Biological Wastewater Treatment Research Papers

Rheology Sludge Viscosity a b s t r a c t Rheological characterization is of crucial importance in sludge management both in terms of biomass dewatering and stabilization properties and in terms of design parameters for sludge handling... more

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- by Giuseppe Laera and +1
  A. Pollice
- •
- 11
  Water, Statistical Analysis, Rheology, Multidisciplinary

Industries play a major role in the economic growth of developing countries. However, these are also the major source of environmental pollution because all types of industries discharge a huge volume of wastewater into the environment,... more

Chapter 1: Process Background & Selection Chapter 2: Site Location Chapter 3: Mass Balance Chapter 4: Energy Balance Chapter 5: Process Simulation Chapter 6: Environmental and Waste Management Chapter 7: Process Integration Chapter 8:... more

Following new trends we applied oxygen uptake rate (OUR) tests as well as long-term tests (in two batch bioreactors systems) in order to assess the biodegradability of textile wastewater. Effluents coming from a dyeing factory were... more

The activated sludge process is the most widely used biological wastewater treatment method. The measurement of some physicochemical parameters in aeration tanks does not allow clarification operation failures to be avoided. This study... more

The word "waste" refers to something that is "no longer serving a purpose," something "without value" (The Concise Oxford Dictionary). The current scopes of waste management in global scenario describe "waste" as a "resource." Waste... more

The ability for zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, to reduce wastewater parameters was observed in a controlled laboratory setting. Reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total ammonia (NH3/NH4+), orthophosphate (ortho-P) and total... more

This paper describes the performance of a novel bio-reactor system, the membrane-integrated fermentation reactor (MFR), for efficient continuous fermentation. The MFR, equipped with an autoclavable polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, has... more

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- by Katsushige Yamada
- •
- 19
  Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Production, Culture

To develop the waste water solutions challenging task. To design sustainable wastewater solution requires information about new ideas, new systems and latest technology. Generally it is assumed that, decision making needs to involve field... more

To develop the waste water solutions challenging task. To design sustainable wastewater solution requires information about new ideas, new systems and latest technology. Generally it is assumed that, decision making needs to involve field experts and engineers to define values and brainstorms solution. This paper describes a decision support system model that is designed to help community planners to identify the solution which balance the environmental, economic and social needs. System will be scalable, adaptable and flexible. Our decision support system will take modular description of components and description of community constraints, suggest the design of alternative waste water system, and facilitates evaluating how well each design satisfies the given constraints. Decision support system will give alternatives with visualization of the effect of various trade-offs and their effect in the relation of the community's goals. I. INTRODUCTION It is notable that, after industrial revolution, population growth and urbanization there is intense need of wastewater management system. As a research, the past few years have been seen significant growth in innovation based on the idea of waste as resource rather than a non-usable material, with a focus on water energy and nutrients. The challenge of providing good management of domestic and industrial sewage is becoming very urgent as the majority of sewage infrastructure in the industrialized area will require changes and replacement in the near future and more than half of the people living in the large cities in the developing world lack access to proper sanitation services. Growing cost in combination with environmental concerns and the challenges involved in securing the quality and quantity of water heighten the urgency of the issue It has been repeatedly observed that successful implementation of scalable management solutions is strongly tied with environmental ,social, economic and political issues at different level and thus requires active engagement of verity of experts in addition to wastewater engineers identifying the most stable solution involves finding solution that minimize negative effects, while maximizing benefits for local and global environments.

This work addresses the robust output feedback tracking problem for a biological wastewater treatment process in the presence of input constraints and limited knowledge on the process parameters. The considered process is an anaerobic... more

Two bed media were tested (gravel and Filtralite) in shallow horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands in order to evaluate the removal of ammonia and nitrate for different types of wastewater (acetate-based and domestic... more

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- by Joao Oliveira
- •
- 20
  Biogeochemistry, Architecture, Aquatic Ecology, Biochemical Engineering

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between... more

Ultrasonication is an emerging and very effective mechanical pretreatment method to enhance the biodegradability of the sludge, and it would be very useful to all wastewater treatment plants in treating and disposing sewage sludge.... more

Propylene glycol (PG) is not a toxic matter. However, it can dramatically increase BOD of water resources and that is why removal of PG is important. Removal of PG in synthetic wastewater was studied in a continuous activated sludge... more

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland... more

In recent years considerable effort has been made in the Netherlands toward the development of a more sophisticated anaerobic treatment process, suitable for treating low strength wastes and for applications at liquid detention times of... more

El modelo de CARTA DE INTENCIÓN, se basa en la experiencia conjunta del organismo de investigación y educación superior pública denominado Centro de Investigación en Energía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México CIE, y la... more

The removal of seven pharmaceuticals and two fragrances in the biological units of various full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants was studied. The observed removal of pharmaceuticals was mainly due to biological transformation... more

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- by Alfredo Alder
- •
- 17
  Water, Perfume, Activated Sludge, Multidisciplinary

Typically, 15-45% of the mixed liquor (sludge) in biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) consists of inorganic (fixed) suspended solids. A portion of these inorganic compounds is grit (sand) originating from the influent. Grit... more

— Due to the reduction of groundwater resources, the artificial recharge of these resources through the reuse of treated wastewater (modified water) is an efficient way to tackle the problem. Some of the most important goals to be... more

One of the most significant inputs in an aquaponic system is fish feed. Here, two satiation feeding (SF) levels (60% &amp; 50%) have been tested. It aims to determine its effect on the water quality and the growth, hematological... more

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- by ARNEL NUDALO
- •
- 4
  Zoology, Hematology, Aquaponics, Biological Wastewater Treatment

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a reliable and promising technology for wastewater treatment and reclamation applications. In spite of more than a decade of significant advances in developing fouling mitigation methods, different physical... more

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- by Muhammad Aslam
- •
- 119
  Hydrodynamics (Physics), Water, Membrane Science, Membranes

Phytoremediation Tannery wastewater Horizontal subsurface flow Phragmites australis Typha latifolia a b s t r a c t Wastewaters from leather processing are very complex and lead to water pollution if discharged untreated, especially due... more

Recently, national and international effluent standards have become more stringent, posing a significant challenge in the water treatment industry. Accordingly, treatment techniques with minimal energy consumption and maximal performance... more

Macrófitas flotantes en el tratamiento de aguas residuales: una revisión del estado del arte Floating macrophytes on the wastewater treatment: a state of the art review Macrófitas flutuantes no tratamento deáguas residuais: uma revisão do... more

This review analyzes the state-of-the-art of a specific niche in biological wastewater treatment that uses immobilized eukaryotic microalgae (and several prokaryotic photosynthetic cyanobacteria), with emphasis on removing nutrients with... more

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- by Yoav Bashan
- •
- 15
  Water Purification, Cyanobacteria, Wastewater Treatment, Polymers

Production of 50,000 Tons Per Year of Maleic Anhydride Via Oxidation of n-Butane

Semester report on 'Suspended growth biological treatment process'.

In aerobic bioprocesses, oxygen is a key substrate; due to its low solubility in broths (aqueous solutions), a continuous supply is needed. The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) must be known, and if possible predicted to achieve an optimum... more

In aerobic bioprocesses, oxygen is a key substrate; due to its low solubility in broths (aqueous solutions), a continuous supply is needed. The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) must be known, and if possible predicted to achieve an optimum design operation and scale-up of bioreactors. Many studies have been conducted to enhance the efficiency of oxygen transfer. The dissolved oxygen concentration in a suspension of aerobic microorganisms depends on the rate of oxygen transfer from the gas phase to the liquid, on the rate at which oxygen is transported into the cells (where it is consumed), and on the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) by the microorganism for growth, maintenance and production. The gas-liquid mass transfer in a bioprocess is strongly influenced by the hydrodynamic conditions in the bioreactors. These conditions are known to be a function of energy dissipation that depends on the operational conditions, the physicochemical properties of the culture, the geometrical parameters of the bioreactor and also on the presence of oxygen consuming cells. Stirred tank and bubble column (of various types) bioreactors are widely used in a large variety of bioprocesses (such as aerobic fermentation and biological wastewater treatments, among others). Stirred tanks bioreactors provide high values of mass and heat transfer rates and excellent mixing. In these systems, a high number of variables affect the mass transfer and mixing, but the most important among them are stirrer speed, type and number of stirrers and gas flow rate used. In bubble columns and airlifts, the lowshear environment compared to the stirred tanks has enabled successful cultivation of shear sensitive and filamentous cells. Oxygen transfer is often the rate-limiting step in the aerobic bioprocess due to the low solubility of oxygen in the medium. The correct measurement and/or prediction of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, (k L a), is a crucial step in the design, operation and scale-up of bioreactors. The present work is aimed at the reviewing of the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) in bioprocesses to provide a better knowledge about the selection, design, scale-up and development of bioreactors. First, the most used measuring methods are revised; then the main empirical equations, including those using dimensionless numbers, are considered. The possible increasing on OTR due to the oxygen consumption by the cells is taken into account through the use of the biological enhancement factor. Theoretical predictions of both the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the enhancement factor that have been recently proposed are described; finally, different criteria for bioreactor scale-up are considered in the light of the influence of OTR and OUR affecting the dissolved oxygen concentration in real bioprocess.

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- by Emilio Gomez
- •
- 26
  Engineering, Algorithms, Technology, Mass Transfer

Cheese whey is a type of dairy wastewater that is either discharged directly into the environment or the local sewer, treated with the primary object to meet effluent discharge limits, or used as a resource to produce, for example,... more

Cheese whey is a type of dairy wastewater that is either discharged directly into the environment or the local sewer, treated with the primary object to meet effluent discharge limits, or used as a resource to produce, for example, biofuels, single cell proteins, animal feed after condensation, sweetener after crystallization of lactose, xanthan gum, glycerol and 2,3 butanediol upon fermentation. This review has been dedicated to the production of biofuels, specifically biogas, from cheese whey. We aim to provide the reader with a brief account of how knowledge in the field of biogas production from cheese whey effluents has evolved, the current status quo, and identify areas that should be addressed in the near future. Based on the review of ca. 100 research papers published over the past 25 years following facts were extracted: A large body of knowledge exists at lab- and pilot-scale. It has been shown that cheese whey wastewater can be used either as a primary or co-substrate for the production of biomethane and biohydrogen. Amongst the reactors studied, high-rate anaerobic digesters can be operated at organic loading rates up to 40 g COD L-1 d-1 with relatively low hydraulic retention times (0.5-10 d). The 1980ies have seen the implementation of the first fully integrated systems in New Zealand and Ireland. It was also concluded that anaerobic treatment of full-strength cheese whey, despite COD removal efficiencies of up to 99%, cannot meet the stringent discharge criteria set forth in most countries thus requiring an aerobic polishing step. As the biogas technology reaches technical maturity and enters the commercial stage in the dairy industry, more data and reliable statistics are needed to evaluate the economical and operational feasibility at the industrial scale, including how we deal with the anaerobic digester effluent. Life cycle and carbon footprint assessments of the overall treatment process are to be carried out before it can be promoted as a technology that can contribute towards sustainable development and a more environmentally friendly agro-industry. Cooperation and promotion should be encouraged among agro-industries, government and national research institutes as well as providers of technology, operators and clients of digestion products. Consequently, decision makers will be able to choose the best technologies and options to promote the digestion products. It should also be recognized that the competition between different processes exploiting cheese whey as a resource will continue due to technological advances.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned... more

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract This study aims to examine the economic and environmental benefits of recovered paper and potential contribution of the recovered paper to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Vision 2030. The Vision 2030 is an inclusive development policy, recently launched, with the objectives to build the best future for the country. The Vision 2030 is based on three ambitious goals: making the country a vibrant society, a thriving economy and an ambitious nation. It is estimated that by 2030, 5.05 million ton of waste paper would be recovered in the country. About 11.3 billion SAR (US $3.01 billion) would be added to the country's GDP and would create about 16,536 new jobs if the recovered paper industry is built in the country. Moreover, a net environmental benefit of 9.6 million crude barrel oil savings and 4.5 million ton of CO2 savings from GHG emissions could be achieved by 2030 only from the paper waste recovery in the country. The potential benefits of paper waste recycling in KSA highlight the needs of effective measures to optimize the economic and environmental opportunities inherited in the waste paper industry. These measures should focus on capitalizing the local waste paper processing industry, restrict the export of raw waste paper materials, and enhance the waste paper collection process and quantity.

Most of the wastewater treatment systems in small rural communities of the Cova da Beira region (Portugal) consist of constructed wetlands (CW) with horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF). It is believed that those systems allow the compliance... more

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- by Arnel Nudalo
- •
- 4
  Zoology, Hematology, Aquaponics, Biological Wastewater Treatment

This Guide identifies several unconventional methods to treat sewage at different population scales. It describes the technical characteristics, makes cost per capita analysis and proposes policy recommendations in unconventional sewage... more

Primary design of a typical waste-water treatment plant using new technology, the membrane bioreactor.

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The expanded granular sludge bed bioreactor appears today as a cheap, robust and more popular technology because it operates using a fluidized bed, which allows increasing in organic load and in cell retention times, generating higher... more

Excess sludge treatment and disposal currently represents a rising challenge for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to economic, environmental and regulation factors. There is therefore considerable impetus to explore and develop... more

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- by Yao-bo Fan and +1
  Yuansong Wei
- •
- 18
  Water, Wastewater Treatment, Population Dynamics, Environmental Pollution

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands planted with Typha latifolia treating tannery wastewater under long-term operation. Two expanded clay aggregates (Filtralite Ò... more

The increasing demand for water in combination with frequent drought periods, even in areas traditionally rich in water resources, puts at risk the sustainability of current living standards. In industrialized countries, widespread... more

The increasing demand for water in combination with frequent drought periods, even in areas traditionally rich in water resources, puts at risk the sustainability of current living standards. In industrialized countries, widespread shortage of water is caused due to contamination of ground and surface water by industrial effluents, and agricultural chemicals. In many developing countries, industrial pollution is less common, though they are severe near large urban centers. However, untreated or partially-treated sewage poses an acute water pollution problem that causes low water availability. Global trends such as urbanization and migration have increased the demand for water, food and energy. Development of human societies is heavily dependent upon availability of water with suitable quality and in adequate quantities, for a variety of uses ranging from domestic to industrial supplies and Rapid industrialization is adversely impacting the environment globally. Pollution by inappropriate management of industrial wastewater is one of the major environmental problems in India as well, especially with small scale industrial sector in the country. To address the pollution coming out from industries, adoption of cleaner production technologies and waste minimization initiatives are being encouraged. The present case studies on Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) for Textile industry are considered as one of the viable solution for small to medium enterprises for effective wastewater treatment. An effluent treatment plant is operating on physical, chemical and biological treatment method with average waste water in flow of 3MLD has been considered for case study. The wastewater is analyzed for the major water quality parameters, such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total suspended solid (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The effluent samples were collected on a daily basis for a period of one month. The raw waste water pH was highly alkaline it was then bringing down to neutral which was helpful for chemical and biological treatment. The BOD, COD of the treated effluent reduced significantly, where as very small reduction was observed in dissolved solids. Most of all the parameters were within the permissible limits of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, India.

In Canada, increases in rural development has led to a growing need to effectively manage the resulting municipal and city sewage without the addition of significant cost- and energy- expending infrastructure. Storring Septic Service... more

In Canada, increases in rural development has led to a growing need to effectively manage the resulting municipal and city sewage without the addition of significant cost- and energy- expending infrastructure. Storring Septic Service Limited is a family-owned, licensed wastewater treatment facility located in eastern Ontario. It makes use of a passive waste stabilization pond system to treat and dispose of waste and wastewater in an environmentally responsible manner. Storring Septic, like many other similar small-scale wastewater treatment facilities across Canada, has the potential to act as a sustainable eco-engineered facility that municipalities and service providers could utilize to manage and dispose of their wastewater. However, it is of concern that the substantial inclusion of third party material could be detrimental to the stability and robustness of the pond system. In order to augment the capacity of the current facility, and ensure it remains a self-sustaining system with the capacity to safely accept septage from other sewage haulers, it was hypothesized that pond effluent treatment could be further enhanced through the incorporation of one of three different technology solutions, which would allow the reduction of wastewater quality parameters below existing regulatory effluent discharge limits put in place by Ontario’s Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MOECC). Two of these solutions make use of biofilm technologies in order to enhance the removal of wastewater parameters of interest, and the third utilizes the natural water filtration capabilities of zebra mussels. Pilot-scale testing investigated the effects of each of these technologies on treatment performance under both cold and warm weather operation. This research aimed to understand the important mechanisms behind biological filtration methods in order to choose and optimize the best treatment strategy for full-scale testing and implementation. In doing so, a recommendation matrix was developed with the potential to be used as a universal operational strategy for wastewater treatment facilities located in environments of similar climate and ecology.

References. Can be used for further discussion.

Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) Hydrolysis Predation Pulp and viscose wastewater a b s t r a c t An integrated mathematical model is proposed for modelling a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD)... more

In aerobic bioprocesses, oxygen is a key substrate; due to its low solubility in broths (aqueous solutions), a continuous supply is needed. The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) must be known, and if possible predicted to achieve an optimum... more

In aerobic bioprocesses, oxygen is a key substrate; due to its low solubility in broths (aqueous solutions), a continuous supply is needed. The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) must be known, and if possible predicted to achieve an optimum design operation and scale-up of bioreactors. Many studies have been conducted to enhance the efficiency of oxygen transfer. The dissolved oxygen concentration in a suspension of aerobic microorganisms depends on the rate of oxygen transfer from the gas phase to the liquid, on the rate at which oxygen is transported into the cells (where it is consumed), and on the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) by the microorganism for growth, maintenance and production. The gas-liquid mass transfer in a bioprocess is strongly influenced by the hydrodynamic conditions in the bioreactors. These conditions are known to be a function of energy dissipation that depends on the operational conditions, the physicochemical properties of the culture, the geometrical parameters of the bioreactor and also on the presence of oxygen consuming cells. Stirred tank and bubble column (of various types) bioreactors are widely used in a large variety of bioprocesses (such as aerobic fermentation and biological wastewater treatments, among others). Stirred tanks bioreactors provide high values of mass and heat transfer rates and excellent mixing. In these systems, a high number of variables affect the mass transfer and mixing, but the most important among them are stirrer speed, type and number of stirrers and gas flow rate used. In bubble columns and airlifts, the lowshear environment compared to the stirred tanks has enabled successful cultivation of shear sensitive and filamentous cells. Oxygen transfer is often the rate-limiting step in the aerobic bioprocess due to the low solubility of oxygen in the medium. The correct measurement and/or prediction of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, (k L a), is a crucial step in the design, operation and scale-up of bioreactors. The present work is aimed at the reviewing of the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) in bioprocesses to provide a better knowledge about the selection, design, scale-up and development of bioreactors. First, the most used measuring methods are revised; then the main empirical equations, including those using dimensionless numbers, are considered. The possible increasing on OTR due to the oxygen consumption by the cells is taken into account through the use of the biological enhancement factor. Theoretical predictions of both the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the enhancement factor that have been recently proposed are described; finally, different criteria for bioreactor scale-up are considered in the light of the influence of OTR and OUR affecting the dissolved oxygen concentration in real bioprocess.

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- by Emilio Gomez
- •
- 26
  Engineering, Algorithms, Technology, Mass Transfer

The feasibility of using treatment scheme consists of an ubflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by subsurface follow constructed (SSF) wetland for the treatment of sewage water has been studied. The results showed that... more

Landfill leachate is characterised by high chemical and biological oxygen demand and generally consists of undesirable substances such as organic and inorganic contaminants. Landfill leachate may differ depending on the content and age of... more

ABSTRACT Sewage management in remote rural and mountain areas constitutes a challenge because of the lack of adequate infrastructure and economic capability. Tourism facilities, in particular, possess a special challenge because of huge... more

Biological Wastewater Treatment

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