Inhibition

In this work, we studied the efficacy of corrosion inhibition of carbon steel X70 in HCl 1M solution using ferrocenyl compounds prepared in VPRS laboratory, these compounds are: N-(férrocenyl méthyl)-2-nitro aniline(Fc12), N-(férrocenyl méthyl)-3nitro aniline(Fc13) and N-(férrocenyl méthyl)-4-nitro aniline(Fc14).

Some adolescents manage to be resilient, whereas others develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after experiencing trauma, but the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. Public secondary school students (N = 98) referred for counseling completed questionnaires assessing exposure to stressful events, family communication, and PTSD. Seventy percent of the sample reported PTSD symptoms in the clinical range. Open family communication was negatively associated with female gender, problem family communication (PFC), and PTSD symptom severity. PFC was positively associated with female gender, number of stressful events, and PTSD symptom severity. Family storytelling style had a negative association with age, PFC, and avoidance symptoms. In the full regression model only the number of life events and PFC appeared to have an independent effect on PTSD symptom severity. Results indicate that exposure to stressful life events and poor family communication are associated with increased risk for PTSD symptoms. Findings may be useful in family-focused approaches to treating adolescents with trauma histories and highlighting the importance of PTSD screening in school-based counseling.

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine, is considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, ataxia and myasthenia gravis. A potential source of AChE inhibitors is certainly provided by the abundance of plants in nature. This article aims to provide a comprehensive literature survey of plants that have been tested for AChE inhibitory activity. Numerous phytoconstituents and promising plant species as AChE inhibitors are being reported in this communication.

Les grands textes de Perec ne parlent pas de sexe, ou en parlent très peu. Pour expliquer cette pudeur on ne peut invoquer l'obédience oulipienne, car de nombreux écrivains de cette mouvance se sont exprimés avec éloquence sur la chose (Mathews, Roubaud, par exemple). On ne l'explique pas non plus par la tradition des lettres françaises, qui depuis le moyen âge donnent une place prépondérante à la passion amoureuse et son expression physique. Et on l'explique encore moins par le contexte historique -Perec est un auteur des années 1960 et 70, années de la « libération sexuelle » et d'une littérature à l'avenant. Ainsi le silence des textes de Perec sur l'article du sexe en constitue une excentricité significative. Rappelons comme premier exemple la totale invraisemblance des Choses, cette « histoire des années 60 » où de jeunes psychosociologues ont tous les désirs imaginables, sauf le désir de s'aimer. Il s'agit ici sans doute d'une stratégie et d'un choix littéraires. Il s'agit aussi, indubitablement, d'une extension au champ de l'expression littéraire d'une caractéristique personnelle de Georges Perec. Mais pourquoi cette stratégie ? Et que signifie cette réticence tant humaine que littéraire ? Précisons d'abord que l'oeuvre de Perec n'est pas étrangère aux passions. Il y en a pour presque tous les goûts : passion du confort (Les Choses) et de la collection (de buvards, d'unica, de couvertures de cheval, entre autres, dans la Vie mode d'emploi), passion de l'arnaque et du faux (le Condottiere), passion de l'histoire et du sauvetage de mots oubliés, passion de la compétition sportive et passion vengeresse -toutes les passions imaginables, futiles et grandioses, bizarres et banales, ont leur anecdote, leur « personnage », leur histoire emblématique dans les grandes oeuvres de Perec. A une grande exception près : il n'y a pas de véritable histoire d'amour dans les romans publiés, il n'y a pas de grand récit du désir, ni aucune scène majeure de nature érotique. (Nous reviendrons plus tard à la seule exception flagrante de cette exception, l'orgie des Revenentes.) La critique perecquienne nous a beaucoup appris sur le rôle primordial du manque dans la construction de l'oeuvre. Le chapitre manquant (celui qui serait venu en 66e position) de la grandiose structure de La Vie mode d'emploi, le vers manquant (le 180e) du Compendium du chapitre LI de ce même roman, la lettre manquante de La Disparition, les originaux « en manque » du Cabinet d'amateur, ont été commentés et interprétés maintes fois et souvent avec bonheur. Mais au manque thématique le plus évident -l'absence des

The purpose of this essay is to weave a conceptual reading of inhibition of action, which is based upon the formula that defines it as a restriction of an ego-function. This analysis is structured accordingly to the three axes that establish a metapsychological investigation: topological, dynamical and economical. The first chapter approaches the historical contextualization of the term ‘inhibition’ and its employment in Freud’s works. Further, a topological analysis of inhibition is deployed, focusing in the formulation that its agent and object coincide in the same psychic instance: the ego. The second chapter deals with the dynamic aspect of inhibition, of which fulfills the function of avoiding the actualization of a psychical conflict, the instauration of a new repression or the development of anxiety. The third chapter verses over the economical dimension; in this one, the inhibition is activated in situations of heightened reduction of the ego’s energy availability.

We investigated whether losses of inhibitory control could be responsible for some friendly-fire incidents. Several factors are commonly cited to explain friendly-fire incidents, but failure of inhibitory control has not yet been explored. The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) could be a valid model for inhibition failures in some combat scenarios. Participants completed small-arms simulations using near infrared emitter guns, confronting research assistants acting as friends or foes. In Experiment 1, seven participants completed three conditions with three different proportions of foes (high, medium, low). In Experiment 2, 13 participants completed high-foe (high-go) and low-foe (low-go) versions of a small-arms simulation as well as comparative computer tasks. Participants made more friendly-fire errors (errors of commission) when foe proportion was high. A speed-accuracy trade-off was apparent, with participants who were faster to fire on foes also more likely to accide...

I took special permission from Pearson Assessment Group UK, in order to translate and standardize two of the most well-known and used tests for the assessment of executive function. The Hayling Sentence Completion Test and the Brixton Spatial Anticipation task originally created by Burgess and Shallice, 1997 are two very useful tools that will further facilitate the neuropsychological assessment in the Greek population. The aim of this project is to create normative data for the Greek population.
The rationale behind the selection of those two tests is that at the moment the neuropsychological tools that can be used for assessment are very limited and especially those who are sensitive in executive function deficits. I have been using both tests in various populations (healthy controls and psychiatric patients) collecting valuable data for cognitive rehabilitation purposes, research topics and differential diagnoses.

Salt deposition has an extremely negative impact on pipeline safety. It can cause local corrosion of pipes metal, which leads to their rapid destruction and creates a fire hazard in the pipelines. The number of failures in oil and gas industry is due to the development of local corrosion in pipelines and is a big part of total accidents. The situation is aggravated by the fact that it is very difficult in practice to identify local corrosion areas of pipelines. The salt layer increases energy consumption during oil transportation and this leads to significant economic losses. Salt deposition occurs during all well operation methods, but the most negative consequences of salt deposition are observed when oil production is carried out by electric submersible pumps (ESP). These types of pumps are highly sensitive to calcium carbonate scales, because high pressure and temperature sufficiently contributes to the deposition of CaCO3 .

Antifungal potentials of indigenous black soap from Ibadan,South western Nigeria were investigated. Seven fungal species (Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. proliferans, Microsporium canis, Trichophyton .sp., Aspergillus sp. and Candida albicans) which are responsible for different kind of infections were tested against black soap samples collected from different locations within Ibadan city . All the test mycoorganisms were found to be susceptible to the black soap samples with varying degree of zones of inhibition (ZOI). Candida albicans was the most susceptible fungus in all tested samples. It produced 25mm ZOI at 100% concentration closely followed by the same sample at 75% (23mm). Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the highly susceptible to sample B at 100% concentration having 22mm ZOI. Trichophyton proliferans was susceptible to sample B. M.canis was sensitive to sample E at100% concentration closely followed by sample C and D at the same concentration. At 75% concentration, sample D also produced moderate inhibitory effect on M.canis (15mm). Generally, C. albicans was the most susceptible fungi to all the indigenous black soap samples used in these studies while Aspergillus sp. was least susceptible. However, Aspergillus sp was susceptible to sample D and E at 100% concentration (15mm) [Jonathan SG, Efunshile AM,Olawuyi OJ,Babalola BJ, Efuntoye MO and Dixon DO Antifungal potentials of indigenous black soap commonly used in Ibadan south-western Nigeria. Academia Arena 2013;5(7):50-55] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 7

Anaerobic digestion is an attractive waste treatment practice in which both pollution control and energy recovery can be achieved. Many agricultural and industrial wastes are ideal candidates for anaerobic digestion because they contain high levels of easily biodegradable materials. Problems such as low methane yield and process instability are often encountered in anaerobic digestion, preventing this technique from being widely applied. A wide variety of inhibitory substances are the primary cause of anaerobic digester upset or failure since they are present in substantial concentrations in wastes. Considerable research efforts have been made to identify the mechanism and the controlling factors of inhibition. This review provides a detailed summary of the research conducted on the inhibition of anaerobic processes. The inhibitors commonly present in anaerobic digesters include ammonia, sulfide, light metal ions, heavy metals, and organics. Due to the difference in anaerobic inocula, waste composition, and experimental methods and conditions, literature results on inhibition caused by specific toxicants vary widely. Co-digestion with other waste, adaptation of microorganisms to inhibitory substances, and incorporation of methods to remove or counteract toxicants before anaerobic digestion can significantly improve the waste treatment efficiency.

This article analyses the biochemical object of TNF inhibitors from the perspective of living with an autoimmune disease. The author tries to tease out how the concept of immune inhibition is used in tandem with the biochemical object of TNF inhibitors to dominate in defining and narrating what health and disease, normal and pathological, cure and healing can mean in the context of autoimmune bodies. Specifically, and within the ‘pathological’ framework of autoimmune diseases, the pharmacological treatment of TNF (tumour necrosis factor) inhibition is designed to suppress the ‘overly’ active immune system, thus acting as a negative or suppressing biochemical agent aimed at putting the ‘malfunctioning’ immune system back in balance. As can be seen in the current conjuncture, TNF inhibitors officially —and governmentally— place those taking them in a risk group, as they 'lower' their overall bodily immunity and make them more vulnerable to infectious diseases, while stabilizing their pathological, ‘over’-immune uninhibited condition. Part personal narrative of being diagnosed with an autoimmune condition, part speculative autoimmune theory inspired by such a diagnosis, the article ultimately calls for a different form of embodiment that is neither negative nor affirmative, and yet is resistant even to itself.
Key Words: immunity, inhibition, governmentality, TNF inhibitors, autoimmune.

We tested 6 chimpanzees, 3 orangutans, 4 bonobos, and 2 gorillas in the reversed reward contingency task. Individuals were presented with pairs of quantities ranging between 0 and 6 food items. Prior to testing, some experienced apes had solved this task using 2 quantities while others were totally naive. Experienced apes transferred their ability to multiple-novel pairs after 6 to 19 months had elapsed since their initial testing. Two out of 6 naive apes solved the task—a proportion comparable to that of a previous study using 2 pairs of quantities. Their acquisition speed was also comparable to the successful subjects from that study. The ratio between quantities explained a large portion of the variance but affected naive and experienced individuals differently. For smaller ratios, naive individuals were well below 50% correct and experienced ones were well above 50%, yet both groups tended to converge toward 50% for larger ratios. Thus, some apes require no procedural modifications to overcome their strong bias for selecting the larger of 2 quantities.

This chapter argues that disinhibition provides a better frame than competing concepts such as 'minority stress' for grasping the significance of the chemical practices of sex and gender minorities. Disinhibition draws attention to the pragmatic, performative dimensions of intoxicant consumption while keeping the material constraints enacted by the stigmatisation of non-normative sexual and gender expression in view. A genealogy of dis/inhibition reveals its affinities with the pathologisation of sexual and gender minorities from the 19th century, enabling us to see  how the consumption of intoxicating substances might emerge as part of processes of counter-corporealisation over the ensuing century. Drawing on qualitative research with LGBTQ+ drug and alcohol consumers in Australia, we explore how queer and trans cultures of sex and drug experimentation activate the mode of play and playfulness to engage in practices of queer world-making that counter the material pressures of 'inhibition'.

Current neuropsychological hypothesis of offenders posit that deviant behavior is associated with executive dysfunction. Though many studies have been done on this domain in western countries, limited knowledge is available on offenders in India. Hence the present study attempted to look into this area. The aim of the study is to find the neuropsychological profile of offenders. The research design used was Cross sectional design. Sample size:  Thirty adults with criminal back ground were selected from the prison. Purposive sampling was used for selecting the sample. To assess functions such as intelligence, memory and executive functions such as fluency, working memory, planning, set shifting, inhibition, social cognition and behavior following tools were used: Bhatia’s battery of intelligence, PGI Memory scale, Tower of London, Trail making and Wisconsin card sorting test. Finding suggests that the offenders were found to have low intellectual functioning and deficit in various executive functioning like attention, verbal memory, set shifting, concept formation and inhibition.

The corrosion protection by coating carbon steel (C.S) with SiC and ZrO2 NPs was investigated in presence of different Polyacrlyic acid (PAA) concentration. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method using was applied ethanol suspensions and polyacrlyic acid (PAA) as stabilizing agent. The deposition of SiC and ZrO2 NPs was occurred on the carbon steel (C.S) alloy as cathode. Coated C.S by NPs in presence of PAA revealed a good corrosion protection efficiency even at temperature ranged (298- 328)K in seawater (3.5% NaCl). Results show that using PAA in suspension coat increased PE% when compared with PE% in absence of PAA and gaves resistance in above temperature range. Kinetic parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor) were calculated and discussed. Also, thermodynamic Values ΔG and ΔH were calculated and it shows that corrosion reaction was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The surface morphology was examined by AFM techniques; the resulted AFM images were detect the morphology of surface and the particles size of coat layers which range from 60-103 nm.

All actions, even the simplest like moving an arm to grasp a pen, are associated with energy costs. Thus all mobile organisms possess the ability to evaluate resources and select those behaviours that are most likely to lead to the greatest accrual of valuable items (rewards) in the near or, especially in the case of humans, distant future. The evaluation process is performed at all possible stages of the series of decisions that lead to the building of a goal-directed action or to its suppression. This is because all animals have a limited amount of energy and resources; to survive and be able to reproduce they have to minimize the costs and maximize the outcomes of their actions. These computations are at the root of behavioral flexibility.
Two executive functions play a major role in generating flexible behaviors: i) the ability to predict future outcomes of goal-directed actions; and ii) the ability to cancel them when they are unlikely to accomplish valuable results. These two processes operate continuously during the entire course of a movement: during its genesis, its planning and even its execution, so that the motor output can be modulated or suppressed at any time before its execution. In this review, functional interactions of the extended neural network subserving generation and inhibition of goal-directed movements will be outlined, leading to the intriguing hypothesis that the performance of actions and their suppression are not specified by independent sets of brain regions. Rather, it will be proposed that acting and stopping are functions emerging from specific interactions between largely overlapping brain regions, whose activity is intimately linked (directly or indirectly) to the evaluations of pros and cons of an action. Such mechanism would allow the brain to perform as a highly efficient and flexible system, as different functions could be computed exploiting the same components operating in different configurations.

The  antibacterial  activities  of  the  methanolic  leaf  and  bark  extract  of Persea
americana  was  tested in  vitro  on  bacterial  isolates  namely: Streptococcus
pyogenes,  Proteus  mirabilis,  Salmonella  typhi,  Klebsiella  pneumoniae,
Escherichia  coli, Bacillus  subtilis (NCIB  3610), Staphylococcus  aureus (NCIB
8588), Escherichia  coli  (NCIB  86), Klebsiella  pneumoniae  (NCIB  418)  and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIB 950), using the agar well diffusion method. The
leaf extract was able to inhibit the growth of the test organisms at a concentration
of  50.0mg/ml  except Escherichia  coli, Salmonella  typhi, Proteus  mirabilis and
Escherichia  coli (NCIB  86),  while  the  bark  extract  at  the  same  concentration
inhibited  the  test  organisms  except Salmonella  typhi, Escherichia  coli, Bacillus
subtilis  (NCIB  3610)  and Escherichia  coli  (NCIB  86).  The  highest  zone  of
inhibition  of  6.0  mm  and  12.0  mm  was  observed  on Staphylococcus  aureus
(NCIB  8588)  for  the  leaf  and  bark  extract  respectively,  while  the  least  zone  of
inhibition was observed on Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.0 mm) for leaf extract and
Proteus  mirabilis  (3.0  mm)  for  bark  extract.  The  Minimum  Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC) of the leaf extract ranged from 10.0 to 30.0 mg/ml and 5.0
to  30.0  mg/ml  for  the  bark  extract.  The  antibacterial  activity  of  the  methanolic
plant  extract  inhibited  the  growth  of  the  test  isolates  as  much  as that  of  the
commercial  antibiotics.  There  was  a  decrease  in  the  bacterial  count  as  the
exposure time to the extract increased in the rate of killing of the plant extracts on
the isolates. Phytochemicals such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids
were observed to be common to both extracts. The bark extract exhibited a higher
antibacterial activity as compared to the leaf extract.

Immobilized enzymes offer many advantages over the free counterparts. These advantages include, but are not limited to, easy separation, reuse, induced stabilities and potential of continuous operation. However, the immobilization process at the same time causes some drawbacks including loss of catalytic activity of the immobilized enzymes. Many interpretations have been given to explain the reasons behind such drawback. Some of them are related to the enzymes themselves, such as deactivation of enzymes and miss-orientation. Others refer to diffusion limitation of substrates and/or to inhibitory effects of the products. Substrate diffusion limitation presents the most serious one.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the optic tecta of the left and right brain halves reciprocally inhibit each other in birds. In mammals, the superior colliculus receives inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic input from the basal ganglia via both the ipsilateral and the contralateral substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). This contralateral SNr projection is important in intertectal inhibition. Because the basal ganglia are evolutionarily conserved, the tectal projections of the SNr may show a similar pattern in birds. Therefore, the SNr could be a relay station in an indirect tecto-tectal pathway constituting the neuronal substrate for the tecto-tectal inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we performed bilateral anterograde and retrograde tectal tracing combined with GABA immunohistochemistry in pigeons. Suprisingly, the SNr has only ipsilateral projections to the optic tectum, and these are non-GABAergic. Inhibitory GABAergic input to the contralateral optic tectum arises instead from a nearby tegmental region that receives input from the ipsilateral optic tectum. Thus, a disynaptic pathway exists that possibly constitutes the anatomical substrate for the inhibitory tecto-tectal interaction. This pathway likely plays an important role in attentional switches between the laterally placed eyes of birds.

Previous studies with bilingual children have shown that the nature of their second-language instruction has an effect on the development of their cognitive abilities. The aim of this study was to determine whether children who acquire a second language in two different immersion programs for a period of 1 year show advantages in executive functions and to examine how the amount of daily exposure affects executive functions. A group of Serbian-speaking second-grade children exposed to the second language for about 5 h each day (high exposure group, HEG) and a low-exposure group (LEG) exposed to the second language for about 1.5 h each day were compared with an age-matched control group (CG) of monolingual peers on working memory, inhibition, and shifting. Significant group differences were found for working memory, with the HEG performing better than the CG and LEG even after controlling for individual differences in terms of age and intelligence. The three groups did not differ in terms of inhibition and overall shifting abilities, although the control group had a marginally significant advantage on one of the two shifting tasks. Our findings extend previous research by demonstrating that the amount of daily exposure is a significant factor affecting executive functions in early immersion programs for second-language acquisition. In addition, they show that early intensive second-language acquisition can be advantageous for performance on tasks that require a higher level of executive control.

A rich tradition in self-control research has documented the negative consequences of exerting self-control in one task for self-control performance in subsequent tasks. However, there is a dearth of research examining what happens when people exert self-control in multiple domains simultaneously. The current research aims to fill this gap. We integrate predictions from the most prominent models of self-control with recent neuropsychological insights in the human inhibition system to generate the novel hypothesis that exerting effortful self-control in one task can simultaneously improve self-control in completely unrelated domains. An internal meta-analysis on all 18 studies we conducted shows that exerting self-control in one domain (i.e., controlling attention, food consumption, emotions or thoughts) simultaneously improves self-control in a range of other domains, as demonstrated by, for example, reduced unhealthy food consumption, better Stroop task performance, and less impulsive decision making. A subset of nine studies demonstrates the crucial nature of task timing – when the same tasks are executed sequentially, our results suggest the emergence of an ego depletion effect. We provide conservative estimates of the self-control facilitation (d = |0.22|) as well as the ego depletion effect size (d = |0.17|) free of data selection and publication biases. These results (i) shed new light on self-control theories, (ii) confirm recent claims that previous estimates of the ego depletion effect size were inflated due to publication bias, and (iii) provide a blueprint for how to handle the power issues and associated file drawer problems commonly encountered in multi-study research projects.

Locomotor training is a classic rehabilitation approach utilized with the aim of improving sensorimotor function and walking ability in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent studies have provided strong evidence that locomotor training of persons with clinically complete, motor complete, or motor incomplete SCI induces functional reorganization of spinal neuronal networks at multisegmental levels at rest and during assisted stepping. This neuronal reorganization coincides with improvements in motor function and decreased muscle cocontractions. In this review, we will discuss the manner in which spinal neuronal circuits are impaired and the evidence surrounding plasticity of neuronal activity after locomotor training in people with SCI. We conclude that we need to better understand the physiological changes underlying locomotor training, use physiological signals to probe recovery over the course of training, and utilize established and contemporary interventions simultaneously in larger scale research studies. Furthermore, the focus of our research questions needs to change from feasibility and efficacy to the following: what are the physiological mechanisms that make it work and for whom? The aforementioned will enable the scientific and clinical community to develop more effective rehabilitation protocols maximizing sensorimotor function recovery in people with SCI.

The present study investigated the connections among shyness and scholastic achievement, social popularity (teacher ratings), and parental educational level of 247 Chinese (Shanghai) and 227 Swiss primary school children in the fourth grade. In contrast to findings by Chen, Rubin and Sun (1992), teacher-rated shyness correlated negatively with scholastic achievement and popularity no only for Swiss girls and boys, but also for Chinese girls. No correlations were found for Chinese boys. However, the cultural context influenced the connection between shyness in children and their parents’ levels of education. Whereas in Switzerland shyness in children decreased with increasing parental education, the opposite pattern was found in the Chinese sample. The question may be raised whether shyness itself, or rather the negative connotations attributed to shyness in Western cultures, put shy children at a disadvantage scholastically.

A study was undertaken to explore the effects of methanol extracts (100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 g/l) from the dried powders of aerial parts of Batawali (Tinospora tuberculata) on emergence and initial growth of rice, radish, lettuce and carrot as represented by germination percentage, radical and hypocotyle length. Results indicated that both stem and leaves of Batawali markedly raised the suppression of germination and primary growth of all examined crops when plants were exposed to increasing the methanol extract concentrations from 6.25 to 100 g/l of distilled water. The half-inhibitory concentrations that inhibit germination (EC g 50), radicle (EC r 50) and hypocotyle (EC h 50) growth were determined for both the extracts. According to these values, an index (R e ) was calculated in order to establish a ranking of the most sensitive plants and most effective extract. It was observed that the leaves extract was more active than the stem extract and caused the greatest negative effect on germination and early growth of plants. All tested plants differed in their sensitivity to T. tuberculata extracts. Higher reduction in plant growth parameters was observed in carrot. The tested extracts inhibited mainly the growth of radicle more than the growth of the hypocotyle and germination percentage in all examined crops, except carrot. According to the study, it could be concluded that T. tuberculata extracts had a significant herbicidal activity which depended on the extract concentrations, plant parts and the target crops.

Hiperpigmentasi merupakan kelainan kulit berupa peningkatan jumlah produksi melanin. Proses pembentukan melanin terjadi dengan bantuan biokatalis yang berperan dalam reaksi pencokelatan adalah enzim tirosinase. Inhibitor tirosinase digunakan dalam kosmetik sebagai pencegah terjadinya hiperpigmentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk uji penghambatan enzim tirosinase terhadap ekstrak buah stroberi, blueberry, bilberry, raspberry dan acaiberry secara in vitro. Pemilihan inhibitor dari bahan alam memiliki tingkat keamanan yang lebih aman daripada sintesis. Ekstrak buah stroberi, blueberry, bilberry, raspberry dan acaiberry diperkirakan memiliki aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase karena mengandung senyawa flavonoid. Pengujian dilakukan dengan L-DOPA sebagai substrat, ekstrak buah stroberi, blueberry, bilberry, raspberry dan acaiberry dengan konsentrasi 20000, 10000, 5000, 2500, 1250, 625 dan 312.5 µg/ml dengan kontrol positif asam kojat lalu diukur serapannya dengan menggunakan microplate reader pada panjang gelombang 490 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing ekstrak memiliki aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase dengan nilai IC50 ekstrak stroberi 139,257.214 µg/mL; ekstrak blueberry 45,684.532 µg/mL; ekstrak bilberry 13,129.350 µg/mL; ekstrak raspberry 113,543.433 µg/mL dan ekstrak acaiberry sebesar 47,191.359 µg/mL dan potensi relatif sebesar 1000 kali asam kojat. Kadar Flavonoid yang terkandung dalam ekstrak buah stroberi, blueberry, bilberry, raspberry dan acaiberry memiliki nilai yang hampir sama dengan rata-rata sebesar 0.06 mg QE/gram ekstrak.

The method presented is applicable to the determination of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues in vegetable oils. The method performs in a single step an on-column extraction and cleanup of OP pesticide residues by means of a system of three cartridges. A solution of 1 g oil in n-hexane is loaded into an Extrelut-NT3 cartridge (large-pore diatomaceous material). The OP pesticide residues are extracted by eluting the cartridge with 20 mL acetonitrile, which is cleaned up by passing through a silica and a C18 cartridge connected on-line to the Extrelut NT-3 cartridge. A few milligrams of lipid is carried over into the eluate, which after concentration and solvent exchange is directly amenable to determination by gas chromatography (GC) with flame photometric detector with optical filter for phosphorus compounds (FPD-P). Recovery values for 45 OP pesticide residues are reported at two spiking levels. In the lower concentration range tested (0.09–0.60 mg/kg), satisfactory results (...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coro-navirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged to be the greatest threat to humanity in the modern world and has claimed nearly 2.2 million lives worldwide. The United States alone accounts for more than one fourth of 100 million COVID-19 cases across the globe. Although vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has begun, its efficacy in preventing a new or repeat COVID-19 infection in immunized individuals is yet to be determined. Calls for repurposing of existing, approved, drugs that target the inflammatory condition in COVID-19 are growing. Our initial gene ontology analysis predicts a similarity between SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammatory and immune dysregulation and the patho-physiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, many of the drugs related to rheumatoid arthritis have been found to be lifesaving and contribute to lower COVID-19 morbidity. We also performed in silico investigation of binding of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a well-known catechin, and other catechins on viral proteins and identified papain-like protease protein (PLPro) as a binding partner. Catechins bind to the S1 ubiquitin-binding site of PLPro, which might inhibit its protease function and abrogate SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory function on ubiquitin proteasome system and inter-feron stimulated gene system. In the realms of addressing inflammation and how to effectively target SARS-CoV-2 mediated respiratory distress syndrome, we review in this article the available knowledge on the strategic placement of EGCG in curbing inflammatory signals and how it may serve as a broad spectrum therapeutic in asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients.

We explored the hypothesis that, while sensitive to different aspects of executive functioning in patients with schizophrenia, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Test also measure the same construct, namely, inhibitory control. Specifically, our goal was to ...

Corrosion inhibition of Al, Al-Cu, Al-Mg and Al-Zn in 0.001 M NaOH solution at pH=11 has been investigated
at four temperatures including 298, 303, 308 and 313 K, with sodium chromate as inhibitor at three
concentrations of 5×10-3, 1×10-2 and 5×10-2 M. The results of protection efficiencies indicate that sodium
chromate is a good inhibitor for Al and its alloys. Sodium chromate behaved as mixed-type inhibitor, because it
shifted corrosion potentials to noble or to active direction. The presence of chromate in corrosive medium led to
an increase in Tafel slopes. Activation energies were varied due to the variation in cathodic and anodic sites on
metal surfaces.

Four species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus populinus) were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant activity). The total antioxidant activity differed significantly. Mean total antioxidant activities were (P.ostreatus = 35.36±0.01mm, P.sajor-caju = 32.26±0.02mm, P.pulmonarius = 28.86±0.01mm, P.populinus = 26.65±0.01mm). Antimicrobial activities of the extracts against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Agrobacterium vitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae were investigated. Antimicrobial activities of the oyster mushroom extracts against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae were examined by agar well diffusion method and zones of inhibition varied for different organisms but zones of inhibition were highest in P.ostreatus and P.sajor-caju for all tested organisms except in E.coli and S.dysentriae where P.pulmonarius and P.populinus had higher zones. P.ostreatus and P.sajor-caju were not significantly different against all tested microorganisms but were found to be significantly different (p ≥ 0.05) from P.pulmonarius and P.populinus against B.cereus, E.coli and S.dysenteriae. P.pulmonarius and P.populinus were not significantly different in their inhibition against all tested microorganisms.

Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP), also known as amylin, is a 37-amino-acid peptide hormone that is secreted by pancreatic islet β-cells. Amylin is complementary to insulin in regulating and maintaining blood glucose levels in the human body. The misfolding and aggregation of amylin is primarily associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is classified as an amyloid disease. Recently, the interactions between amylin and specific metal ions, e.g., copper(II), zinc(II), and iron(II), were found to impact its performance and aggregation processes. Therefore, the focus in this review will be on how the chemistry and structural properties of amylin are affected by these interactions. In addition, the impact of amylin and other amyloidogenic peptides interacting with metal ions on the cell membranes is discussed. In particular, recent studies on the interactions of amylin with copper, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, ruthenium, and vanadium are discussed.

Previous studies with bilingual children have shown that the nature of their second-language instruction has an effect on the development of their cognitive abilities. The aim of this study was to determine whether children who acquire a second language in two different immersion programs for a period of 1 year show advantages in executive functions and to examine how the amount of daily exposure affects executive functions. A group of Serbian-speaking second-grade children exposed to the second language for about 5 h each day (high exposure group, HEG) and a low-exposure group (LEG) exposed to the second language for about 1.5 h each day were compared with an age-matched control group (CG) of monolingual peers on working memory, inhibition, and shifting. Significant group differences were found for working memory, with the HEG performing better than the CG and LEG even after controlling for individual differences in terms of age and intelligence. The three groups did not differ in ...

El orden de nacimiento se ha relacionado con diferencias conductuales y fisiológicas entre hermanos. Una de los fenómenos más estudiados es su relación con las diferencias en personalidad. Se ha reportado que los primogénitos tienden a ser más reflexivos, rutinarios, obedientes, organizados y perseverantes en sus metas; en contraste, en los hijos últimos predomina una personalidad más espontánea, flexible, impulsiva y desafiante. Sin embargo existen investigaciones que no respaldan estos hallazgos, señalando que los efectos reportados se deben a limitaciones metodológicas en los instrumentos utilizados (cuestionarios autoaplicables). Es necesario evaluar los rasgos de personalidad a través de pruebas menos sujetas al nivel de pretension de los individuos evaluados. En este trabajo se propone evaluar las funciones ejecutivas relacionadas con los rasgos de personalidad descritos. Evaluamos a estudiantes universitarios, 35 primogénitos y 35 hijos últimos, utilizando tareas neuropsicológicas que miden la inhibición conductual y otras funciones ejecutivas asociadas a las características de la personalidad descritas para primogénitos e hijos últimos. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas; los primogénitos puntuan más alto en áreas como control inhibitorio, y evitación del riesgo pero no tareas de flexibilidad cognitiva ni en habilidades de planificación. Estos hallazgos confirman la presencia de algunos rasgos de personalidad descritos en la literatura del orden de nacimeinto. Sin embargo se recomienda que estudios futuros incluyan otras mediciones neuropsicológicas y psicofisiológicas.

Fungicide coated seeds are beneficial against seed or soil borne pathogens in the very initial stage to minimize the indiscriminate use of chemicals for disease control in paddy fields. The present study investigated the effectiveness of three levels of thiram fungicide coated-seeds having different pre-soaking duration on inhibition of rice seed-borne fungal pathogen Curvularia sp. and the seed vigor. Treated paddy seeds (Var. Bg-300) in four concentrations of 0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g fungicide per kg seeds and four pre-soaking times of 5 minutes, 1, 2 and 3 days were used. Modified disk diffusion bioassay for seeds and agar well diffusion inhibition bioassay for seed soaked water (extracts) were performed using spread plates of Curvularia sp. Three days pre-soaked seeds were germinated in sterilized soil medium inoculated with Curvularia sp. to screen the plant vigor.

The fungicidal activity of seeds was significantly higher in 1 and 1.5 g kg-1 fungicide treatments (p<0.05). At a given pre-soak duration, a significantly high inhibition was observed in the soaked water of seeds treated with 1 and 1.5 g kg-1 than 0.5 g kg-1of fungicide (p<0.05). The average root height of the seeds treated with 1.5 g kg-1 fungicide concentration was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other treatments. However, no significant difference was observed for the shoot lengths among treatments. Thus it can be concluded that 1.5 g kg-1 thiram treatment is
effective in inhibiting Curvularia sp. and improving seed vigor of Bg-300.

Keywords: Coated-seeds, Curvularia sp., Inhibition, Thiram, Vigor
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

— The main purpose of this study was to choose the best model that will be further refined and used for controlling batch fermentation process using immobilised yeast cell in order to increase its productivity. This study investigated the immobilized Saccharomyces Carlsbergensis growth kinetics, ethanol productivity and substrate consumption (glucose) using computer simulation for different kinetic models, Monod, Contois, Teisser and other models which present the substrate and product inhibition. Batch fermentations take place with different cell density comparing immobilized yeast fermentation performance with free yeast. For each batch were evaluated kinetic parameters and after mathematical models. We have used three linearization models for estimation of kinetic parameters. Conclusions about the influence of cell immobilization on the fermentation performance were drawn based on analysis of the obtained model parameters. It was found that in some fermentation Monod and Teisser models were the most appropriate. For substrate and product inhibition the most approximate models were exponential.

When tested with traditional false-belief tasks, which require answering a standard question about the likely behavior of an agent with a false belief, children perform below chance until age 4 y or later. When tested without such questions, however, children give evidence of false-belief understanding much earlier. Are traditional tasks difficult because they tap a more advanced form of false-belief understanding (fundamental-change view) or because they impose greater processing demands (processing-demands view)? Evidence that young children succeed at traditional false-belief tasks when processing demands are reduced would support the latter view. In prior research, reductions in inhibitory-control demands led to improvements in young children’s performance, but often only to chance (instead of below-chance) levels. Here we examined whether further reductions in processing demands might lead to success. We speculated that: (i) young children could respond randomly in a traditional low-inhibition task because their limited information-processing resources are overwhelmed by the total concurrent processing demands in the task; and (ii) these demands include those from the response-generation process activated by the standard question. This analysis suggested that 2.5-y-old toddlers might succeed at a traditional low-inhibition task if response-generation demands were also reduced via practice trials. As predicted, toddlers performed above chance following two response-generation practice trials; toddlers failed when these trials either were rendered less effective or were used in a high-inhibition task. These results support the processing-demands view: Even toddlers succeed at a traditional false-belief task when overall processing demands are reduced.

Inhibiting action of semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide, sym. diphenylcarbazide towards corrosion of zinc in hydrochloric acid has been investigated. The rate of corrosion depends on the nature of the inhibitor and its concentration. The values of inhibition efficiency from, weight loss, thermometric measurements are in good agreement with those obtained from polarization studies. From the polarization studies, the inhibitors used act as mixed adsorption type inhibitors, increased adsorption resulting from an increase in the electron density at the reactive C=S and C=O groups and N-atoms. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption obtained using Bockris-Swinkels adsorption isotherm reveal a strong interaction of these carbazides on zinc surface.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coro-navirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged to be the greatest threat to humanity in the modern world and has claimed nearly 2.2 million lives worldwide. The United States alone accounts for more than one fourth of 100 million COVID-19 cases across the globe. Although vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has begun, its efficacy in preventing a new or repeat COVID-19 infection in immunized individuals is yet to be determined. Calls for repurposing of existing, approved, drugs that target the inflammatory condition in COVID-19 are growing. Our initial gene ontology analysis predicts a similarity between SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammatory and immune dysregulation and the patho-physiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, many of the drugs related to rheumatoid arthritis have been found to be lifesaving and contribute to lower COVID-19 morbidity. We also performed in silico investigation of binding of epigallocat...