한다. 이는 군대라는 제도적이고 문화적인 조건 속에서 성소수자 군인들이 수행하는 자기재현이 동성애의 비가시화와 커밍아웃에 따른 제도적 폭력 간 딜레마에 빠져있음을 역설적으로 보여준다. 본 연구는 이러한 딜레마가 성소수자의 전략 적 젠더실천 때문이 아니라, 성차별적이고 동성애혐오적인 군대라는 제도, 이성애-남성중심적 한국사회 자체에서 비롯한 것임을 밝히고자 한다.

This edition has been dedicated to Democracy, Corruption and Development in Africa. It addresses the following issues:
a)  Democracy: Are regular elections enough?  Do election observer missions matter?
b) How can Africa strengthen its democracy and achieve development?
c)  How are data used and abused to manipulate election results?
d) Does corruption reduce chances of a sitting president or party n power being reelected?
e) How have governance institutions failed or slowed down African development?
f) How can aid help Africa to develop?
g) What role should  mass media, community media, social media and formal education play to catalyze African democracy and development?

The purpose of this research is to point out a model of fatherhood among some haredi families in Israel that deviates from stereotypes about parenting in traditional or fundamentalist societies. These fathers are intensely involved with the upbringing of their children and with domestic chores. But in order to navigate societal pressures both from within the haredi community and from general Israeli society, these fathers tend to conceal this involvement.
Parental roles are expected to be highly hierarchical in societies governed by tradition with men serving as breadwinners who spend much of their time outside the home while women are responsible for domestic chores and childrearing. However, due to unique circumstances created in Israel, large numbers of haredi families have chosen a model of parenthood in which the mother is the primary breadwinner while the father willingly takes on chores considered to be motherly according to traditional stereotypes.
Interviews were conducted with twenty families in which the husband is a full time yeshiva (kolel) scholar who spends many hours of the day at home and with the children while the wife is the sole breadwinner. All families had at least three children. Semi-structured interviews were also carried out with these yeshiva students’ wives and with mothers of yeshiva fathers. Analysis of the texts rests on the qualitative method and adopts a phenomenological approach.

This paper explores the way in which feminism, whilst trying to achieve gender equality, has increased inequality between women.  It locates the cause of this in feminism's early adoption of Marxist and Engelsian thought and the way in which these two thinkers misconstrued the relationship between private and public domains.

Freedom, Anarchy, Soap: The Rhetoric of Masculinity and Consumerism in David Fincher's Fight Club David Fincher's film Fight Club asks many questions about the ideological presuppositions present within the 21 st century Western world. Out of all the ideas criticized in the film, the rhetoric used by Fincher is most clearly challenging modern notions of masculinity as it relates to our consumer minded society. Through use of rhetoric that associates masculinity with consumption, analyzes the notion of father-figures, and satirizes both the ultra-violent male persona of Tyler Durden and the feminized, soft, Narrator, Fight Club crafts an ideological

This bachelor thesis analyzes Kaurismäki's "Finland" trilogy from a Masculinity Studies point of view. Using David Bordwell's and Kristin Thompson's film approach of Neoformalism, and Connell's and Pyrke's types of masculinities, the analysis aims to idenfity the main characters' traits and behavior using formal cinematographic elements. The main part of the thesis is the analysis of the three films: Drifting Clouds (Kauas pilvet karkaavat, 1996), The Man Without A Past (Mies vailla menneisyyttä, 2002), and Lights in the Dusk (Laitakaupungin valot, 2006). This analysis aims to examine the portrayals of masculinity that are present in these three films, and how are they constructed.

Research and critical studies into men and masculinity has originated as one of the most emerging areas of sociological investigation. More books and articles have been published on this study area alone as well as the introduction of two specialized journals and the creation of several websites all providing different explanations of their understanding of men and masculinity at the millennium age. Masculinity is an area of sociology that has, since the mid-1950s, drawn on many theories, including structural functionalism, Marxism, psychoanalysis, critical structuralism, and more recently, post-structuralism and theories of the post-modern (Whitehead & Barrett, 2001). Within popular culture, the media have also come across the perceived 'crisis of masculinity' in Western cultures – newspapers, documentaries and talk shows have increasingly pondered the changing meaning of manhood in our modern age (Alsop et al, 2002). The purpose of this writing is to understand men and masculinity in the modern world putting into consideration the sociology of masculinity, the social construction of masculinity, the crisis within masculinity as well as a fair contrast with masculinity and feminism.

Vulnerability and Exposure: footballer scandals, masculine identity and ethics presents a critical investigation of contemporary masculine team sports and football scandals and their relationship with gendered cultures, institutions and identity norms. Drawing on reports of Australian Rules football off-field scandals over the past decade, the book critically examines cases of sexual assault, illicit drug use and binge drinking, homophobia, violence and other controversial behaviours that have become norms in the reporting of sportsplayers’ off-field lives.

Using a range of approaches to unpack some of the ways in which these scandals are produced and understood, and how they impact on reputations (of players, clubs and the game itself), Cover identifies the cultural factors significant in the production of the contemporary footballer identity, and the ways in which these identities are constructed, performed and reported on.

In utilising scandal to develop ways in which off-field behaviour in sport can be re-made as a relatively harmless event for women, bystanders and players, this work develops an approach to ethics by showing that footballers are well-placed to see the vulnerability of others through their own vulnerability to injury, career breaks and loss of reputation.

It is contended that, by means of the changing economic power in the nineteenth-century society, the middle classes prevailed over upper classes in Britain, and they hence established their concept of Victorian masculinity on the basis of imperialism. However, the last decade of the Victorian era witnessed the transformation of this imperial manliness that was primarily concerned with sentimental morality and later shaped by the capitalist economic interests into dandyism that was embellished with aesthetically affected codes of masculinity against the hypocrisy of the Victorian era. Therefore, this article first establishes the definition and characteristics of Victorian imperial masculinity in relation to the disciplines of gender, politics and medicine, and then delves into the concept and decade of decadence which was represented by Oscar Wilde, and his literary and critical works. Subsequently, the poetics of dandyism, as the new epitome of masculinity in this decade, is articulated with its philosophical foundations as Charles Pierre Baudelaire and Jules Amédée Barbey d’Aurevilly define. Having been affected from such philosophers, Oscar Wilde, as the artistic representation of dandiacal masculinity in Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, also presents dandy men in his plays like "Lady Windermere’s Fan" (1892). In this comedy, one can find various codes of a dandy’s masculine preoccupations and principles with a wide range of male characters. In keeping with these attitudes, the article will underline the fall of Victorian ideals in the formation of manliness and the rise of a further individualistic and artistic mode of masculinity.

Male Psychology Conference 2015
University College London 26th &27th June
http://www.malepsychology.org.uk/index.html

The theory of hegemonic masculinity has gained a lot of traction as an explanation for a number of male behaviours, including  higher rates of suicide, absence of health promoting behaviour, reluctance to seek medical attention and so on. In order  to throw into relief the situation of men in Western culture, gender relations will be explored in peasant foraging and hunter gatherer societies.

This paper outlines a theory explaining why the provider role is important to boys in the development of their masculine identity. The family is a primary site for identity formation, and boys appear to be more badly affected by growing up in non-intact families than girls. Female identity is more marked by biological transitions (e.g. pregnancy), and gives mothers a more central role within the family than fathers. Thus the male role within the family – the provider role-needs to be socially and culturally constructed. Where the father is absent and the role is devalued, transition from boyhood to manhood is made difficult, and masculinity may be problematized as 'hegemonic', 'toxic', and 'hyper'. Solutions from traditional cultures are discussed.

What does it mean to face racism? What does it mean for gay Asian men to face racism on the gay scene? How is it possible to face racism? Indeed, do we face racism or does racism ‘face’ us? Drawing on autoethnographic research, this essay focuses on the lived experience of anti- Asian racism on the gay scene. It analyses cultural examples of racial wounding on the gay scene to tease out the constitutive role of shame for gay Asian men’s racial-sexual subjectivities.

Much recent writing on and by men suggests that male prerogatives are being sustained and lent authority by the new discipline of 'men's studies'. Dislocating Masculinity is an original and ambitious anthropological collection which raises important new questions about the study of men and masculinities. In a sustained cross-cultural enquiry, local experiences of 'hegemonic masculinity' are deconstructed to reveal the complexities of gendering and gendered difference. The familiar oppositions are analysed-male/female, man/woman and masculinity/ femininity-as are the other apparent certainties-that 'a man is a man' everywhere and that everywhere this means the same thing.

Title. 'Being a Chameleon': labour processes of male nurses performing bodywork. Aim. This paper is a report of a study examining the labour processes of male nurses in the conduct of bodywork, and is part of a broader study of social practices that configure masculinity through the lives of male nurses. Background. Bodywork is defined as the direct work on others' bodies, and involves interactions of bodies and the control of emotions. As the body is an arena in which social practice occurs then bodywork is a form of social engagement. Bodywork is inextricably intertwined with gender where bodywork is socially structured and culturally accepted as women's work. Method. Life history method was used in this study. Twenty-one life stories from male registered nurses were gathered in 2003-2004 using semi-structured interviews. Each life story underwent structural analysis, using a four-dimension structural model of gender relations. Findings. The ability of male nurses to do bodywork and provide care is dependent on the way they 'do' gender, that is, they have to be perceived to be performing the masculine identity that best represents the individual patient's ideology of what it is to be a man, which is set in a particular location and time. In addition, they have to counter the representations of the male nurse, whether it is homosexual, paedophile or heterosexual deviant. Respondents develop labour processes and workplace strategies to overcome the effects of gender stereotypes that may hinder their nursing work. Conclusion. Nursing procedures, policies and texts should reflect the complexity and multiplicity in the conduct of bodywork in nursing and refrain from representing essentialist ways (reinforcing nursing as feminine) of doing nursing.

Insofar as gender is still so often equated with women alone, the move from Women in Development to Gender in Development has changed very little. Men as a human category have always been present, involved, consulted, obeyed and disobeyed in development work. Yet men as a gendered category in a feminist sense-involving unequal power relations between men and women and between men-have rarely been drawn into development programmes in any substantial way. This paper addresses conceptual and ...

This article is based on recent ethnographic research as part of my PhD with the University of Manchester. As a result of six months ethnography into the sport of boxing, this article explores how the sport can potentially act as a hook for change, and therefore engage and incapacitate men when they otherwise may be involved in crime. Evidence from my research suggests that the appealing nature of the sport is instrumental in engaging young men. However, the masculine discourses inherent in the gym environment are not always conducive to change and desistance promoting strategies. I argue that policies surrounding sport’s efficacy and desistance promoting potential need to be rethought, and that masculine discourses inherent in contact sports need to be acknowledged, before the potential that the sport has to support desistance can be realised.

En un contexto de crisis nacional y de reconfiguración de los roles sociales generizados, la figura del torero fue utilizada en la construcción de los diferentes proyectos de regeneración nacional. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es el análisis de los discursos que relacionaron el espectáculo taurino con la nación y la masculinidad en las primeras décadas del siglo xx. Este estudio histórico explora la discusión ideológica en torno a la masculinidad nacional a través de la prensa y la literatura, descifrando las prácticas discursivas de periodistas e intelectuales sobre la identidad nacional y las identidades de género.

This essay stems from two cultural strands, which intersect in one cultural form, the sports film. The first of these is the figure of the "star," as opposed to hero, who is interested only in self-promotion. The second strand, masculine nurturing, provides a direct counterpoint to the first. Sociologist Robert Connell explains that "In historically recent times, sport has come to be the leading definer of masculinity in mass culture" (54). In North America, sport plays an important and increasing role in our culture. Each of the four major sports leagues added teams in the last decade of the last century after little or no growth in the 1980s. [1] Coverage of sports at all levels has also increased through the addition of all-sports television networks and even a few, such as Speedvision and The Golf Channel, that are dedicated to a specific variety of sport. Only a very select few become elite athletes: the rest can compete at much lower levels, fantasize, or participate vicariously. Thus, sports films help to compensate for the disparity between those who cannot be and those who are professional athletes by contributing to the fantasies of the former group. By translating athletics to a cinematic venue, the film maker is better able to foster an identification between the characters and the viewers by placing the protagonists in situations that cannot be viewed in a regular sporting event.

This article analyses interviews with 25 Japanese male returnees who took part in study abroad and/or working holiday maker programs. It examines the ways in which foreign language learning (specifically English) and discourses of ‘the international’ influenced the men’s choices to go abroad. It also analyses how these discourses are connected to interviewees’ lives post sojourn. Prior research about Japanese international sojourners has
primarily focused on the experiences of Japanese women and has often portrayed Japanese men as either not interested in international sojourn and language learning, or only interested in these pursuits for instrumental means. The current study, however, concludes that English
learning and a desire to be connected to ‘the international’ played a crucial role in participants’ choices to go abroad and remained an important aspect of their identity after their return to Japan. This study not only shows the complexity of the Japanese male experience abroad, but also challenges discourses of study abroad and language learning as a female activity. Lastly, this paper emphasizes interviewees’ lasting emotional connection to English and their English-speaking communities.

Norway has based its security on aid from great military powers, and is therefore a useful site for examining the idea of complicit masculinities: a position that benefits from the current social order, and thus complying with dominant group interests and hegemonic ideals. This chapter illustrates how such a position led Norway to take an active part in Western interventionism, resulting in a military transformation that challenged national identity, the traditional hegemonic masculinity ideal and the established gender order. This caused a struggle over military identity. By examining this identity struggle the chapter contributes to the broader debates of masculinities, how they work, how they are linked to hierarchical social structures, and how military masculinity is challenged by women’s bodies.

Boys and girls establish relatively stable gender stereotyped behavior patterns by middle childhood. Parentreport questionnaires measuring children's gender-related behavior enable researchers to conduct large-scale screenings of community samples of children. For school-aged children, two parent-report instruments, the Child Game Participation Questionnaire (CGPQ) and the Child Behavior and Attitude Questionnaire (CBAQ), have long been used for measuring children's sex-dimorphic behaviors in Western societies, but few studies have been conducted using these measures for Chinese populations. The current study aimed to empirically examine and modify the two instruments for their applications to Chinese society. Parents of 486 Chinese boys and 417 Chinese girls (6-12 years old) completed a questionnaire comprising items from the CGPQ and CBAQ, and an additional 14 items specifically related to Chinese gender-specific games. Items revealing gender differences in a Chinese sample were identified and used to construct a Child Play Behavior and Activity Questionnaire (CPBAQ). Four new scales were generated through factor analysis: a Gender Scale, a Girl Typicality Scale, a Boy Typicality Scale, and a Cross-Gender Scale (CGS). These scales had satisfactory internal reliabilities and large effect sizes for gender. The CPBAQ is believed to be a promising instrument for measuring children's gender-related behavior in China.

Winner of 2009 Outstanding Book Award, North American Society for the Sociology of Sport.

In parks and cafes, homes and stadium stands, Cubans talk baseball. I contend that when they are analyzing and debating plays, games, teams, and athletes, Cubans are exchanging ideas not just about baseball but also about Cuba and cubanidad, or what it means to be Cuban. I explore the interconnections between baseball and Cuban identity. Suggesting that baseball is in many ways an apt metaphor for cubanidad, I point out aspects of the sport that resonate with Cuban social and political life: the perpetual tension between risk and security, the interplay between individual style and collective regulation, and the risky journeys undertaken with the intention, but not the guarantee, of returning home.

Chapter One is available below

En las sociedades contemporáneas el consumo de servicios de prostitución, mayoritariamente entre la población masculina, es uno de los indicadores más significativos de una forma de entender, vivir y sentir la sexualidad. España es el primer país europeo en consumo de prostitución, pero la actividad no está regulada, su consumo no está penado, así como tampoco su oferta. Se aborda la construcción de las identidades masculinas en España en relación a la prostitución. Se ha recurrido al análisis de 18 entrevistas a clientes de servicios de prostitución, dos a trabajadores de prostíbulos y un grupo de discusión con clientes y no clientes. Se han descubierto cuatro <em>ethos</em> de consumidores de prostitución (misógino, mercantilista, amigo crítico). A pesar de las masculinidades emergentes (amigo-acompañante) frente al modelo tradicional de masculinidad (padre-protector) ambas posibilitan una lógica en la que el consumo de servicios de prostitución tiene plena vigencia y ...

The twenty-first century has seen the emergence of a new style of man: the metrosexual. Overwhelmingly straight, white, and wealthy, these impeccably coiffed urban professionals spend big money on everything from facials to pedicures, all part of a multi-billion-dollar male grooming industry. Yet as this innovative study reveals, even as the industry encourages men to invest more in their appearance, it still relies on women to do much of the work.

Styling Masculinity investigates how men’s beauty salons have persuaded their clientele to regard them as masculine spaces. To answer this question, sociologist Kristen Barber goes inside Adonis and The Executive, two upscale men’s salons in Southern California. Conducting detailed observations and extensive interviews with both customers and employees, she shows how female salon workers not only perform the physical labor of snipping, tweezing, waxing, and exfoliating, but also perform the emotional labor of pampering their clients and pumping up their masculine egos.

Letting salon employees tell their own stories, Barber not only documents occasions when these workers are objectified and demeaned, but also explores how their jobs allow for creativity and confer a degree of professional dignity. In the process, she traces the vast network of economic and social relations that undergird the burgeoning male beauty industry.

is a widely shared notion that gender stereotyping is the root cause of the disadvantage women face in their advancement to managerial positions, and this situation is more pronounced in societies with low levels of femininity or gender egalitarianism. Other studies suggest that a society’s cultural tightness influences the acceptance and advancement of women in leadership positions. However, the existing literature in this area of research is scattered and offers inconsistent findings. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the extant literature on the prevalence of gender stereotyping in different cultures and explore how cultural characteristics of masculinity, gender egalitarianism and cultural tightness-looseness are related to gender stereotyping in leadership roles. Our review suggests that gender-stereotyping plays an important role in limiting women’s career progression both in masculine/feminine, tight/loose and in high and low gender-egalitarian societies. We however noted that the empirical research offers a slightly more consistent support for gender egalitarianism and cultural tightness-looseness proposition compared to that of masculinity. The paper identifies areas of concern and offers suggestions for future research.

Past research on prostate and colorectal cancer disparities finds that barriers to screening, such as embarrassment and offensiveness, are often reported. Yet none of this literature investigates why. This study uses masculinity and health theory to examine how men experience two common screenings: digital rectal exams (DREs) and colonoscopies. In-depth interviews were conducted with 64 African American and White men from diverse backgrounds, aged 40 to 64, from North Carolina. Regardless of race or education, men experienced DREs more negatively than colonoscopies because penetration with a finger was associated with a gay sexual act. Some men disliked colonoscopies, however, because they associated any penetration as an affront to their masculinity. Because beliefs did not differ by race, future research should focus on structural issues to examine why disparities persist with prostate and colorectal cancer. Recommendations are provided for educational programs and physicians to i...

In the article I discuss how Norwegian men who have changed their last name in marriage to their wife's, react to the reactions from others. The unusual choice of using the wife's name in marriage amongst Norwegians lead to a variety of reactions. Here, I look at how the men negotiate manliness in relation to humorous reactions, mainly from other men of whom they are not related, and the ideals of manliness expressed through the humour and the men changers reactions to the humorous remarks.

Trazemos neste artigo discussão sobre a película tailandesa The Iron Ladies, que mostrou em sua história o caso real de uma equipe que na década de 1990 disputou a liga nacional de voleibol masculino na Tailândia, composto por atletas com performatizações de gênero não
normativas, que designamos no texto como masculinidades queer. Para tal, nos utilizamos dos estudos queer e operacionalizamos análise fílmica pela metodologia pós-estruturalista etnografia de tela. Reconhecemos que o longa-metragem tailandês problematizou importantes deslocamentos de sentidos sobre o masculino no esporte, através da performatização queer dos jogadores de voleibol, ponto principal da película que se utilizou de deboche e ironia como
alavanca para a ruptura.

This toolkit will give you all of the materials that you need to plan, run, and
reflect on your own male allies program. It will also provide you some resources
that will help you reflect and build on the successes of that program to bring
these materials to even more students.
The material in this toolkit has been developed through our own experiences
planning and implementing male allies workshops at a major Canadian
university, along with a large research project that sought input on male
allies programs from students, faculty, staff, and administration. A growing
body of literature has called attention to the need for universities to develop
evidence-based intervention strategies to address sexual violence (Benn-John
& Wane, 2016; Francis et al., 2016; Godderis & Root, 2017; Lalonde, 2014; Ontario
Women’s Directorate, 2013; Quinlan, Clarke & Miller, 2013; Quinlan et al., 2017;
Wandio, 2014). Harrison and Lafrenière (2015) emphasised the need to focus
prevention efforts on men and masculinities, so that rather than positioning men
as potential perpetrators, we understand men as potential leaders in gender
equity and consent culture (Flood, 2006; Foubert & Cremedy, 2007). Through
emphasizing accountability, these programs operate from a framework of
role and responsibility rather than blame and shame (i.e. “you are not guilty
because you are a man, but you have a responsibility to be part of a solution”).
Our research demonstrates that male allies workshops are effective ways to
interrogate masculinity on campuses, and work toward gender equity, and we
want you to be able to run these programs on your own campus.
In the following pages you will find an outline and timeline for a 2-3 hour
voluntary workshop that will help male-identified students on your campus
think about masculinity, their place as men, and how they can foster more
positive spaces on your campus. This outline is a basic structure that includes
all the needed parts, but you may need to make small changes so that it works
best in your institutional/cultural/social setting. We will give you information
about finding the best facilitator for your program, how to recruit participants,
how to actually run the program for the first time, and topics for discussion,
as well as how to manage difficult topics, evaluating your program, debriefing
your program with participants and facilitators, and what next steps you can
take on your campus to keep the program going. At the very end of the toolkit,
you will also find a collection of other resources that might be useful to you as
you expand your program or are looking for additional scholarly support while
planning or running your workshop.

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative