Industrial Effluents

The area of study selected in the present investigation was Kasardi River which receives heavy discharge of waste effluent from the nearby Taloja industrial belt which is one of the fastest developing industrial belt of Mumbai. The study was performed to investigate the concentration of toxic heavy metals like chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) in river. It was observed that concentration of most of these heavy metals were much higher than the maximum permissible limits. These heavy metals have created threat to the aquatic life and through biomagnifications may enter the food chain thereby affecting the human beings as well. The research work was extended further to study the physico-chemical properties like temperature, pH, solid content, chloride, oil / grease content, BOD and COD values of the river water. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, there is a need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

Industrial wastewaters entering a water body represent a heavy source of environmental pollution in Nigerian rivers. It affects both the water quality as well as the microbial and aquatic flora. With competing demands on limited water resources, awareness of the issues involved in water pollution, has led to considerable public debate about the environmental effects of industrial effluents discharged into aquatic environments. Industrial effluents are characterized by their abnormal turbidity, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total hardness. Industrial wastes containing high concentration of microbial nutrients would obviously promote an after-growth of significantly high coliform types and other microbial forms. Organic pollution is always evident and the pollution is made worse by land-based sources such as the occasional discharge of raw sewage through storm water outlets, and industrial effluents from refineries, oil terminals, and petrochemical plants. Waste effluents rich in decomposable organic matter, is the primary cause of organic pollution. Waste waters from textile, brewery, food and beverages, paper, pulp and palm oil industries, the cases chosen, are believed to give a broad outline of industrial wastes as well as disposal problems.

Faisalabad is known for its various industries such as textile, ghee, paper and tanneries etc. There is scarcity of water so irrigation in Faisalabad is mostly done by recycle waste water from these industries. This review focuses on effects of different industrial effluents on various vegetables grown in the Faisalabad city. Waste water from different industries such as textile and paper industries etc. is discharged into streams and land with or without any secondary or tertiary treatment. This results in severe effect on the surface and underground water and also affects the quality of crops. Under different amounts of effluents there are improved seedling and root lengths of various vegetables and on the other side at high concentration of numerous effluents there is a decreased germination and reduced growth. Untreated textile effluent decreased biomass of root and shoot but treated textile effluent resulted in a prominent growth, increase sugar and protein percentage. Waste water from textile, ghee and various industries contains heavy metals that accumulate in vegetables and has negative impacts on vegetables grown. Heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Pb results in inhibition of root growth, reduced yield due to less uptake of water and nutrients and reduced plant growth and seed germination.

The present research work deals with the study of some of the important physico-chemical parameters of industrial waste water effluents collected from Taloja industrial belt of Mumbai. The study reveals that engineering, paper mill, fine chemical, dyes, paint, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and textile industries are some of the major industries responsible for polluting the surrounding aquatic environment. It was observed that pH values of effluent samples collected from paint, pharmaceutical and dyes industries were slightly above and below the limit of 6.5 to 8.5 by ISI and WHO. The effluent samples collected from textile industries shows extremely high Total Dissolved Soild (TDS) content of 12023.6 mg/L and correspondingly high Total Solid (TS) content of 13499.2 mg/L. The chloride content in the effluents from textile industries was 238.4 mg/L which was significantly high than acceptable limit of 200 mg/L set by WHO. The BOD values of effluent samples collected from pharmaceutical, dyes, engineering and paint industries were 1047.3, 776.2, 604.8 and 535.8 mg/L respectively which lie above the maximum permitted BOD content of < 100 to 300 mg/L. The COD values in the different industrial effluent samples were also very much higher than maximum permissible limit of 4.0 mg/L according to USPH Standard. The overall results highlight towards the discharge of highly polluted waste water effluent from industries of Taloja Industrial area of Mumbai. These industrial effluents have resulted in pollution of nearby Kasardi River thereby affecting the growth of vegetation and aquatic life. The results of the present investigation point out the need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

This paper advocates water pollution study of Gove industrial area of Maharashtra, India with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of common industrial waste water effluent. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, solid content, total hardness, chloride content, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied by collecting samples bimonthly for 12 months. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless are released into the ecosystems.

Demand for online and real-time measurements techniques to meet environmental regulation and treatment compliance are increasing. However the conventional techniques, which involve scheduled sampling and chemical analysis can be expensive and time consuming. Therefore cheaper and faster alternatives to monitor wastewater characteristics are required as alternatives to conventional methods. This paper reviews existing conventional techniques and optical and fibre optic sensors to determine selected wastewater characteristics which are colour, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The review confirms that with appropriate configuration, calibration and fibre features the parameters can be determined with accuracy comparable to conventional method. With more research in this area, the potential for using FOS for online and real-time measurement of more wastewater parameters for various types of industrial effluent are promising.

Two bacterial strains capable to remove chromium (Cr VI) ions from tanneries effluent were
isolated from contaminated soil in the present work and identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens SC106 and
Bacillus subtilis SC106. The isolates are capable to remedy Cr (VI) as mono cultures and in consortia and
their efficiencies were compared. Agarose gel analysis revealed that the resistance gene is a chromosomal
gene in Pseudomonas fluorescens SC106 and a plasmid-borne gene in Bacillus subtilis SC106 (about 24
kb). The isolates were examined for their tolerance to hexavalent chromium and their ability to reduce Cr
(VI) to Cr (III).Utilization of Cr (VI) reducing microbial consortium has enhanced the efficiency of the
process of detoxification of Cr (VI) to Cr (III). The results indicate that the microbial consortia and the
mono cultures of the above isolates can be useful for Cr (VI) detoxification of chromium contaminated
environment. Before remediation, the chromium content of the effluent was 570 mgL-1, after which, it
reduced to 2.8 – 6.3 mgL-1. The superlative removal activity was observed by immobilized beads consortia
of P. fluorescens SC106 and B. subtilis SC106 (99.63%).

Adsorption technology is an eco-friendly approach for Zn2+ ions removal. For that, she attracted a great deal of attention in the last decades as a cost-efficient method for industrial effluents treatment. This paper documents the results of most recent studies removal of these ions from industrial effluents by adsorption onto several materials. The maximum adsorption efficiency of each adsorbent was optimized in terms of various operating conditions. In this paper, the influence of operational parameters such as solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, particle size, temperature of the aqueous solution, initial zinc concentration and agitation speed has been presented and discussed.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of chitosan obtained from local crab industry waste as a coagulant for treating wastewater from a flour processing industry. Waste for the chitosan production was obtained from a crab industry located in the San Francisco Municipality, State of Zulia. The industrial wastewater came from a company dedicated to the production and distribution of flour. The parameters measured were: pH, COD, BOD5, 20, turbidity, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-) and total alkalinity. The experiment of chitosan contact with the effluent sample was carried out using laboratory-prepared chitosan, commercial chitosan and aluminum sulfate at 10% w/v. The optimal dose selected for the laboratory-prepared chitosan was 250 mg/L, which permitted achieving a COD removal rate of 80.2 % for an initial COD of 744.53 mg/L, a turbidity removal percentage of 98.9 % and color removal of 80.0 %, for initial values of turbidity and color of 212 NTU and 174 UC, respectively.

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to metallurgical industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration levels of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn were found to be maximum of 41.00, 1.47, 5.97, 2.55, 46.86 and 12.97 ppm respectively during winter and summer seasons starting from December to May. The pH value was found to be maximum of 10.30 in the month of February, while the conductivity was found to be maximum of 25067 µmhos/cm in the month of July. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like salinity, chloride content, and total solids (TS) were observed to be maximum in the month of June having values of 6.32, 2411 and 20738 ppm respectively. The high cyanide (0.09 ppm), phosphate (117.21 ppm), COD (13640 ppm) and low DO content of 5.79 ppm were observed in the effluents released during the month of February. The alkalinity content in the effluent was maximum of 1395 ppm in the month of May. The hardness and BOD values of the effluents were reported maximum of 490 and 557 ppm in the month of October. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to implement proper effluent water treatment techniques and enforcement of pollution control by the regulatory authority on the indiscriminate discharge of industrial wastewater into water bodies.

The present research work deals with the assessment of pollution due to toxic heavy metals in the industrial waste water effluents collected from Taloja industrial belt of Mumbai. The study reveals that dyes, paints, pharmaceutical and textile industries are some of the major industries contributing to the heavy metal pollutants in the surrounding aquatic environment. It was observed that paint manufacturing industries are the major contributors of toxic Cr, Zn and Pb amounting to 35.2, 33.1, and 31.4 mg/L respectively. It was also observed that major contribution of Cu (33.3 mg/L) was from dyes manufacturing units, while maximum Fe concentration of 12.8 mg/L was found in effluent samples released from textile industries. The concentration of Cd and Ni was found maximum in effluent samples collected from pharmaceutical industries amounting to 35.8 and 33.6 mg/L respectively. The overall results point out high concentration of toxic heavy metals in the effluent samples collected from different industries. These industrial effluents will pollute the near by water bodies affecting the growth of vegetation and aquatic life. These toxic heavy metals when released in aquatic environment will enter the food chain through bio-magnification causing various health problems in humans. The results of the present investigation point out the need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

India has major water pollution issues. Discharge of untreated sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture in northwest have been found in rivers, lakes and Ground water. Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and coves all sorts of solid garbage and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands. It is also observed that the non-farm activities have also responsible for the incidence of water pollution. Based on the above, the present paper tries to analyse the incidence of Water pollution and its relations to poultry farms and to suggest possible policy measures to safeguard the quality of environment in the State. To fulfill the objective the required secondary data relating to the study have been gathered from various official documents- Economic Survey, RBI Bulletin, India- Infrastructures Report, Tamil Nadu-An Economic Appraisal, State of Environment Report, web sites, etc . It has come to know that several initiatives have been taken by the government for pollution abetment in rivers and lakes besides promoting environmental consciousness among the public at large Environmental conservation requires creation of awareness and attitudinal change among the people. The magnitude of environmental impacts of poultry farms is highly dependent on production practices and especially on manure management practices. Further, this paper suggest that measures should also be initiated that balance and harmony between Economic. Social and Environmental needs of the country are very important’ there is a response to our national commitment to a clean environment mad dated in the constitution in article 21. Maintaining a healthy

Electronic Copy: http://www.wrc.org.za/pages/KnowledgeHub.aspx Report to the Water Research Commission on Project K5/1621, 'Development of sustainable low-cost management for saline sewage and saline mine drainage wastewaters using integrated algal ponding systems.' Aspects of this project concerning the use of saline wastewaters for the reticulation and treatment of sewage wastes have been reported together with WRC Project K5/1456.

Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast
drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were
discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river
water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis
is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work
under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also
identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations,
Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from
satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.
This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic
contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous
impacts.

Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found ...

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to fine chemicals manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration levels of heavy metals like Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn was found to be maximum of 45.94, 1.05, 7.50, 4.76, 145.87 and 21.96 ppm respectively in the effluents released during the months of February to April. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, salinity and chloride content were found to be maximum in the month of October having the concentration values of 1482, 4.91, 2710 ppm respectively, while the DO content in the effluents released in the same month was reported to be very much low having the value of 2.90 ppm. The effluents released during the month of June were reported to have high hardness, total solid (TS) content and COD values of 3713, 13638 and 6951 ppm respectively. The cyanide content (0.08 ppm), phosphate content (131.32 ppm) and BOD content (631 ppm) were found to be maximum in the months of December, February and May respectively. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless can be expected to be released into the ecosystems.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this present study was to determine the concentration of chloride ions in the water sample which collected different sites and seasons of river Ganga. Chloride ions in the environment can come from sodium chloride or from other chloride salts such as potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. Methodology: Water sample was collected from different sites (Bithor ghat,  Siddnath ghat and  Dhoni ghat)  and different seasons (Pre-monsoon,  Monsoon and post-monsoon)  of river  Ganga from  Kanpur in the 2016-2018  year. Mohr method (Argentometric method)  was a  very simple and highly selective method for the determination of chloride ion  (Cl-)  using silver nitrate as the titrant.
Main Findings: In both the years 2016 till 2018, chloride concentration was within the limit at testing sites.
Applications of this study: To create awareness among the people to maintain the Ganga river water at its highest quality and purity levels.
Originality: This project was done in the D G PG College C S J M University, Kanpur India.

A high surface area activated carbon was produced from the seed of Butia catarinensis (Bc), which was utilized for removing captopril from synthetic pharmaceutical industry wastewaters. The activated carbon was made by mixing ZnCl2 and Bc at a proportion of 1:1 and pyrolyzed at 600° (ABc-600). The material was characterized by the Boehm titration, hydrophilic/ hydrophobic ratio, elemental analysis, TGA, FTIR, and N2 isotherm (surface area (SBET), total pore volume (TPV), and pore size distribution (PSD)). The characterization data showed that the adsorbent displayed a hydrophilic surface due to the presence of several polar groups. The carbon material presented a TPV of 0.392 cm3 g−1, and SBET of 1267 m2 g−1. The equilibrium and kinetics data were suitably fitted to Liu isotherm and Avrami-fractional-order. The employment of the ABc-600 in the treatment of synthetic pharmaceutical industry wastewater exhibited high effectiveness in their removals (up to 99.0 %).

The present paper deals with quantification study of some toxic heavy metals in the sediment samples of Kasardi River flowing along the Taloja Industrial belt of Mumbai. The results indicates high level of pollution due to toxic heavy metals like chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe). The concentration of all these heavy metals were found to be much above the acute toxicity level. It is feared that these metals may enter the food chain through bio-magnification there by creating threat to aquatic life and the surrounding population. The results of the present investigation point out the need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods. [R.S.Lokhande, P.U.Singare, D.S.Pimple. Quantification Study of Toxic Heavy Metals Pollutants in Sediment Samples Collected From Kasardi River Flowing Along the Taloja Industrial Area of Mumbai, India. New York Science Journal 2011;4(9):66-71]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork.

Caracterización de la pasta de relave para uso como relleno en labores mineras RESUMEN El presente trabajo hace referencia al estudio de los parámetros técnicos del relave de Ticapampa y su aplicación para el relleno en pasta. Para este caso, se ha considerado como un caso típico a la relavera de Ticapampa, por ser una de las más repre-sentativas e importantes, así como por su compleja composición. Como se sabe, la pasta es una mezcla de agua con sólidos de alta densidad que contiene abundante partícula fina con un bajo contenido de agua, controlado con el cono de Abrahams. El propósito principal del estudio se fundamenta en el establecimiento de los parámetros técnicos de las propiedades de la pasta de relleno que se va a obtener a partir del relave para ser utilizado como material de relleno hidráulico en las labores de la minería subterránea, como son las galerias principales, las chimeneas y tajeos, así como otras que requieren sostenimiento y protección al medio geológico circundante de los futuros hundimientos y fallas causadas por estas labores mineras. ABSTRACT The present paper makes reference to the study of the technical parameters of the tailing from Ticapampa and its application for the filling in paste. For this case, it has been considered as a typical case, the tailing from Ticapampa, for being one of the most representative and important also for its complex compositon. As it is well know, the paste is a mixing of water with solids of high density which contains a lot of fine particles with a lower water content, which is controlled by the Abrahams Cone. The main purpose of this study is based in the establishment of the technical parameters of the properties of the filling paste derived from the tailing which will be used as a hydraulic filling material in the underground mining works such as main galleries, the mining shafts and chopping blocks and around enviroments that require support and protection, in order to avoid future sinking and fails caused for those mining works.

Pollution emitted from industries in a form of effluents is one of the major factors contributing to the deterioration of water quality in Egypt. The industrial wastewaters disposed to water bodies contain many pollutants that cause an increase in total dissolved solids (TDS), heavy metals, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and microorganisms. Hence, these contaminants make such water unsuitable for human use. An appropriate law was issued for the protection of waters from pollution. However, several obstacles largely hinder the optimal and effective actions of the law, resulted in serious problems. In this context, this study investigates how industrial wastewaters negatively influence our water bodies and reviews some literature that has been undertaken to reduce water pollution. The prior researches mentioned Activated Carbon, Ceramic water filters, Zeolite material, Nanofibers, and Modified Cellulose filter using paper filters as recent solutions, explained how they work, and discussed the results and to which extent they can solve the issue of water pollution. The results of the above-mentioned solutions manifest that they are valid for being applied as tangible projects in the real life, and some recommendations were provided for better and less flawed application. These proposed literatures are highly encouraged to be availed as the Egyptian new regulation ought to restore the healthy state of the river in terms of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and solve the problem of huge water pollution because of industrial effluents without causing another imbalance to the environment.

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to dyeing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn were found to be maximum of 44.78, 2.50, 1.75, 1.45, 64.22 and 13.22 ppm respectively in the industrial waste water effluent.It was observed that the pH value was maximum of 12.30 in the month of June while the conductivity was found to be maximum of 48000 µmhos/cm in the month of February. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, salinity and total solid content (TS) were observed to be maximum in the month of February having values of 3578, 44.08 and 40450 ppm respectively. The high cyanide (0.18 ppm) and phosphate (112.90 ppm) levels were reported in the effluents released during the month of March. The industrial effluent released in the month of June was reported to have high hardness, chloride and COD content having the values of 743, 2381, 8957 ppm respectively; while the DO content was found to be very low of 2.77 ppm. The BOD content in the effluents was found to be maximum of 603 ppm in the month of October. The results of present study indicates that the existing situation if mishandled can cause irreparable ecological harm in the long term well masked by short term economic prosperity due to extensive industrial growth.

Heavy metals are widespread persistent inorganic pollutants and are not easily removable from the environment and are also indestructible, unlike many other organic pollutants that can be chemically or biologically degraded, hence, heavy metals constitute a global environmental problem. Heavy metal tolerable bacteria are currently favoured for their capacity to depollute the environment and hence regarded as instruments for bioremediation of metals. This study aimed to isolate heavy metal tolerant and antibiotic sensitive and resistant bacteria from industrial Effluent from Kanpur, U.P., India, Initially, a total of 28 isolates were screened from industrial effluent of which seven isolates were selected based on high level of heavy metal and antibiotic resistances. On the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical analysis, the isolates were authentically identified as Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. maximum microbial tolerance of Bacillus spp. (B-2) was recorded to Cr (350 μg /ml) and lowest to Cu (240 μg/ml) whereas maximum microbial tolerance of Pseudomonas spp. (P-3) was recorded to Cr (300 μg/ml, and lowest to Pb and Cu. Thus, heavy metal tolerance test isolates showed maximum microbial tolerance to Cr and minimum tolerance to Pb and Cu. This study suggests that the isolated Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. have the properties to resist a wide range of heavy metals and antibiotics.

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to pharmaceutical based industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration level of majority of toxic heavy metals like Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn were found to be maximum of 14.06, 0.57, 0.42, 18.93 and 3.31 ppm respectively in the month of February, while Ni concentration was found to be maximum of 0.43 ppm in the month of June. The pH and BOD values were reported to be maximum of 12.54 and 546 ppm respectively in the month of October. The conductivity and total solid content was found to be maximum of 27400 µmhos/cm and 9401 ppm respectively in the month of June. The cyanide content was maximum of 0.13 ppm in the month of April. The alkalinity, hardness, salinity, chloride, phosphate and COD content was reported maximum of 852, 694, 10.36, 4821, 46.32 and 1271 ppm respectively in the month of February. The DO content was found to be minimum of 3.00 ppm in the month of February. It was observed that the level of many of these toxic heavy metals except Zn and various physico-chemical parameters were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to move towards ecosystem specific discharge standards to maintain the health and productivity of natural resources on which the majority of Indians are dependent.

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to oil and surfactants manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The maximum concentration of majority of heavy metals like Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Fe were recorded as 13.48, 3.90, 13.30, 1.75 and 15.89 ppm respectively, which were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. The maximum pH and conductivity values of the industrial waste water effluent were recorded as 10.05 and 27800 µmhos/cm respectively. The majority of physico-chemical parameters like chloride, cyanide, phosphate and total solid content were found to be maximum in the month of March having the respective values of 2340, 0.09, 35.2 and 8755 ppm. The effluent samples collected in the month of May was found to have low DO content of 3.33 ppm and high BOD content of 643 ppm. The alkalinity and COD values were reported to be maximum of 1988 and 4410 ppm respectively in the month of February. The hardness and salinity content was reported maximum of 131 and 5.76 ppm during the month of December and June respectively. The results of present research work indicates that time has come to move towards ecosystem specific discharge standards to maintain the health and productivity of natural resources on which the majority of Indians are dependent.

Pollution emitted from industries in a form of effluents is one of the major factors contributing to the deterioration of water quality in Egypt. The industrial wastewaters disposed to water bodies contain many pollutants that cause an increase in total dissolved solids (TDS), heavy metals, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and microorganisms. Hence, these contaminants make such water unsuitable for human use. An appropriate law was issued for the protection of waters from pollution. However, several obstacles largely hinder the optimal and effective actions of the law, resulted in serious problems. In this context, this study investigates how industrial wastewaters negatively influence our water bodies and reviews some literature that has been undertaken to reduce water pollution. The prior researches mentioned Activated Carbon, Ceramic water filters, Zeolite material, Nanofibers, and Modified Cellulose filter using paper filters as recent solutions, exp...

Discharge of large amount of wastewater as effluent from pulp and paper industries in the surrounding streams result in serious health and environmental problems. These large quantities of effluents need to be treated after characterization prior to their disposal. Physicochemical characteristics of effluents from an agro-based paper mills located in Uttar Pradesh state of India were analyzed in terms of pH, colour, TS, TDS, TSS, turbidity, BOD, COD and AOX. The results found markedly higher values of all physicochemical parameters of effluents from various processing units of the paper mill than the permissible limit thus necessitating appropriate treatment prior to their discharge in the environment. In the present paper several types of coagulant viz. Ferric chloride, lime, alum and Ferric chloride with poly acryl amide(PAM) have been examined for their effectiveness of reducing chemical load of the effluent.

In the current study, gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) plants were grown in three growth media; peat moss, clay and rice straw. Acidic wastewater from Manquebad Superphosphate Fertilizer Factory (Assiut, Upper-Egypt) was applied as soil drench (200 ml/pot) at 0, 10, 20 and 30 days. Pots of gardenia were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replicates and repeated for two successive growing seasons. Peat moss produced the best vegetative and flowering growth of gardenia which could be assigned to its low pH and high organic matter content. Rice straw-grown plants had better vegetative growth than clay-grown ones in terms of plant height, number of leaves, branches and internodes, internode length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, number and diameter of flowers and possessed the highest leaf contents of phosphorus, potassium, cupper and manganese. Plants grown in clay were thicker with bigger leaves resulting in higher total leaf area, and were characterized by the highest shoot-root ratio, more flowers and higher leaf contents of chlorophylls a&b, nitrogen and iron. The application of the acidic water improved vegetative and flowering growth and leaf nutrient content of those plants grown in both clay and rice straw. Increasing the frequency of acidic water application to 10-day interval caused a significant improvement in all vegetative and flowering characteristics and leaf nutrient content. In conclusion, using acidic water at 10-day interval can improve the quality of rice straw and clay to be used as good substitutes for peat moss.

Problem statement: Reproductive success is a key factor in determining species survival and the unregulated discharge of industrial effluents into rivers and streams in a developing country like Nigeria, can impair reproductive ability in non-target organisms like fish. Fish, generally accumulate contaminants from their environment in their tissues and these can be transmitted through the yolk lipids to the eggs. Approach: Prespawning Clarias gariepinus female brooders were exposed to composite effluent mixtures from a food and beverage industry (discharged into Ona river) for a period of thirty days to determine its effect on growth and fertility/reproductive success (viability of eggs and survival of the F 1 generation fries). Physico-chemical parameters of effluent samples and exposure concentrations were analyzed and effluent sample was further analyzed for heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mn). Results: Exposure to the effluents caused decreased weight (-7.33%) and egg production (198 eggs) in the highest exposure concentration. Significant decreases (p<0.05) in the percentage of viable eggs (71.25, 62.48 and 30.12%) of exposed females and percentage survival of F 1 generation fries (68.68, 46.42 and 22.33%) with increasing effluent concentration was also observed in the order 0.00%> 4.40%> 6.60% and there were no viable eggs and fingerlings in the highest exposure concentration(13.20%). Effluent sample and exposure concentrations had acidic pH and low DO values while effluent sample contained Fe and Pb in concentrations above the specified standard by the National Environment Standards and Regulation Agency (NESREA) for food and beverage industry effluent discharged into surface waters. Conclusion: The toxic nature of these effluents on the reproductive success of C. gariepinus (a commercially important freshwater fish in Nigeria) is of great concern to sustainable fisheries if stringent measures to monitor effluent quality discharge into this river are not implemented.

... Ozone treatment of textile effluents and dyes: effect of applied ozone dose, pH and dye concentration. Mehmet F Sevimli 1,* ,; Hasan Z Sarikaya 2. ... CrossRef. 16 Ince N H and Tezcanli G, Reactive dyestuff degradation by combined sonolysis and ozonation. ...

ABSTRACT This paper advocates water pollution study of Gove industrial area of Maharashtra, India with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of common industrial waste water effluent. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, solid content, total hardness, chloride content, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied by collecting samples bimonthly for 12 months. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless are released into the ecosystems.

Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and runoffs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations. This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.

There has been an increase in number of pharmaceutical companies in the present time. A large number of them are located in Himachal Pradesh. The effluents from these industries contaminate the nearby soil and water bodies. Here we analyses the treated waste water and soil from nearby areas for their physical, chemical and biological parameters. The samples were analyzed using standard methods according to WHO & APHA-AWWA-WPCF norms. The results showed a high amount of contamination. The pHs of the water samples showed contrasting features one being slightly alkaline while other highly acidic. The microbial activity was quiet low in the treated waste water while optimum amounts of bacterial and fungal activity was found in the soil samples near the industries. The presence of high amount of sodium and salinity was also observed. This could damage the crop productivity and soil fertility. There is an urgent need to propose strict restrictions on discharge of harmful effluents in the environment.

The paper deals with understanding the pollution discharge scenario of the effluents released from different manufacturing industries situated along the Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India. The study was performed from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to quantify the potentially toxic metals like Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn which are present in the industrial effluents. On the basis of average annual concentrations of the above toxic metals, it was observed that the effluents released from dyeing industries were having high concentration of Cu (22.53 mg L-1) and Pb (13.14 mg L-1), amounting to 21.95 % and 65.24 % of the total Cu and Pb respectively. The effluents from fine chemical industries were found to have high Fe (51.14 mg L-1) and Zn (9.49 mg L-1) which corresponds to 28.45 % and 26.65 % of the total Fe and Zn respectively. The concentration of Ni (1.10 mg L-1) was maximum in the effluents discharged from textile industries, while Cr content (4.83 mg L-1) was maximum in the effluents released from oil and surfactant industries. It was observed that the majority of the above mentioned average annual concentration of potentially toxic metals (except Ni) were above the maximum tolerable limit set for the discharge of industrial effluents in the inland surface water. It is feared that the existing situation if neglected may cause severe long term damage to the surrounding population as well as to the ecosystem.

Background: Urban sector is witnessing significant increase in municipal wastewater due to rapid growth in population and industrialization. Much of the city’s wastewater is being disposed into the Ravi and the Chenab rivers without proper treatment. Objective: The present study evaluated the impacts of municipal wastewater on both surface and groundwater resources. Results: The physicochemical parameters for 75 to 80 % of the industrial wastewater were found beyond the permissible limits. Most of the city’s water supply and the bottled water samples were found to be within the drinking water quality standards. Most of the groundwater samples (used for drinking and domestic purposes) were either unfit for drinking purpose or approached the limits. Conclusion: The groundwater samples near the drains were the most polluted and were unacceptable for drinking and the same may be used for irrigation only after treatment. However, the analyzed heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni) were within the permissible limits for industrial wastewater, drinking water and wastewater used for irrigation.

INTRODUCTION: Industries and factories are the backbone of any nation to increase the economy through its productivity and develop the county globally. But the wastages and sewages produced by each industry are creating pollution and make cleanliness environment on the society. OBJECTIVES: The recycling process and decontamination process of that industrial effluent is a challenging task for all the industries in and around the world. Ancient techniques are followed in industrial effluent cleaning processes but the output of those is not sufficient in terms of recycling.. METHODS: Phytoremediation is the new technique used to control industrial effluent with the help of water hyacinth available in the water places. This paper discussed all possible solutions of industrial effluent removal along with water quality improvement techniques. Decontamination of the industrial effluent using water hyacinth is mainly dealt in leaves, stems, and root parts. There are only water hyacinth is used to remove industrial effluent, no other products like powder, liquid plants, and other chemicals are used. RESULTS: Total duration of 21 days has to be considered for the growth of water hyacinth used in water places to monitor the recycling of industrial effluent at different parts. A water quality test has been conducted to identify the level of contaminants in the Industrial effluent. Furthermore, BOD (Biological oxygen demand), COD (Chemical oxygen demand), TDS (Total dissolved solids), TSS (Total suspended solids), Turbidity, and chloride levels are taken as a parameter from the industrial effluents. CONCLUSION: Every 24hours, for continuous 3-5days the color of effluent has been notified to predict the changes. Turbidity and other impurities are noted by the effects of the water hyacinth used as results.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of chitosan obtained from local crab industry waste as a coagulant for treating wastewater from a flour processing industry. Waste for the chitosan production was obtained from a crab industry located in the San Francisco Municipality, State of Zulia. The industrial wastewater came from a company dedicated to the production and distribution of flour. The parameters measured were: pH, COD, BOD5, 20, turbidity, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-) and total alkalinity. The experiment of chitosan contact with the effluent sample was carried out using laboratory-prepared chitosan, commercial chitosan and aluminum sulfate at 10% w/v. The optimal dose selected for the laboratory-prepared chitosan was 250 mg/L, which permitted achieving a COD removal rate of 80.2 % for an initial COD of 744.53 mg/L, a turbidity removal percentage of 98.9 % and color removal o...

The ozonation of wastewater supplied from a treatment plant (Sample A and B) and dye-bath effluent (Sample C) of a dyeing and finishing mill and acid dye solutions in a semi-batch reactor has been examined to explore the impact of ozone dose, pH, and initial dye concentration. Results revealed that the apparent rate constants were raised with increases in applied ozone dose and pH, and decreases in initial dye concentration. While color removal efficiencies of both wastewater samples A and C for 15 minutes ozonation at high ozone dosage were 95 and 97 %, respectively, these were 81 and 87%, respectively at low ozone dosage. COD and DOC removal efficiencies at several ozone dose applications for a 15 minutes ozonation time were in the ranges of 15-46% and 10-20%, respectively for Sample A and 15-33% and 9-19% respectively for Sample C. Ozone consumption per unit color, COD and DOC removal at any time was found to be almost the same while the applied ozone dose was different. Ozonation could improve the BOD5/COD ratio of wastewater Sample A by 1.6 times with 300 mg dm-3 ozone consumption. Ozonation of acid dyes was a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to dye. Increases in dye concentration increased specific ozone consumption. Specific ozone consumption for Acid Red 183 (AR-183) dye solution with 50 mg dm-3 of concentration rose from 0.32 to 0.72 mg-O3 per mg dye decomposed as the dye concentration was increased to 500 mg dm-3.