Water and wastewater treatment

The Increasing pace of Industrialization throughout the world has brought with It a serious, and ever Increasing threat from air pollution. It Is true that this threat Is being taken seriously, and that many responsible research workers, government advisers and others are working towards Its reduction. But air pollution seems to have something of the nature of a hydra-headed monster: tackle one problem and another immediately grows to take its place. Actions taken sometimes have results that are far from what was envisioned, sometimes even seeming to make the problem worse.

In "The Forgotten Pollution", Roos shows clearly and In an often entertaining way, how many of the "unexpected" side effects of pollution by waste gases and particles can be explained by paying attention to the electrical activity of the atmosphere and the earth.
Using an Instrument, which he has developed the Electrostatic Charged Aerosol Monitor (ECAM), together with other instruments and reference to the literature, much of it dating back to the early days of science, when electrostatics was appreciated as a science more than It Is today, Roos has succeeded In explaining many hitherto "puzzling" phenomena in a clear, simple and intellectually satisfying way.

Chapter 1: Process Background & Selection
Chapter 2: Site Location
Chapter 3: Mass Balance
Chapter 4: Energy Balance
Chapter 5: Process Simulation
Chapter 6: Environmental and Waste Management
Chapter 7: Process Integration
Chapter 8: Process Control & Instrumentation
Chapter 9: Design of Major Equipment (Chemical & Mechanical)
Chapter 10: Economic Analysis
Chapter 11: Plant Safety & Layout

Phyto-remediation technology is a low energy, low maintenance and natural approach to treat domestic sewage. The process is a
clean, economic and eco-friendly method used as an alternative to conventional systems. Phyto-remediation System uses ecological
principles, which simulate the natural processes for treatment of wastewater. It is a live, self-cleaning biological filter. It removes
disease organisms, nutrients, organic loads and a range of other polluting compounds. The breakdown of contaminants and the
treatment of wastewater are achieved by the controlled seepage of the waterborne pollutants through a root-zone of plants. Organic
pollutants are broken down as a food source for the extraordinary variety of microorganisms that are present in the soil and plants.
Other contaminants like heavy metals are fixed in humic acid and cation exchange bonds in the soil or mineral substrate in which
these plants are rooted. The complexity of microbial life forms and the powerful reaction in the Root zone of the plants result in
cleansing capacity that adapts to change in a very dynamic way.

As we have broadened our vision of health, the full meaning of water to the human race has begun to reveal itself.  In the most concrete terms, our dependency on water is indisputable. In its 1948 Constitution, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as “a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. This paper explores the multi-dimensional connections between water and human health.

Groundwater is among Country’s most precious resources. For any program of efficient water management to be successful, continuous monitoring of water level in the groundwater is necessary. Reliable and accurate groundwater data is required, well in time, to assess groundwater conditions such that adverse situations like drought and loss of pumpage in agriculture and domestic water supply can be efficiently handled. However, the monitoring task becomes gigantic and expensive when the number of sites and parameters to be monitored increases. Automated monitoring systems are best solution that provide data from different parts of Country at a remote central location in near real time.
The primary objective of groundwater monitoring on such large scale is to record the response of ground regime to the natural and anthropogenic stresses of recharge and discharge parameters with reference to geology, climate, land use pattern and hydrologic characteristics. This paper discusses few online data received from various part of Country. The paper talks about useful conclusions that can be drawn by from the groundwater data; comparing water level data of different periods and from different areas; correlating the groundwater data with water discharge and rainfall data. The objective is to highlight importance of groundwater level monitoring and to adopt a more comprehensive and systematic approach to the long-term collection of these essential data needed to evaluate changes, develop groundwater models and forecast trends; to design, implement and monitor the effectiveness of groundwater management and protection programs.

Recently, a novel approach to a highly sensitive and quantitative detection of rare earth element (REE) ions including La3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, has been reported. The detection of REE ions is based on the catalytic nature of REE ions targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thus monitoring of the ions can be achieved by reading the level of intact DNA by PCR. Despite of its high sensitivity (at ppb to ppt levels), the conventional PCR-based REE detection protocol requires certain length of time (1-2 hours). In the present study, we modified the PCR-based REE detection protocols by employing the high-speed PCR, and performed the automated and rapid detection of La3+ in small-sized aqueous samples within 5min.

O estado da arte da biotecnologia e das tecnologias de manuseio genético hoje
permite sua aplicação não somente na indústria farmacêutica e em processos produtivos
sofisticados, mas também na proteção ao meio ambiente. Ironicamente, os avanços
tecnológicos da biotecnologia alavancaram a aceitação e valorização das tecnologias
biológicas naturais, menos sofisticadas, em aplicações como o tratamento de efluentes
sanitários e industriais, e na biorremediação de áreas contaminadas. O leque destas aplicações
representa uma grande oportunidade para ajudar a resolver um dos maiores entraves ao
desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil – um sistema de saneamento deficiente, que prejudica
as condições de saúde da população. O molde do desenvolvimento que o Brasil vivenciou nas
últimas décadas não contemplou medidas adequadas para proteger o meio-ambiente e a saúde
da população. O foco foi o desenvolvimento da capacidade produtiva, preterindo,
especialmente, os sistemas de coleta e tratamento de esgoto. Os indicadores de coleta e
tratamento de esgoto são péssimos. Neste contexto, surge a oportunidade da aplicação da
biotecnologia natural, e especialmente dos produtos biológicos biorremediadores, como forma
de atingir uma melhora significativa e rápida, nos indicadores quantitativos e qualitativos de
saneamento no Brasil.

Decolourization of reactive dyes wastewater supplemented with 1 mg/l cationic polymer (Organo Pol.) in a down flow hanging sponge (DHS) system was investigated at different HRTs and OLRs. The results obtained revealed that, increasing the HRT from 1.7 to 5 h, significantly increased the removal efficiencies of color and COD i.e. at a HRT of 5 h, and OLR not exceeding 2.8 g COD/l d, the reactor achieved removal efficiencies of 66.5 AE 7.07% for COD t and 90.12 AE 3.13% for color. However, at longer HRT of 6.0 h, the decolorization process was substantially dropped, due to high salinity content in the influent.

This paper describes ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) that can take sample of contaminated water and soil while the operator operates it on the shore or ship. User can operate ROV wirelessly. ROV is equipped with camera, robot hand, GPS, accelerometer, compass, and other devices. The ROV is aimed to help researchers to research contaminated water and soil that can be applied in and on the lake, river, and sea. The way it operates are syphoning water with mini pump and taking soil sample with robot hand. The result shows that all hardware and software can run well underwater. So that, ROV in this experiment can be used to take sample of contaminated water and soil in the place with maximum a depth of 1m. For the next experiment, this ROV will be tested in other place with a depth more than 1m. however, this ROV will continue to be refined to be maximally utilized. the total paddy field (983 Ha) in the fourth villages with a yield of around 0.50-0.60 tons GK / H were

n the Northern parts of Ghana, highly turbid rainwater runoff and intermittent streams are collected in earthen dams. These dams serve as main source of drinking and domestic water for many communities despite their physical and microbial contamination. This study was conducted at Builpela in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana to analyse the levels of chemical properties in the dam water used by the people in the area. Eight water samples were collected in May 2012 for the analysis. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS,) Flame photometer, Turbidimeter amongst others were used for laboratory analyses. The mean concentration of the parameters analysed were; 624.1 µS/cm for Electrical Conductivity (EC), 8.72 for pH, 57.3 mg/l for Chloride (Cl-) 50.1 mg/l for Potassium (K+), 260.2 for Bicarbonate (CHO3-),16 mg/l for Magnesium (Mg+), and 75 mg/l for Sulphide (SO4-). Apart from the mean Arsenic (As) concentration level of 0.0152 mg/l, all the heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury) analysed were found to be absent in the dam water. Comparatively, most of the parameters were found to be within the WHO and Ghana EPA limits. pH, CHO3, K+ and As were however high in concentration. ANOVA on the concentration of these chemicals at the various banks of the dam realised significant difference for EC, pH and CHO3- with F probability (Fpr <0.05) of 0.005, 0.008 and 0.012 respectively. Even though pollution of the water was observed, concentrations were not alarming. The protection of the catchment and upstream activities which result in pollution of the reservoir should be controlled.

There is a continuous debate over the impact of mining operations especially in northern parts of the USA near Boundary Water Canoe Area in Minnesota on the environment as well as the Nation's waters and, the positive impacts on the regions economy and jobs. This paper examines the use of emerging technologies to address wastewater treatment issue associated with these operation so that these enterprises can continue operating and creating economical benefits and jobs without negative impact on the environment. Removel of sulfates were particulary emphasized.

Air telah menjadi bagian penting dari kota Jakarta, mengingat adanya 13 sungai utama yang mengalir menuju Teluk Jakarta serta berbagai macam jaringan saluran penghubung di dalamnya. Kota Rotterdam menjadi contoh kota yang baik dalam mempelajari permasalahan dan menemukan solusi dari permasalahan perkotaan, khususnya dalam hal ini untuk perencana kota. Studi kasus yang kemudian dibawa dalam kegiatan Dutch Training and Exposure Program di Rotterdam adalah kawasan PIK Pulogadung di Cakung, Jakarta Timur yang merupakan penggabungan kawasan belanja, industri kecil, hunian, hingga pemerintahan. Dua badan air utama yakni Kali Buaran dan Saluran Pengumpul menjadi topik utama dalam pembahasan ini.

Laporan Dutch Training and Exposure Program (DUTEP) Batch 2018 - Nur Fatina Risinda
Berdasarkan Internship di Pemerintah Kota Rotterdam, Belanda, Maret s.d. Mei 2018

To develop the waste water solutions challenging task. To design sustainable wastewater solution requires information about new ideas, new systems and latest technology. Generally it is assumed that, decision making needs to involve field experts and engineers to define values and brainstorms solution. This paper describes a decision support system model that is designed to help community planners to identify the solution which balance the environmental, economic and social needs. System will be scalable, adaptable and flexible. Our decision support system will take modular description of components and description of community constraints, suggest the design of alternative waste water system, and facilitates evaluating how well each design satisfies the given constraints. Decision support system will give alternatives with visualization of the effect of various trade-offs and their effect in the relation of the community's goals. I. INTRODUCTION It is notable that, after industrial revolution, population growth and urbanization there is intense need of wastewater management system. As a research, the past few years have been seen significant growth in innovation based on the idea of waste as resource rather than a non-usable material, with a focus on water energy and nutrients. The challenge of providing good management of domestic and industrial sewage is becoming very urgent as the majority of sewage infrastructure in the industrialized area will require changes and replacement in the near future and more than half of the people living in the large cities in the developing world lack access to proper sanitation services. Growing cost in combination with environmental concerns and the challenges involved in securing the quality and quantity of water heighten the urgency of the issue It has been repeatedly observed that successful implementation of scalable management solutions is strongly tied with environmental ,social, economic and political issues at different level and thus requires active engagement of verity of experts in addition to wastewater engineers identifying the most stable solution involves finding solution that minimize negative effects, while maximizing benefits for local and global environments.

Intensity, duration and frequency are identified as the principle characteristics of a rainfall, which influences the planning design, operation and maintenance of soil and water conservation structures. The relationship between rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency trio is an important tool for the proper implementation of different water resources technology projects. Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves are graphical representations of the amount of water that falls within a given period of time in catchment areas (Dupont et al. 2006). Rainfall intensity is expressed as the rate of rainfall in millimetres per hour (Okonkwo and Mbajiorgu, 2008). Duration represents the total time period during which the storm occurs. Frequency is how often a storm of specified intensity and duration may be expected to occur (Rick, 2007).

Thermal properties of bio-materials are properties which depict the reaction of the materials as a result of change in temperature. This study determined the effects of moisture variation on some thermal properties of Mucuna Pruriens and Veracruz seeds grown in Nigeria under different moisture contents range of 6.04 to 15.82% (db) employing standard experimental equipments and procedures. From the analysis of the results the thermal properties of both species were observed to increase as the moisture content increases but varied slightly between both species. Their values were found to range from 102.86 to 196.46KJ/kgK; 17.53 to 32.82W/m and 2.46 x10-7 to 8.39 x 10-7 ms-1 for specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity respectively. From the result and analysis of this study, it can be stated that knowledge of engineering properties of crops are very vital for design of processing equipment and post harvest handling. It is expected that the information obtained will be put to use by researchers who wish to work further on this legume species.

Flokulasi adalah tahap pengadukan lambat yang mengikuti unit pengaduk cepat (koagulasi). Tujuan dari proses ini adalah untuk mempercepat laju tumbukan.
Berikut contoh evaluasi perhitungan desain flokulator pada IPA kapasitas 100 lpd di PDAM Tirta Bhagasasi

Moringa oleifera is a single family of shrubs and trees that is cultivated in the whole of tropical belt. It belongs to the family Moringaceae and is one of the 14 known species. The tree has been described as a multipurpose tree for life. It has, in recent times, been advocated as an outstanding indigenous source of highly digestible protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin C, and carotenoids suitable for utilization in many of the developing regions of the world where undernourishment is a major concern. The seeds are eaten green, roasted, powdered and steeped for tea or used in curries. It has found applications in medicinal uses, as cosmetics, in food supplements, and in water treatment. One of the active ingredients in the M. oleifera seed has been identified as a polyelectrolyte. Its use for coagulation, co-coagulation, or coagulant aid has been a subject of investigation in many parts of the world. Softening of water with M. oleifera has also been identified to have potential advantage since it is accompanied by very low reduction in alkalinity, which is required to provide the necessary buffering capacity to achieve required treatment objectives. Many researchers have also identified the presence of an active antimicrobial agent in Moringa oleifera seeds. This paper presents a review of these various applications of M. oleifera seeds extract in water treatment and highlights the areas requiring further investigations.

A novel nitrogen-doped ultra-light graphene oxide (GO) aerogel with three-dimensional (3D) network structure is used for removing of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution, which is fabricated by a facile one step hydrothermal self-assembly process and an environmentally friendly freeze-drying technique. GO and organic amine are used as the precursors to synthesize the aerogels, in which pyrrole and Tetraethylenetetramine (TEPA) are introduced as nitrogen sources to obtain the amino functional groups, meanwhile, they also play the roles as cross-linking agents to control the assembly of GO sheets in the 3D structure. The obtained TEPA/polypyrrole/GO aerogel (TPGA) has a high adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) anions (up to 408.48 mg/g) at an optimal pH of 2.0. The kinetics process of Cr(VI) adsorption on TPGA can be fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The mechanism of adsorption is analyzed by intraparticle diffusion and external film diffusion models, which indicates that the overall rate of Cr(VI) adsorption process is influenced by multi-steps. The isotherm and thermodynamic studies confirm that adsorption of Cr(VI) on TPGA is a spontaneous and endothermic process in the monolayer adsorption pattern. Furthermore, the prepared TPGA exhibits a good regeneration ability and satisfactory recovery for Cr(VI) anions in practical water samples. This work provides a simple and environmentally friendly method to synthesize the nitrogen-doped GO aerogel, which show a great potential and promise for practical application in the field of waste water treatment.

To get potable water is an acute problem now a days which is increasing in an alarming rate in southern region of Bangladesh. Khulna, the third largest city in Bangladesh, is located in the southwest of the country and has a population of 1.5 million. Ground water is the main source of supply water presently used by the Khulna Water Supply Authority, KWASA. Water supply for Citizens in Khulna has been suffering from limited access to water supply services. Out of approximately one and half  million of population, only 17% has access to piped water supply, and the rest resorts to alternative sources, such as shared public taps and tube wells built privately. The present water supply in Khulna is mainly from ground water sources drawn from both deep and shallow tube wells. In the long term as demand increases, conjunctive use of ground water and surface water will be required, even though surface water may suffer from salinity intrusion in dry season. Due to increasing water demand in the city, the water supply system is vulnerable to supply required water to the people. Extensive abstraction of ground water from deep aquifer causes depletion of ground water level. Water in ground aquifer is not replenishing at the same rate of abstraction. In future, it may not be possible to yield sufficient quantity of ground water necessary for Khulna city. Therefore, to cope with current insufficient supply and increasing demand of potable and domestic water, it is necessary to allocate alternate source instead of groundwater. Therefore, a comparative study of water quality for different rivers in and around Khulna city is necessary. The main objective of this study is to investigate the usability of surface water to reduce the vulnerability of ground water for the water supply system of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area.
There are many rivers flow through south western zone into or nearby the Khulna city and meet with Bay of Bengal in southern part of Bangladesh. Those are the Vairab, Rupsha, Kobadak, Pashur, Mayur, Modhumoti etc. In this thesis, firstly the water quality parameters for four stations of Gorai- Modhumoti river system are presented. These stations are Station-1: Haridaspur (Kumar river), Station -2: Modhupur (Gorai-Modhumoti river), Station -3: Chapailghat (Modhumoti river) and Station -4: Mollarhat (Modhumoti river). After that the water quality parameters of Rupsha- Bhairab river system are presented. Among the water quality parameters turbidity, pH, TDS, EC, chloride, salinity etc. are tested in the laboratory. Mayur river has not been considered in this study due to its insufficient water flow and its upstream source is almost moribund. The water flow source of Mayur river is mainly KCC drainage waste water and rain water in rainy season. Recently, KWASA has selected the Mollahat Point of Modhumoti River as the intake point of raw water for the alternate water source to supply after treatment. In this study, the historical flow characteristics of Gorai-Modhumoti river is also studied to explain the sustainability of the raw water intake site for KWASA.
From comparison of water quality parameters, it is found that Modhumoti River contains very low amount of chloride concentration and salinity as compare to the other rivers. The salinity is found to be increasing from February and peak in April. Chapailghat, Modhupur and Haridaspur stations are found to have almost same salinity; highest is about 500 mg/l and lowest is 90 mg/l.  Mollarhat contained lowest salinity among the four stations. All of stations contain higher salinity in summer due to lower discharge of river. For low discharge the sea water enter the downstream of river easily and contain higher salinity as compare to the upstream of the river. However, the salinity level is found to be increasing with years.
At Mollarhat point of Gorai-Modhumoti river, the discharge is found to be varies nearly zero at winter season to about 4000 cumec in monsoon. The maximum discharge is found to be varied from 1500 to 4000 cumec per year. Annual minimum discharge is varied from zero to 85 cumec for different years. Very low discharges are observed in the years of 2009 to 2011. Like discharge, water level is found to be varied with seasons from nearly 1 m at winter season to about 8 m in monsoon.  From the linear trend line it is observed that from an average maximum water level of 8.23 m in 1995, it is decreasing by 0.056 m per year.  Annual minimum water level is varied from 1.0 to 3.0 m for different years. Due to the dredging at the mouth of Gorai river in 2011, the water level is increased in 2012, which is again gradually decreased in the following years due to siltation at the mouth of Gorai.  In the low water flow season, the average water flow rate in Modhumoti river was 25.5 m3/sec in 2015. The planned water intake volumes for Khulna City by KWASA are 110,000 m3/day  (= 1.273 m3/ sec) in 2025 and 220,000 m3/day (= 2.546 m3/ sec) in 2030. Therefore, in low flow season the water will be drawn by a rate of 5.0% in 2025  and 10.0% in 2030. However, the feasibility study of KWASA assumed that safe amount to intake water from the river is less than 5%.
Modhumoti River is mainly comes through Gorai river from Ganges. A small part comes from Arial khan River through upper Kumar river. In both the source rivers, the discharges are found in decreasing trend both in monsoon and winter. It is evident from the Gorai river discharge and dredging history at Gorai mouth that dredging effectively increases the flow in Gorai river, though huge siltation affect negatively afterwards. Therefore, to increase the discharge of Gorai river, it is necessary to keep dredging  on a regular basis of Gorai River, which will maintain potential flow of Modhumoti River.  In addition, Kumar river bed dredging to divert flow of Arial Khan river may help further to increase the flow in Modhumoti River. Flow Divider at Gorai Off-take can be installed to divert Ganges flow into Gorai-Modhumoti river.

This study aimed to characterize waste cooking oil as a potential green solvent for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Three samples of waste cooking oil ranging from yellow to brown in colour were studied. The physicochemical properties of oil investigated include density, viscosity, free fatty acid (FFA) content, acid value and functional groups. The density and viscosity of oil were measured by a pycnometer and a viscometer, respectively, whereas the FFA content and acid values were determined by acid-base titration. It was found that there was no significant difference in density for all samples of oil studied, but the viscosity (46.5 – 56.5 cP), FFA content (0.60 – 6.42%) and acid value (1.19 – 12.78%) increased with the darkness of oil colour. FTIR evaluation of functional groups revealed that all types of oil studied had similar functional groups. Since the physicochemical properties of waste cooking oil were found to be compatible with those of fresh cooking oil, waste cooking oil is a potential low-cost replacement for fresh cooking oil that has been used successfully as a solvent in LLE processes.

توجه به توسعه فضای سبز و جنگلکاری روز به روز در بین مسئولین و آحاد مردم در کشور ما در حال شکل گرفتن است و امروزه سعی می شود چهره شهرها را با کاشت گیاهان و درختان زیبا کرده و با تلطیف هوا و کاهش آلودگی آرامش را برای ساکنان آن فراهم نمایند. افزایش روز افزون جمعیت و متعاقب آن توسعه شهرها در دشت های استان مرکزی از یک سو و افزایش منابع ثابت و متحرک آلودگی از سوی دیگر اهمیت و جایگاه جنگل کاری به ویژه در مناطق آلوده ی شازند که با بحرانهای شدید زیست محیطی روبروست را به خوبی روشن می سازد افزایش جذب آب و تقویت آب های زیر زمینی، جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک، موقعیت استراتژیک زیست محیطی خاص عرصه و لزوم حفظ محدوده از تصرفات غیرقانونی و تعرض زمین خواران به عرصه، لزوم ایجاد و احداث جنگلکاری را در شهباز نشان می دهد.
به منظور انجام مطالعه در اولین اقدام به شناسایی و مطالعات اولیه عرصه پرداخته شد. شرح عملیات فنی که باید با ذکر جزیئات توسط متخصصین تعیین و در طرح درج می گردید که شامل گزینش و انتخاب گونه های گیاهی، تعیین تکنیک کار، برنامه زمان بندی بود.
در تعیین گونه های مناسب به نیاز کم و مقاومت بالا نسبت به استرس های آبی در گونه های انتخابی، توجه به اصول زیبایی شناسی گونه ها، توجه به محدودیت های خاک توجه شد و درختان آسماندار ( عرعر)، زبان گنجشک، توت سفید، سرو خمره ای، سنجد، کاج سیاه انتخاب شد که با الگوی کاشت مثلثی برای اولین بار در استان مرکزی کاشته شده اند، سیستم آبیاری قطره ای جهت عرصه مورد نظر انتخاب شدند.

In present study, we selected two types of fresh water resources; one is surface water known as Choyyia Nadi (River) and another one is groundwater of the catchment area of Choyyia Nadi. Total number of six sampling locations are identified to perform the current study, out of which three locations for ground water and three for river water. During assessment pH is ranging between a range of 7.9 to 8.07, TDS is 821.33 to 908.33 mg/L and Turbidity is 325.33 to 341.33 NTU. Depending upon the assessment WQI are calculated and found unsuitable for drinking for river water. While in groundwater analysis, parameters are ranging within acceptable limits during the study period with certain heavy metals with BDL, (Below Detectable Limits) except arsenic which is ranging from 0.021 to 0.03 mg/L. With the current groundwater assessment WQI calculated for ground water quality was observed with good quality during the study period.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are regarded as priority pollutants owing to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic characteristics. Perylene is a kind of 5-ring PAH with biological toxicity, and classified as a class III carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Nowadays, some of its derivatives are often used as industrial pigments. Hence, urgent attention is highly needed to develop new and improved techniques for PAHs and their derivatives removal from the environment. In this study, Fenton oxidation process was hybridized with
the biological (anaerobic and aerobic) treatments for the removal of perylene pigment from wastewater. The experiments were carried out by setting Fenton treatment system before and between the biological treatments. The biological results showed that COD removal efficiency reached 60% during 24 h HRT with an effluent COD concentration of 1567.78 mg/L. After the HRT increased to 48 h, the COD removal efficiency was slightlyincreased (67.9%). However, after combining Fenton treatment with biological treatment (Anaerobic-Fenton-
Aerobic), the results revealed over 85% COD removal efficiency and the effluent concentration less than 600 mg/L which was selected as the better treatment configuration for the biological and chemical combined system. The microbial community analysis of activated sludge was carried out with high-throughput Illumina sequencing platform and results showed that Pseudomonas, Citrobacter and Methylocapsa were found to be the dominant genera detected in aerobic and anaerobic reactors. These dominant bacteria depicted that the community
composition of the reactors for treating perylene pigments wastewater were similar to that of the soil contaminated by PAHs and the activated sludge from treating PAHs wastewater. Economic analysis results revealed that the reagent cost was relatively cheap, amounting to 10.64 yuan per kilogram COD. This study vividly demonstrated that combining Fenton treatment with biological treatment was efficient and cost-effective.

In this work, talc powder and peanut shells were investigated as potential adsorbents for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions. The effect of important parameters, such as contact time, solution pH and adsorbent dosage were also evaluated for the adsorption process of chromium (IV). The experimental data showed that a contact time of 30 min for peanut shells and 70 min for talc powder and pH of 4 were optimum for the adsorption to reach equilibrium. Furthermore, FT-IR, SEM and BET measurements were made in order to assess the physicochemical properties of the substrates. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were used to fit the equilibrium data, heat and energy of adsorption of both adsorbents. Determinations of the rate of adsorption using kinetic models follow pseudo-first order for peanut shells and talc powder with intraparticle diffusion.

Water is a necessary material in order to sustain every period of human life such as nutrition, circulation, breathing, and reproduction. More than two-thirds of the earth's surface is covered by water, but only a very small portion of it is suitable for drinking, food preparation or irrigation. Serious problems arise from the very uneven regional distribution of water resources, from the increased use, in particular by the growing world population and rising living standards, as well as from increasing water pollution. Increasing water pollution contributes to the reduction of available water supply. Water pollution is due to the fact that household and industrial wastewater flows untreated into groundwater, rivers, and lakes. Excessive use of groundwater, through which more and more saltwater penetrates into the groundwater supplies, also threatens the drinking water supplies. At present, more than a billion people have no access to clean and affordable drinking water. The United Nations estimates that approximately 70 percent of all illnesses are due to polluted water consumption. The lack of access to safe drinking water is the cause of one-third of all deaths - including 1000 children a day - in developing countries.

This paper presents hybrid and nature-based
solutions (NBS) for wastewater treatment that may
be applied to diverse urban and peri-urban contexts.
They offer multiple environmental and economic
benefits, with the enhancement of human health,
and lower energy consumption. Decentralized
and circular sewage treatment enables to recycle
water, transform sludge in compost, and use gas
to generate energy. NBS promotes habitats for
biodiversity and contributes to mitigate GHG
emissions. Hybrid or NBS systems may integrate
urban parks. In large areas constructed wetlands
are viable, in more restricted spaces compact low
impact systems are smart options. Some innovative
examples are also presented. (in Portuguese, Pages 133-158)

The present work highlights the importance of using the Fresnel lens technique to enhance the productivity of a conventional solar still (CSS). In this regard, the effect of using Fresnel lenses to improve the productivity of a CSS is investigated experimentally under the climate conditions of Basra city (30.5258°N latitude and 47.7738°E longitude), Iraq. The Fresnel lenses integrated conventional single-slop-basin type solar still (CSS FL) adjustable to be rotated manually at different angles was examined, compared to the CSS which showed a remarkable enhancement of producing output. The study concerned the variation of daily solar radiation and temperature effect on the distillate output and the efficiency of both the conventional and modified solar stills at 1 and 2 cm saline water depths during July and September of the year 2019. The experimental results showed better performance during July where it has been found that the productivity of the CSS FL improved over the CSS by about 68.6% at 1 cm depth and about 59.3% at 2 cm depth. Moreover, the average daily thermal efficiency of the CSS and the CSS FL at 1 cm depth was 21% and 36%, respectively. Several conclusions and recommendations are presented for future work.

The Flint water crisis was a preventable tragedy that has decimated an entire community. This crisis is particularly appalling because Flint is an Environmental Justice community –a community in which the majority of its residents are racial minorities, many of whom live below the poverty level, and bear the disproportionate burdens of environmental risks. As this vulnerable community continues to suffer, we at the Michigan Environmental Justice Coalition are reminded of the Michigan Environmental Justice Plan, and how its implementation may have helped to prevent this catastrophe from happening.

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

Disastrous flood in Malaysia, since December 2014, leaved huge number of victims with deficiency of
water, food, energy and transportation. Lack of potable water is one of the most serious problems, since it is the
most vital factor or human life. Since water is relatively heavy goods to be delivered with wrecked transportation
system, mass-supplying effective water purification system to the victims would be practical. The system should
satisfy following conditions: 1. Low cost and easy to make; 2. Easy to transport, install and operate; 3. Small energy
consumption (or powered by renewable energy, inexpensive batteries or human power which are easily accessible
on the user’s places); 4.Outdoor usable; 5. High credibility, especially on sterilization aspect. Some appropriate
technologies, such as charcoal filtering water purifiers are one of good candidate. However, unfortunately, it is hard
to maintain the filters always in good status, since input water quality, daily filter usage and maintenance may vary.
Therefore, we may need more reliable solution than simple filter system. Once the prototype developed, masssupply
of the system could be delivered to the flood victims in future. The development can be done by collaborative
effort between Malaysia and Korea.

The counties traversed by Yala River Catchment in Kenya have been constrained by acute shortages of water resources because of the declining stream flows, which is occasioned by environmental changes, increasing population and changing land uses. This study applied Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model to evaluate past trends and simulate current demand scenarios for the purposes of planning by authorities in regard to future use. The study used historical data (1970-2015) to assess water supply and demand in the catchment for the period 2016 to 2045 by simulation. Calibration and validation were each performed on 10-year streamflow datasets (1991-2000 and 2001-2010 respectively), drawn from 4 gauging stations. Simulations were then conducted for the scenarios namely: Reference (at 2.8% growth rate), High Growth (3.2%), High Growth (3.5%), and Moderated Growth (2.2%). The categories of water demand evaluated in WEAP included: Domestic-Institutional-Municipal, Agriculture, and Industry uses. In a 5-year time-step, WEAP demonstrated resultant increase in water demand for year 2020 by 7.46% from 2016 at Reference Scenario. WEAP further simulated a gradual increase in water demand during subsequent years. This trend would continue for the rest of the scenarios but with variations occasioned by adjustment of variables in WEAP such as population growth rates, monthly variations, annual activity levels, water use rates, water losses and reuse rates, industrial production units, agricultural acreages, and varied demand sites. In conclusion, there were demonstrated substantial increases in water demands within individual scenarios between 2016 to 2045, but these increases were significantly different scenario-by-scenario. The study recommends that supply and demand measures be employed with the aim of regulating activity levels, losses and consumptions so as to meet demands in case any of the studied scenarios would be applicable.

Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising drinking water treatment technology for arsenic removal; however, most of the research on NF treatment of arsenic has used synthetic water. In this investigation, a pilot membrane system treated groundwater naturally contaminated with arsenic to test the performance of two NF membranes and one reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, both with and without oxidizing pretreatment using manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ). The arsenic concentration in the groundwater was ~ 40 µg/L, mostly present as arsenite, a neutral species. Without the oxidizing pretreatment, the two NF membranes provided almost no removal whereas the RO membrane provided ~ 25 to 50% arsenic removal, depending on operating conditions. Following pretreatment with MnO 2 , the treated arsenic concentration dropped to < 4 µg/L (90% removal) for all three membranes. The substantially improved performance for these negatively charged membranes was attributed to the oxidation of the neutrally charged arsenite to negatively charged arsenate. These results indicate that where arsenite is present, facilities with RO or NF processes can dramatically enhance their arsenic removal by adding a membrane-compatible oxidation step such as MnO 2 filtration.

Car washing generates a lot of wastewater into our environment which flows into our water bodies or drains into
soils. Water from these water bodies or drains is mostly used for vegetable crop irrigation purposes in urban areas.
The study assessed heavy metal concentration in wastewater from car washing bays in the Tamale Metropolis of
Ghana. Wastewater samples from three (3) different washing bays were analyzed for presence and concentration of
Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn). Results
indicate that concentration levels of Cr (0.42 mg/l), Fe (4.97 mg/l), Pb (0.28 mg/l) and Mn (2.36 mg/l) in the
samples were in high levels. Zn (0.18 mg/l), Cd (< 0.002 mg/l) and Cu (0.06 mg/l) however recorded lower limits
of concentration. ANOVA of the heavy metals indicates a significant difference with F-probability value of 0.027.
It was also observed that the concentration and occurrence of Fe and Mn are inter- related whilst Mn was also
inter-related with Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb. The bio-accumulation of these heavy metals in the soil and also
downstream effect of them need to be checked. The use of wastewater from car washing bays for crop irrigation
should therefore be with extreme caution as a result of contamination.

Questa ricerca si rivolge all’analisi della normativa del trasporto transfrontaliero dei rifiuti nell'UE, al fine di considerare un problema di carattere socioeconomico e ambientale: l’inquinamento dei mari, nel caso specifico dell’Alto Adriatico, causato dalle operazioni di scarico a mare delle acque reflue e di sentina.
Il problema ha molte cause, conseguenze ed effetti, ma alla base c’è una grossa lacuna di carattere logistico-normativo che produce inefficienze: l’inefficacia del sistema integrato di raccolta, gestione, trasporto, conferimento e trattamento/smaltimento, soprattutto nei Paesi confinanti con l’Italia sul versante Est, come ad esempio la Slovenia.
Essendo invece l’Italia dotata di una disciplina in materia, prevedere una cooperazione più stretta fra i 2 Paesi potrebbe essere una strada per conseguire un migliore e più efficace ciclo della produzione, gestione e smaltimento finalizzato al recupero di questa tipologia di rifiuti pericolosi.
Prevedendo un sistema integrato tra tali fasi, sviluppate su diversi fronti del confine, con al centro di questo processo la promozione del trasporto marittimo di tale rifiuto si risolverebbero moltissime problematiche logistiche e risulterebbe meno complicato rispetto all’organizzazione di un trasporto via terra che invece creerebbe disagi dal punto di vista del traffico autostradale. 

In materia rileva la normativa dell’UE  che dà la possibilità di promuovere e stipulare questa più stretta cooperazione, andando a delineare protocolli condivisi ai fini di organizzare al meglio tutte le attività e rendere più chiare, trasparenti e facilmente applicabili le norme che regolerebbero le operazioni, omogeneizzando i relativi ordinamenti nazionali.
L’obiettivo finale dell’operazione dovrebbe essere un ciclo integrato e sostenibile di economia circolare che vedrebbe le navi non più costrette o incentivate a scaricare a mare il rifiuto per assenza di strutture adeguate che provocano poi la deroga per loro stesse per  recarsi in altro porto per conferire il rifiuto , ma anzi incentivate altresì a conferire il rifiuto secondo criteri rispettosi dell’ambiente, stoccandolo in Slovenia e trasportandolo in Italia via mare attraverso natante autorizzato, azzerando o diminuendo di molto tantissime procedure e dimezzando le emissioni di CO2 e l’impatto ambientale complessivo, per poi effettuare il trasporto finalizzato a conferire il rifiuto oleoso per il trattamento volto a fini di recupero, sia della componente oleosa che dell’acqua. L’olio diventerebbe così destinabile alla commercializzazione. L’H2O risulterebbe riutilizzabile in altri processi produttivi, e quindi aiutando nella riduzione degli sprechi e nella massimizzazione dell’utilizzo delle risorse.
Tale processo che sarà considerato nell’ambito della presente ricerca si definisce BlueGreen Waste Recovery Cycle – BG WRC.

Il BG WRC non è solo un insieme di procedure logistiche coordinate da una codificazione di un protocollo che fa riferimento a una normativa europea: ma qualcosa in più.
Per apprezzare a pieno la filosofia che risiede dietro la riflessione che ha portato all’elaborazione dell’idea fondante del BG WRC ho ritenuto fondamentale coinvolgere come correlatore il Dott. Furio Mattiussi, Operations Manager della Crismani Koper e membro del CDA del Gruppo Crismani, nonché mio datore di lavoro col quale fin dal periodo di tirocinio curriculare ho seguito il tema del trasporto e dello smaltimento delle acque di sentina.
Gruppo Crismani è un gruppo multinazionale con sede in Italia, Slovenia e Tunisia specializzato nel campo disinquinamento industriale ed economia circolare: una realtà ricca, ancorata ai valori saldi del fondatore Paolo Crismani ma proiettata verso il futuro fatto di innovazione ed entusiasmo dove mi sento onorato di prestare servizio come consulente responsabile per le relazioni istituzionali e la comunicazione integrata.
L’obiettivo finale è quello di evidenziare, anche all’esito dell’analisi di tali problematiche, il pensiero europeo: pensare in maniera europea vuol dire porre come fulcro di ogni ragionamento la cooperazione, in ogni campo, concetto alla base del processo di integrazione europea, ed inoltre sfruttare criticità e punti di forza da ambo i lati di un confine per trarne opportunità di sviluppo, finalizzate alla creazione di valore e nuovo benessere sociale, economico e ambientale.
Partendo da un semplice esempio di cooperazione transfrontaliera, verificata l’efficacia della stessa, si potrà toccare con mano il potenziale di una cooperazione sempre più stretta e integrata fra le 2 zone di confine di Italia e Slovenia: riprendere il progetto già intrapreso del GECT non solo appare un’opportunità interessante, ma soprattutto un orizzonte ineludibile per il futuro dell’area dell’Alto Adriatico.